The Netherlands is famous for its tolerant and open social atmosphere. Usually, the image of the Netherlands is associated with trade, tulips, windmills, wooden shoes, cheese and white and blue glazed porcelain. The open policy of the Netherlands in dealing with drugs, sex trade, same-sex marriage and euthanasia has attracted worldwide attention.
Dutch people have a strong sense of time and are punctual.
The Dutch call this dish made of carrots, potatoes and onions a "national dish". Every year from June 5438 to 10, every family will eat this "national dish" when they go out to eat in a restaurant.
Holland is called "the country of flowers", among which tulip is the most famous flower. Tulip is the symbol of Holland, so it is called "national flower". Therefore, the Netherlands is known as the "European Garden". Dutch folk literature came into being in13rd century. At that time, due to the influence of French culture and the awakening of the civil class, animal stories and religious poems such as Knight Legend and Lena Fox appeared in the south centered on Flanders.
In the Middle Ages, Dutch literature was a part of a wide range of traditional literature in Western Europe. Its works included epics telling knight stories, such as Floris Ende Blankfler and Karel Ende Elegast, and fables, such as Vandenworth Leonard (the story of Lena Fox) and Elckerlyk (ordinary people). Humanistic literature appeared in the16th century, and Erasmus was the main representative of the Netherlands. His work Ode to a Fool satirized the church and society, and was later translated into many languages. Spinoza's philosophical story is one of the literary essences of17th century. During this period, Dutch literature was in a prosperous stage, which produced great writers such as Vondel, Hooft, Huygens and Bredero. The Bible was also translated into Dutch. Statenbijbel, published in 1637, is regarded as a milestone in the evolution of Dutch. Multatuli was an influential writer in the19th century. His novel Max Havelaar accuses the Dutch of their rule in east indies (modern Indonesian).
Literature after World War II has long been dominated by three outstanding novelists, namely William Frederick hermanns, Harry Mulish and Gerard Reve. Other famous contemporary writers include Hella Haas, Seth Nutbaum, A.F.T Vanderheiden and Marcel M? Huan, Adrian Van Dis, Thomas Rosenboom and the younger generation of writers, Anon Gruenberg. In terms of classical music, there are a large number of orchestras in the Netherlands, which are distributed all over the Netherlands. One of the most famous orchestras is the Royal Concert Hall Orchestra in Amsterdam, which often performs abroad. Famous small orchestras include18th century wind orchestra, Baroque orchestra in Amsterdam and Schoenberg orchestra in Amsterdam. The Dutch Opera House puts out about 10 plays every year, mainly in Amsterdam. Modern opera plays an important role in the repertoire. Outside the capital Amsterdam, there are also some troupes performing operas.
Dutch Music Festival lasts 1 month in Amsterdam every June. Another important music festival is the Dutch Early Music Festival in Utrecht, where outstanding musicians and orchestras at home and abroad play medieval music and baroque music.
Major cities have internationally renowned music centers, such as the Bim Music Room in Amsterdam. Beihai Jazz Festival is held in The Hague every year, which is the largest and most famous jazz festival in Europe. Saxophone player Dolph and pop band City Dance Team performed at home and abroad. From the beginning of the year to the end of the year, there are large-scale pop concerts, the most famous of which are Pentecostal Pop Concert, Park Pop Concert and Dynamo Open-air Pop Concert. The full-time compulsory education system in the Netherlands is 12 years (5~ 16 years old). Primary and secondary schools are divided into public and private schools. In 2000, there were 965,438+095 schools of all levels and types in the Netherlands, with a total of 3.35 million students, and the funding for education and scientific research was 654.38+0,846,543.8+0.3 billion euros. In 20 13 years, there were more than16600 students in primary schools, more than13000 students in middle schools and about 450000 students in adult and vocational education schools.
Higher education institutions in the Netherlands include research universities, applied universities and international educational institutions. Research universities are often called Univelsiteit. There are 13 public research universities and 2 similar private universities in China. There are 44 applied universities, usually called Hogescholen, which mainly train applied talents. International educational institutions are usually called the Institute of International Education, and there are 13 international educational institutions, which mainly recruit foreign students. Famous research universities include Free University of Amsterdam, university of groningen, Delft University of Technology and Vakhnin University of Agriculture, while applied universities include The Hague University and Hann University.
Leiden University, the oldest university in the Netherlands, was founded in 1575, ranking 75th in the latest world university ranking in 20 13QS.
Utrecht University, founded in 1636, is the only university in the Netherlands that offers almost all natural science courses, except engineering and agriculture.
AcenaeumIllustre, the predecessor of the University of Amsterdam, was founded in 1632. At the beginning, only courses such as trade, philosophy, mathematics, law and medicine were offered. 1877, according to the "Higher Education Law" of the government, it was officially renamed the University of Amsterdam and began to award students higher education degrees.
The University of The Hague is a national university funded by the Dutch government and established according to Dutch laws. Its history can be traced back to17th century. The Hague University is an international and modern university, which has always been famous for its high-quality education.
The University of The Hague has signed a student exchange agreement with the No.1 Hong Kong University in China, while Peking University and Tsinghua University have not yet reached an exchange agreement with The Hague University.
Delft University of Technology is the earliest, largest and most comprehensive of the three universities of technology in the Netherlands. Officially obtained university status in 1905. Before that, it belonged to the branch of science and technology, and it was a branch of "Royal College" established by 1842, which mainly trained engineers in service industry and industry and people engaged in trade.
University of groningen, founded in 16 14, is the second university established in the Netherlands.
Business school netherlands, the predecessor of Erasmus University in the Netherlands, was founded in 19 13.
Vakhnin University, founded in 19 18, is the only agricultural university in the Netherlands and is led by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Vakhnin Gen is a world-famous university, specializing in agriculture and environmental science education. The university also offers many short-term post-university training courses.
The Free University of Amsterdam was founded in 1880, with 15 departments, about12,000 students and about 3,500 faculty members.
Hann University is located in the historical city of Niemhen in the east of the Netherlands, and Hann University ranks among the top ten professional universities in the Netherlands with its high-quality education level. Hann University is especially famous for its logistics major. Dutch football ranks among the top in the world, but it has always been shrouded in the tragic color of the uncrowned king. 1988' s World Cup and European Cup triple crown is also their only gain in the finals of major events.
In the 1970s, cruyff and Neskens led the team to win the second place in the World Cup with 1974 and 1978 (note; Cruyff did not represent the national team in the 1978 World Cup); In the 1980s, Van Basten, Gullit and Rijkaard were the representatives. They were called the Dutch Three Musketeers, and 1988 won the European Championship. Then the ice prince Bergkamp and the king of the small restricted area Ruud van Nistelrooy.
20 10 World Cup in South Africa, there are many talents in Dutch football, such as Robben Peter Pan, Sneijder, Kuyt and Van Persie. The Orange Legion remained unbeaten in the previous group stage and promotion stage, and the third runner-up in the championship was defeated in the last four minutes, once again continuing the title of uncrowned king.
In 20 14, the Netherlands rose to the third place in FIFA's world ranking. The Netherlands has a complete health care network, which can provide primary diagnosis and specialized care, so it is very convenient to see a doctor in the Netherlands. In addition, the emergency system in the Netherlands is developed, so you can get emergency services quickly by calling 1 12. In the Netherlands, medicines must be bought in pharmacies and prescription drugs must be prescribed by doctors. In some big cities, pharmacies are on duty in turn at night and on weekends and open 24 hours a day. The working date can be found in pharmacies and local newspapers.
According to the statistics of the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics, the total expenditure on health care in the Netherlands accounts for 14.9% of GDP in 20 1 1 year. According to purchasing power parity, the per capita medical and health expenditure is 5375 euros. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, from 2005 to 20 10, there were 29 doctors, 2 nurses and midwives, 6 dentists and 3 pharmacists per 10,000 people in the Netherlands. From 2005 to 20 1 1 year, there were 47 hospital beds per 10,000 people. The scientific research level of the Netherlands ranks 12 in the world, and so far it has produced more than a dozen Nobel Prize winners. Among the developed countries, the Netherlands is the only country that has signed a strategic alliance agreement on science and technology with China and carried out long-term equal cooperation in scientific research.
The Dutch Ministry of Education divides the scientific research system into three levels, including funding support institutions, funding distribution institutions and funding execution institutions. In the Netherlands, the service support system (library, popular science activities and scientific and technological consultation) is listed as the executing agency (level 3) for the use of funds. The highlights of the Netherlands in the field of science and technology are mainly manifested in agriculture, water conservancy, food, chemical industry, electronics, materials research and so on. The Dutch government's evaluation report on the level of science and technology in the Netherlands shows that it is in the forefront of the world in many research fields and leads the world trend; The output rate of Dutch scientific papers is higher than the European average, accounting for 2.3% of the world's scientific papers; The citation rate of papers ranks third in the world; The number of patent applications per researcher in the Netherlands ranks second in the world, second only to Switzerland; The fields with the most patent applications in the Netherlands are electronics and food; The fields with the highest research level in the Netherlands are chemical industry, electronic machinery, petroleum and food; 3/4 scientific papers are produced in universities, which shows that Dutch universities are the main providers of new knowledge; The main partner of Dutch scientific and technological cooperation is the United States, followed by EU countries, and China is an emerging market country with more bilateral scientific and technological cooperation with the Netherlands. windmill
The windmill was originally initiated by the Dutch and adapted to the needs of water utilization and mill industry. Although it is still a "national trademark" in the Netherlands, it is rare in practical application.
People often call the Netherlands "the country of windmills". The Netherlands is a country in Western Europe with a population of only10 million. Its real country name is Holland. "Ned" means low, and "Lan" means land, which are collectively called "low-lying countries". One third of the Netherlands is only above sea level 1 m in the North Sea, and nearly one quarter is below sea level. It's really a veritable "Holland".
The Netherlands is located in the prevailing westerly belt of the earth, and westerly winds blow all year round. At the same time, close to the Atlantic Ocean, it is also a typical maritime climate country with land and sea winds all year round. This gives the Netherlands, which lacks hydropower and power resources, generous compensation for using wind power.
Dutch windmills were originally imported from Germany. At first, windmills were only used for grinding and the like. In16th and 7th centuries, windmills were of great significance to the Dutch economy. There are also: papermaking and other functions, known as the "country of windmills". The Netherlands has always been famous for windmills. Where there are many windmills is "Children's Di Fang".
Today, there are still 19 windmills here, and Dutch women in traditional costumes can be seen.
Until August 26th, it was 20 13 "windmill day" in Holland. On Saturday, children's windmills in Di Fang will rotate together, and some of them will open their interiors for tourists to visit.
tulip
Tulip is famous all over the world, and one of the most important factors is because of the Netherlands, which is the national flower of the Netherlands.
cheese
Dutch people have all kinds of cheese. Cheese is graded like red wine.
sabot
Windmills, wooden shoes, cheese and tulips are called the Four Treasures of the Study of the Netherlands, and wooden shoes rank first in Four Treasures of the Study, which shows their status. Wooden shoes have become a specialty of the Netherlands, which is related to short light cycle and low terrain. The sunny weather is less than 70 days all year round, which makes the Dutch love the sunshine just like Van Gogh's "sunflower", and makes them have to wear stocky wooden shoes to deal with the wet ground, and wear different styles of poplar wooden shoes to work in the fields, yard and even indoor cleaning. Later, the shrewd Dutch developed wooden shoes into semi-mechanical operation technology, and wooden shoes became characteristic products and tourist souvenirs. Dutch snacks-eat herring raw
The Dutch eat herring in a very special way, not frying or baking, but directly with chopped onions or some egg yolk salad dressing. It is sold at tourist attractions and stalls in downtown areas. In front of a fish stall in the Netherlands, you can always see well-dressed locals holding the fish tail with their thumbs and forefingers, hanging the fish upside down, dipping it in onions, raising their heads, aiming the fish head at their mouths, then opening their mouths wide, swallowing raw fish and munching it. The whole action was done in one go, which was very enjoyable.
Kitchen practice: wash the raw fish, soak it in salt water for 2-3 days, then take it out and remove the fish head and bones, and finally add some onions, which is delicious. Coster Diamonds
Dutch diamonds are world-famous, and Kauste Diamond Factory is the most famous diamond factory in the world. The diamonds in Queen Victoria's crown were cut and polished here.
Daba square
Dam Square was originally built at the end of 12, located on the banks of Amsto River. Dam Square is the starting point of Amsterdam city center and the most dynamic place in the whole city. For centuries, Dam Square has been the political and commercial center of the whole city. The former city hall and metering station were stationed here, and political turmoil for various reasons was also held here.
Tulip park
Beautiful tulip sea, where you can see beautiful tulips, not only in the style of' goblet', but also in various strange ways.
Local festivals in The Hague
King's Parliament Parade
Time: the third Tuesday in September.
The king of the Netherlands will take a gilded carriage to the medieval knight's mansion to deliver a royal speech. This special day is called the King's Parliament Parade, because it also marks a formal meeting of the Dutch Parliament.
The royal carriage will leave the palace for the medieval knight building around 1 in the afternoon.
Dutch dance festival
Time: June 30th 10 to1October117th.
The dance festival brings together tens of thousands of spectators and many dancers from all over the world. The climax of the festival is a dance parade held on October 30th, 65438/KLOC-0.
Haoda candlelight night
Time: 65438+February 65438+September every year.
Since15th century, the ancient medieval city of Haoda has been famous for producing candles. Before Christmas every year, in front of the Gothic city government building, the huge Christmas tree is decorated with countless flickering candles.
Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the capital and the largest city in the Netherlands. It retains the original appearance of the golden age and is almost a living museum. Beautiful canals interweave the scenery of "water capital", and many museums have collected the works of all famous Dutch painters. Amsterdam has developed industry and commerce, and is also a famous seaport in western Europe. Most of its urban areas are below sea level 1-5 meters. It is an underwater city. Only through strong dams and pumps can the city not be submerged by seawater. In the past, almost all buildings were built with wooden stakes, and millions of wooden stakes coated with black asphalt were driven into the depth of the city 14- 16 meters. For example, the palace was built on the stake of 13659.
Hundreds of waterways crisscross, and there are more than 0/000 bridges over the river, most of which are pedestrian stone arch bridges. Dam Square in the center of Amsterdam is often the venue for some Dutch celebrations. In the center of the square stands a war monument to commemorate the victims of two world wars, opposite to the magnificent palace, which used to be the city hall, built in 1648- 1662. The construction of the new town hall in Amsterdam began at 1648. Due to geological reasons, the whole building is supported by more than 13000 wooden stakes, and the classical and magnificent architectural style of the new city hall is still the most conspicuous target in the dam square. Dutch visa processing flow
Dutch visas are divided into Dutch tourist visas, Dutch business visas and Dutch study visas. Dutch visa application submission office: no matter where the household registration book and passport are issued, applications can be submitted to the consulates general in Shanghai and Guangzhou.
Information required for a Dutch visa
Personal data form filled out by the applicant himself, original ID card and 5 photos of my ID card.
A visa insurance, minimum medical insurance of 30,000 euros.
Five copies of the applicant's letter of guarantee issued by the work unit, with the signature and official seal of the person in charge listed in the letter.
A copy of the company's business license stamped with the official seal.
The original deposit certificate of the applicant with RMB 30,000 yuan or more.
Copy of applicant's ID card and copy of family residence booklet. (If the husband and wife are not in the same household registration book, a copy of the marriage certificate should also be provided)
Couples must provide a copy of marriage certificate when they go together.
The applicant's retirement certificate and temporary residence permit must provide the original. (Temporary residence permit must be issued six months ago).
If the applicant is a student, a student leave letter issued by the school must be provided. The fake letter must have the signature and contact number of the school leader.
The applicant is a child under the age of 18, and a notarial certificate is required. If the child only travels with one parent, a notarized certificate issued by the parent who does not travel with him.