Ceausescu
Ceausescu
Nicolae ceausescu (nicolae ceau? Escu,1918 65438+1October 26th-1989 65438+February 25th), Romanian politician, famous social activist, nine brothers and sisters of ceausescu, and former President Nikolai ranked third. Eldest brother Nikulina is a housewife; The second Marin was stationed in business counselor for many years. Maria (female), the fourth place, was the workshop director of Bucharest electromagnetic factory; The fifth floria is a former reporter of Spark. The sixth Lieutenant General Andrew Tower is the principal of the police school of the Ministry of the Interior; The seventh Lieutenant General Yili was a professor in the History Department of Romanian Academy of Military Sciences, a deputy minister of national defense, and a secretary of the Supreme Political Committee of Luo Jun. Elena, the eighth (female), was once a teacher and supervisor1918 65438+1October 26th. She was born in Skonichetti village, Oort county. 1933 Join the League. 1936 join the * * * production party. He was arrested and imprisoned many times for his anti-fascist struggle. He used to be secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, secretary of the state committee, deputy minister of agriculture and deputy minister of the armed forces. 1955 was elected member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and secretary of the Central Secretariat. 1965 was elected as the first secretary of the Romanian workers' party on March 24th. In July of the same year, the party was renamed * * * Producers' Party, and Qi Hawes was appointed General Secretary of * * *. Is a core member of the Romanian * * * Production Party, working with Georgi Dejie against the fascist, pro-German and Italian regimes in antonescu. After Georg Dege's tragic death in 1965, he became the supreme leader of Romania by national referendum, and served as President of the Republic of China in 1974 until 1989 when he was killed.
During his tenure, ceausescu practiced dictatorship and was deprived of democracy. He also appointed relatives as government officials, which is politically ruthless. On the diplomatic front, he maintained independence, kept his distance from the Soviet Union, was friendly with China, met with Zhou Enlai and US President Nixon, and maintained diplomatic relations with Israel, condemning the Soviet Union's invasion of the Czech Republic during Brezhnev's rule.
Although ceausescu has made many achievements in diplomacy, his economic corruption and incompetence caused the Romanian crisis. Moreover, ceausescu lives in a luxurious building in the palace and leads a luxurious life, which is out of touch with the ordinary life of the people. Moreover, ceausescu also monitors people's lives in the form of secret police.
According to the archives of the former intelligence agency discovered in 2006, 1988, ceausescu suffered an attempted assassination. The assassin's name is Sonik Bis. He assassinated ceausescu in a secluded place outside the Party Congress on March 1988, but was detected and arrested by the guards. He claimed to belong to the organization "freedom, truth and democracy fighters". The assassin was later executed by the secret police. However, this file is now collected by the Romanian official historical documents management department, and the specific details have not been disclosed.
1989 12 During the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Romanian people gathered to demand democracy, which was strongly suppressed by ceausescu, leading to greater unrest. General Stingu Lescu, the first deputy minister of the Ministry of National Defense, did not stop the masses and maintain order according to ceausescu's will. Instead, he got up the courage to "betray" him and secretly ordered the army to withdraw to the barracks, which dealt a fatal blow to ceausescu. Demonstrators' emotions were even more intense, and slogans and songs resounded through the sky, hitting the Party Central Building together. Finally, Mr. and Mrs. ceausescu and the central officials could not help but leave the Party Central Building. Ceausescu finally tried to escape from the presidential palace by helicopter, but was arrested by the Romanian National Salvation Front Committee. He and his wife, Elena ceausescu, were accused of "killing 60,000 people and keeping more than 10 billion dollars of improper property" and were shot in secret after the military trial, and all their property was confiscated. The film of the trial and execution process was quickly circulated in France and other European countries, and was also broadcast on Romanian television.
200 1 The property confiscated by powerful departments for many years was returned to his son and daughter by the Romanian Supreme Court. Ceausescu's eldest son, Valentine, was a famous physicist long before the "December Incident", so he was able to live a relatively rich life on his own. He still loves football as much as he did when he was young, and he is a fan of the Romanian star team. As long as it is an important game of Romanian star team, he will definitely play. Ceausescu's daughter, Zoya 1990, was rejected by her former unit and had to retire early. At that time, because all the houses and property were confiscated, the couple had to wander around and live in relatives and friends' homes day by day. Now, life is basically stable, but Zoya seldom goes out. Brother and sister have been suing for the property confiscated by the state for several years, and they all won in the end. Zoya got her property back on 200 1, and Valentine will soon get many artworks from her past collection. Although Zoya refuses to be interviewed by any reporter until today, her name keeps appearing in various media. The reason is that she has been looking for the burial place of her parents for years, so she even took the authorities to court. Although everyone thinks that ceausescu's grave is in Gencha cemetery, Zoya doesn't think so. She didn't visit the grave once, and asked the authorities to open the coffin for DNA testing. However, this matter is still inconclusive. The total value of their inheritance is only $50,000, which is the lawful return of ceausescu's decades of service to the country.
[Edit this paragraph] April 3 weeks and 2 days
In order to increase the population and strengthen the national strength, ceausescu (65438-0966), the former general secretary of the Romanian Production Party, abolished the previous law that individuals were free to have abortions and implemented a policy of prohibiting abortions. He declared that the fetus is the wealth of society, and those who don't have children betray the country. He stipulated that divorce was forbidden and every Romanian couple must have at least four children. Then, the state issued a decree that birth control and abortion are illegal, women who can't get pregnant have to pay taxes, abortion will be sentenced to jail, and women have to undergo strict examination and questioning during menstruation.
In order to ensure the smooth implementation of the decree, according to ceausescu's instructions, law enforcement officers stationed in organs, factories, rural areas, schools and various units, strictly monitored women and urged them to have gynecological examinations every month to ensure that contraceptives were not used; Once those women who take contraceptive measures and doctors who acquiesce in abortion are found out, they will be severely punished and imprisoned. Romanians disdainfully call these law enforcers "menstrual police". Under the pressure of terror, many desperate women tried to sneak into the Danube and seek asylum in neighboring Hungary, but they were often regarded as traitors at the border and were shot by Romanian soldiers with machine guns.
One year after the implementation of this policy, Romania's baby birth rate has doubled, with remarkable results. However, underground abortion and abortion services have also appeared, and the mortality rate of pregnant women is rising. What worries ceausescu even more is that with the large number of babies born, the equipment, obstetricians, pediatricians and maternal and child health care personnel in maternity hospitals are seriously inadequate, which cannot be solved immediately by administrative orders alone. In just one year, the infant mortality rate in Romania has increased by 145.6%. As soon as the news came out, the whole world was in an uproar, and politicians and the media of various countries condemned it one after another: it was simply "modern society killing innocent people indiscriminately." Faced with political pressure at home and abroad, in order to cover up this stupid and terrible consequence, ceausescu ordered the issuance of birth certificates one month after the baby was born. In this way, those babies who die before the full moon will not be included in the dead baby statistics.
For this absurd and tragic history, Romanian young film director Cristian Mungiu, in his film "Three Weeks and Two Days in April", through the abortion experience of two female college students in one day, shows the destruction and oppression of dictatorship on human nature, and the ugliness, indifference and even evil of human nature in such an environment.
The story told in this film took place in the winter of 1987, that is, two years before the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of ceausescu dictatorship. At the beginning of the film, Otillia, a female college student, is secretly preparing luggage for Gabita, a classmate in the dormitory. Otilia ran around in shabby dormitories and dirty streets, borrowing money from her boyfriend, buying smuggled cigarettes, food and soap, and booking hotels. All this is because gabriela was pregnant and had to have an abortion before the final exam.
In Romania at that time, abortion and abortion were illegal, and the length of sentence and imprisonment should be determined according to the pregnancy time of abortion or abortion. In order to escape punishment, they found a doctor named Bibi to have an abortion privately, and the nightmare began. After many twists and turns, Otillia finally found a cheap restaurant, but Dr. Bibby refused to take the risk of illegal imprisonment on the pretext that the operation cost was too low. In order to get gabriela to have an operation as soon as possible, in the face of the threat of Dr. Bibby's "any mistake will pay the price", Otilia had to endure humiliation and have sex with Bibby, while gabriela hid outside the door and cried. The dead baby was discharged from gabriela's body, wrapped in a white bath towel, palm-sized, slightly humanoid, covered with blood and filth. Otilia stared at the body for a long time, silent.
Because of fear and nervousness, Otillia has never found a place to discard the dead baby's body. Finally, she stumbled into a residential building and frantically stuffed the schoolbag with the body into the trash can in the corridor. In the dim light, Otilia stood quietly in front of the dustbin, as if she were repenting for her lost heart and everything she had done. After disposing of the dead baby's body, all the fears and anxieties are over. Two girls are sitting in the restaurant of the hotel, silently waiting for their dinner. Not far away, it was a hilarious scene of a wedding reception. On this day, gabriela was pregnant for three weeks and two days, in April.
[Edit this paragraph] Typewriter license
In the early 1980s, ceausescu promulgated the Law of the Greater Romanian Typewriter. According to the law, every Romanian citizen, enterprise, institution, institution, school, etc. People who own typewriters must obtain permission from the police and a license to use them; If you want to be a typist, you must do the same, and at the same time report the typed sample. If the typewriter needs maintenance, both the user and the typewriter need to renew their licenses. Any Romanian who inherits the typewriter must hand it over to the government authorities or seek the qualification to use it; If you don't hand over the keyboard of the typewriter to the police, even the damaged typewriter must not be disposed of privately, otherwise it will be severely punished.
From 1965, when ceausescu was the general secretary of Luo * *, he was fixed like a rivet on a steel beam until 1989 was shot. In addition to the General Secretary of the Party, he also holds the posts of Chairman of the Romanian State Council, Chairman of the United Front, Chairman of the National Defense Commission, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and the Patriotic Guard, Chairman of the Supreme Council for Economic and Social Development, and President of Romania. According to the British "Economist" magazine, there are no fewer than 30 members of the Ceausescu family who hold important positions in the party, government and army.
As the head of the party, government and army, and a large group of family members are guarding the hospital for themselves, ceausescu is naturally uncompromising. Every speech he made became a "programmatic document", which was published in newspapers, broadcast on TV and broadcast. Ceausescu also spent a lot of foreign exchange, bought advertisements in foreign newspapers, published articles praising himself, and then reprinted them in domestic newspapers to publicize how foreigners admired Qi's leadership and great achievements.
[Edit this paragraph] The death of ceausescu
1989 At the end of the year, ceausescu returned from an Iranian visit and found that the unrest in Timis Ola, northwest Romania, had not been resolved, but had become a big one, which was out of control and gradually spread to the whole country. Eloquent ceausescu once responded with one voice at a large mass meeting, trying to exert this power again. 10 265438 noon 12, ceausescu held a large-scale mass meeting in the party central square.
In the winter of 65438+February, the sky was gloomy and gloomy. One hundred thousand people were invited to attend the meeting. Ceausescu and his wife Elena appeared on the balcony of the CPC Central Committee building. He said emotionally: "We must resolutely repel foreign interference and the turmoil of the Timisola rogue group." He raised his voice and waved his arms from time to time to show the climax of his speech. Suddenly, someone in the corner of the square shouted, "Down with ceausescu!" The slogan audio-visual lightning flashed across the silent night sky, which was shocking. Ceausescu just raised his right hand and stopped in the air. The TV broadcast was interrupted, leaving a freeze-frame picture of ceausescu raising his right hand.
After a while, the TV broadcast resumed, and ceausescu ended his speech by raising people's wages and welfare. But, "Timmy sola! Timis Sola! " The voice of support, "Down with the murderer!" Slogans and noise are integrated, and they can't stop. Armed police wearing helmets surrounded the surrounding streets, and the police shouted to the crowd and ordered them to disperse. Mirea, the Secretary of Defense, personally commanded. He ordered: "Don't shoot at the crowd!" However, before ceausescu and his wife were shot, Mayor Dinka personally went to their photo line and conveyed the order of the "Supreme Commander": "You can shoot, shoot in the air, warn first, if not, shoot in the leg!" Miriya, who didn't want to shoot at the crowd, committed suicide under top-down pressure. Ceausescu condemned him as a "traitor" and announced the news of his "suicide for fear of sin" on the same day. The morale of the army was shocked. General Stingu Lescu, the first deputy minister of the Ministry of National Defense, did not stop the masses and maintain order according to ceausescu's will. Instead, he got up the courage to "betray" him and secretly ordered the army to withdraw to the barracks, which dealt a fatal blow to ceausescu. Demonstrators' emotions were even more intense, and slogans and songs resounded through the sky, hitting the Party Central Building together. Finally, Mr. and Mrs. ceausescu and the central officials could not help but leave the Party Central Building. 65438+At noon on February 22nd, an overloaded Dolphin helicopter took off from the balcony of the building and flew to Snagov Villa. In addition to Mr. and Mrs. ceausescu, there are Prime Minister Manescu, Bob, member of the Standing Presidium of the Central Committee, and General Niagoy, head of the secret police. The plane first stopped at Snagrove, where Manescu and Bob got off the plane. On the morning of the 22nd, the helicopter landed in Botney.
Nicholas Decca is a doctor in Bucharest. He drives a Dacia car on an old road leading to Botney Airport. A tall man in gray stood in front of the car with a walkie-talkie in his hand and stopped the car. This is Ivan Marion, Elena's security guard and security officer. Marianne points out to Decca that ceausescu and his team are standing next to a helicopter. Niagoy said to Decca, "Give me the car keys." Decca refused to give it: "No, I'll drive." Ceausescu got on the bus and sat in the seat next to the driver.
Elena and Niagory sat in the back seat, and Marion didn't get on the bus again. On the way to Geyesti, ceausescu said to Deka, "There has been a coup. We will organize resistance. Would you like to go with us? " At this time, Niagoy's gun was pointing at Decca. Decca said, "I am old and ill. I am a doctor and I have three children. " At a crossroads, Nyagoi ordered Deka to say, "Turn right and go in the direction of Trgo Vesti!" "At this time, all over the country through television broadcasting, under the command of the newly established National Salvation Front, has formed a tight encirclement to arrest ceausescu. When the car carrying Mr. and Mrs. ceausescu came to Shiti town of Feugueray, it broke down. In front of a resident, a citizen is washing his car. His name is Tony petrie Sol. His car is a black Dacia car with license plate 2-DB-305. Later, this car became famous, and it was announced on TV that it was chasing cars with this license plate everywhere. There are still 7 kilometers from Feugueray Shiti township to Telgoveshiti city. Ceausescu and his party changed to Peter Risol's car and moved on.
We arrived in Vesti, Trgo. There are a lot of people here who are preparing for anti-ceausescu demonstrations and going to the Palace. Niagoi said, "Stop the car and I'll call the first secretary, Gavanescu." With that, he got off the bus. At this time, ceausescu has completely become a helpless and abandoned loner. Nyagoyi obviously left them to find another way out.
The car came to Oulmi Township. Peter Risol doesn't know what to do. He asked ceausescu, who was already a fugitive, "What would you do? Where shall I take you? " At this time, ceausescu, who could only rush in, said to Peter Lisol, "You go to Vesti, Trgo, where there is a medical crop plantation." That's actually the county plant protection supervision bureau. According to ceausescu's instructions, Peter Lisol drove into the supervision bureau 500 meters away from the steel plant. Here, ceausescu and Elena got off. At this time, people are all around the TV. Just learned that Mr. and Mrs. ceausescu had arrived in their county town, ceausescu suddenly appeared in front of them, and people were almost shocked.
Walking into the building of the Supervision Bureau, ceausescu asked the director: "Where is the director?" The chief engineer of the Supervision Bureau said that when he called for help, he actually reported it to the county police station and then handed it over to the military sub-district across the hall. In fact, at this time, they have been arrested. Those who participated in the anti-ceausescu trial included ilie Ku, who later served as President, Roman, who served as Prime Minister, and Voican, former First Deputy Prime Minister. After ceausescu and his wife were arrested, in order to end the bloody conflict as soon as possible, ilie Ku authorized Stengulescu, the first deputy minister of the Ministry of National Defense, to set up a special military court to try ceausescu and his wife according to the special emergency procedures stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Law. At noon on the 25th, Stengulescu arrived at the air squadron barracks in Vesti, Trgo. He deployed airborne troops to guard the key departments of the air squadron command, and ordered garrison headquarters to be converted into a temporary trial hall, and the office was arranged as an infirmary.
There is an armored car parked in the courtyard of the headquarters, and Mr. and Mrs. ceausescu spent the night in this car. The door opened and ceausescu stepped out of the armored vehicle. Pale and haggard face, unshaven, showing a face of anger. Depressed cheeks, wrinkled forehead, and chestnut age spots on his hands. He held the straight fur hat in his hand, cut his hair first and then put it back on. Then Elena came out with him, looking angry, as if to say, "How did this happen?"
Captain Ionel stood in front of the car door and said to ceausescu, "Please come with me." Ionel tried to help ceausescu, but was rejected. Into the headquarters hall, Stengulescu greeted him here. He said, "Please, have a physical examination!" "Ione with ceausescu into the infirmary. The doctor took his blood pressure and said, "Blood pressure 100- 170." Ceausescu said, "No, it's not good. After the physical examination, Ione took them to the trial hall.
The trial has begun. In addition to two military judges from Bucharest, three jurors were selected from local troops. Fu Yikan sat on the edge as an observer. Ceausescu began a war of words with the judge.
President Boba: "You are now in front of the people's court." Ceausescu: "I don't recognize any court except the Grand National Assembly." Presiding Judge: "The Grand National Assembly has been dissolved and is now a new organ of political power. We tried you according to the new law passed by the National Salvation Front. Please stand up, criminal. " Ceausescu: "Read the constitution of the country!" Presiding judge: "We have read it, and we don't need you to guide us to read the national constitution. We know the constitution better than you do, and you didn't abide by it. " Ceausescu: "I won't answer any questions." Seeing that ceausescu did not accept any hard tactics, the defense lawyer called by Stingu Lescu quickly used soft tactics to try to deceive ceausescu. He said, "Mr. presiding judge, please allow us to contact two criminals." Presiding judge: "You have two minutes." Defense lawyer: "Thank you. Mr. ceausescu, this is your chance to explain your motives. This is the courtroom. The institution you mentioned has been dissolved by the actions and will of the people ... Please stand up, because this is a legal court, no matter what you think! " Ceausescu: "I don't recognize this court prosecution!" " Prosecutor: "The two criminals in front of us, ceausescu Nikolai and ceausescu Elena, committed serious crimes against the Romanian people ... they wantonly and viciously destroyed the Romanian people. Because they have committed the following criminal crimes, we demand that they be sentenced to death in in the name of people and Romania: the crime of killing humanity, according to the third point of the first paragraph of Article 357 of the Criminal Law; Crime of undermining state power, according to article 162 of the criminal law; Crime of undermining the national economy ... Presiding Judge: "Did you hear that, ceausescu criminal?"
Ceausescu: "I only answer questions in front of the Grand National Assembly! I do not recognize your court. What I want to say is: all this is completely fake! I won't answer anything but the Grand National Assembly! " The presiding judge (to the clerk): "Please write it down: I don't admit the accusation against me." Ceausescu: "Say what you like! We will not sign. " Presiding Judge: "The tragic situation of our country was understood not only by the people present, but also by everyone in our country until February 22, 65438. Because of your order, there was a shortage of medicine, and people and children died in hospitals without medicine, food, heating and electric lights. You didn't think of this? Don't! Now discuss it with the criminal ceausescu. Who ordered the slaughter of the people of Ola, Timis ... "ceausescu:" I don't answer. " Presiding judge: "In Bucharest, who gave the order to shoot people and young people?" Elena (angrily): "What youth? Which young man? " Ceausescu: (signals Elena not to talk).
Presiding judge: "Do you know that you have been transferred from your original post?" Ceausescu: "I am the Romanian President and the supreme commander of the army." Prosecutor: "Let ceausescu talk about Swiss deposits ..." Elena: "What deposits? Evidence! (slapping the table contemptuously) Evidence! Evidence! " Presiding judge: "There will be evidence!" Ceausescu: "This is totally provocative!" Elena: "This is a despicable fabrication!" " Defense lawyer: Why don't you stay in Iran? They may provide you with political asylum. " Ceausescu (with a contemptuous smile): "Think like this! "As for me," he said sadly, "just bury me here, where I was born!" Prosecutor: "Why did you run away from the Party Central Committee like a coward? Ceausescu (angrily): "I have no such idea. You pulled me out of the Party Central Committee and I want to talk to the people! You moved the helicopter, not me! Presiding judge: "Criminal ceausescu, what do you have to say? Ceausescu: "I'm not a criminal! I am the president and commander-in-chief of Romania, and I will always be! I will answer questions in front of the Grand National Assembly and representatives of the working class! Everything here is a lie fabricated by the coup makers, who want to drag the people to undermine Romania's independence! Presiding judge: "The court adjourned for final deliberation." "After the presiding judge came back, he stood up and announced the verdict:" After secret consultation with the law, our court unanimously sentenced criminals ceausescu Nikolai and ceausescu Elena to death and deprived them of all their property in in the name of people. Because of the crime of massacre, according to the third point of the first paragraph of Article 357 of the Criminal Law; Crime of undermining state power ...1989 65438+February 25th. Hearing the verdict, Mr. and Mrs. ceausescu stood up angrily.
Elena threw a paper bag on the table, which contained many needles and medicine bottles. She scolded loudly: "Then why do you make so many tricks?" Ceausescu indignantly revealed: "What are you doing with this deceptive trial trick? You should have killed us a long time ago! Those who carry out the coup can shoot anyone at will! " The presiding judge announced: "The trial is over, outside the court." Ceausescu shouted: "Romania will be immortal! Traitor or not ... Long live Romania! " (The judge quits) The furious ceausescu said, "How unfair it is! ..... "He blurted out a just poem by Koshbuk, a poet he admired all his life:" I would rather die in battle like a lion than be a slave in chains. " Elena seems to realize: "It's all people around us! The traitor comes from our side ... "ceausescu said with infinite emotion:" The traitor is around us, that's all! " Suddenly, Stengulescu issued an irresistible order: "Tie them up! Tie him first, then tie her! Push them out and climb over the wall! " The guards want to separate them.
Elena said, "No! We fight together and die together! " "Well, this is their last wish!" Stengulescu agreed to let them die together.
Mr. and Mrs. ceausescu were dragged out of the yard by a soldier on both sides. Ceausescu immediately hummed the Internationale. Just sang a sentence "Get up, hungry and cold ..." He shouted the slogan: "Down with traitors! Long live a free and independent socialist Romania! History will punish you ... "At this time, the bullet has been fired at him. He staggered ... but instead of falling down, he stood up as if he were going to die. Then, he fell straight back. After Elena was shot, he let out a cry and jumped forward. Bullets roared at them from all directions. At the moment, the air is filled with smoke, the dust is flying on the low wall behind him, and the blood on the ground is constantly flowing out. ...
[Edit this paragraph] Evaluation
In the western region where Hungarians lived in compact communities occupied by Romania after World War I, Hungarian Romanians printed "Inheriting the Spirit of ceausescu" on their party constitution and leaflets. Ironically, the Parliament Palace, the least popular project in ceausescu's later years, is now regarded as the greatest building in this country in the 20th century, the crystallization of Romanian people's hard work and wisdom, and the largest building in the world after the Pentagon in the United States. Nowadays, foreigners visiting Romania, whether from western countries that regarded ceausescu as their enemy or countries that have always maintained good relations with Romania, such as China, always visit the Parliament Palace. I remember when the ceausescu regime was just overthrown, someone suggested simply blowing up the whole building, which completely shattered ceausescu's dream of "erecting a monument for himself" with this magnificent building. At that time, quite a few people were in favor of the proposal. However, I believe that most Romanians are glad that the new regime did not have a fever at the beginning.
Although ceausescu's story has become a thing of the past, a series of debates around ceausescu have always attracted the attention of the world. Apollo Romanov, Dean of Bucharest University College, once led the Romanian student movement. But in recent years, because he witnessed the Romanian economic decline after the coup, he began to run for ceausescu's objective evaluation. He presided over the establishment of "Historical Truth and New Romania", trying to discover the truth of the coup in Romania, which has had a great influence in academic circles in recent years. Pravda, the newspaper with the largest circulation in Romania, once commented that this is not only an earthquake in the field of Romanian contemporary history, but will continue to affect Romania's social and political life in the next 30 years.