Einstein's photos (2 photos) Albert Einstein, one of the top ten outstanding physicists in the world, is the pioneer, master and founder of modern physics, and also a famous thinker and philosopher. Einstein graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 19 and became a Swiss citizen. In 195, he received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich. He once worked in Berne Patent Office, and served as a university professor at Zurich University of Technology and Prague Germany. In 1913, he returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin and a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In 1933, persecuted by Nazi regime, he moved to the United States and became a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, engaged in theoretical physics research, and became an American citizen in 194. There is a familiar adage: "Everything is relative." But Einstein's theory is not a repetition of this philosophical cliche, but an accurate mathematical expression method. In this method, the scientific measurement is relative. Obviously, the subjective feeling of time and space depends on the observer himself. When Einstein was a child, one day the Kaiser army passed through the streets of Munich, and curious people flocked to the window to cheer. The children yearned for the soldiers' shiny helmets and neat steps, but Einstein hid in fear. He despised and feared these "monsters in war" and asked his mother to take him to the country where he would never become such a monster. In middle school, Einstein gave up his German citizenship, but he didn't apply for Italian citizenship. He wanted to be a world citizen without any attachment ... After the World War II, Einstein tried to build his dream of world peace on the basis of reality and made a series of "peace" speeches in the "enemy country". His thoughts and actions caused him to be killed: a Russian aristocratic female assassin with imperialist ambitions secretly pointed the gun at him; Albert Einstein's name also appeared on the blacklist of German right-wing assassins; Hitler offered a reward of twenty thousand marks for his head. In order to keep himself in harmony with the world, Einstein had to move from Italy to the Netherlands, and from the Netherlands to the United States, and he became an American citizen. He believes that in this country of America, people of all classes can survive in a barely passable friendship. (Excerpted from Einstein's Reflection, No.5-6, Academic Monthly of Applied Writing, 1985) The late 19th century was a period of great changes in physics. Starting from experimental facts, Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His general theory of relativity has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. Albert Einstein

Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully reveals the relationship between energy and mass, adheres to the determinism position of the quantum theory interpretation of "God rolls the dice" (vector sum of particle vibration and translation), and solves the long-standing problem of star energy source. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become a basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years-the precession of Mercury's perihelion (which Newton's gravity theory can't explain), and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later. On October 4th, 29, the Nobel Foundation selected Einstein, the winner of the 1921 physics prize, as one of the three most respected winners in the history of the Nobel Prize for more than 1 years. (The other two are Martin Luther King, winner of the 1964 Peace Prize, and Mother Teresa, winner of the 1979 Peace Prize. )

editing this growing experience

At 11: 3 am on March 14th, 1879, Einstein was born at No.135, Banhoff Street, Ulm, Kingdom of Wü rttemberg, Germany. Both parents are Jewish. Father's name is Herman Einstein and mother is Pauline. On November 18th, 1881, Einstein's sister Maya was born in Munich. In 1884, Einstein became fascinated with the pocket compass. In 1885, Einstein began to learn the violin. In 1886, Einstein, 5 years old, and his 3-year-old sister < P > Tan were studying in Munich Public School. Study Jewish canon at home. In 1888, Einstein entered Louis Polder High School. Continue to receive religious education at school and accept the bar mitzvah ceremony. Friedman is the instructor. In 1889, under the guidance of medical college student Talme, he read popular scientific books and philosophical works. In 1891, I taught myself Euclidean geometry, and I felt enthusiastic about it. At the same time, I began to teach myself advanced mathematics. Einstein began to doubt Euclid's hypothesis. In 1892, I began to read the works of Immanuel Kant. In 1894, the Einstein family moved to Italy. In 1895, I finished calculus by myself. In the same year, Einstein failed in the entrance examination of Swiss Institute of Technology (German acronym ETH). In 1896, he was awarded the diploma of Arau Middle School. On October 29th, Einstein moved to Zurich and studied at Swiss Institute of Technology. Einstein

On October 19th, 1899, Einstein formally applied for Swiss citizenship. Einstein graduated from swiss federal institute of technology zurich in August 19; In December, he finished his thesis "Inference from Capillary Phenomenon", which was published in the Journal of Physics in Leipzig the following year and incorporated into Swiss nationality. On March 21, 191, he obtained Swiss nationality. In May-July of this year, I finished my thesis on the thermodynamic theory of potential difference. On June 16th, 192, he was employed by the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland. In 193, he married mileva Malik, a college classmate. They had their first child before they got married. In September, 194, he changed from a probationer in the Patent Office to a formal third-class technician. In March 195, quantum theory was published, and the light quantum hypothesis was put forward, which solved the problem of photoelectric effect. In April, he presented his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size" to the University of Zurich, and obtained his doctorate. In May, he completed the paper "On Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", independently and completely put forward the principle of relativity in a narrow sense, and initiated a new era of physics. In April 196, he was promoted to the second-class technician of the Patent Office. In November, I finished the paper on the specific heat of solids, which is the first paper on the quantum theory of solids.

Einstein in Life (8 photos) In 197, he was promoted to be a first-class technician in the Patent Office. In October 198, he also served as an extra lecturer at the University of Berne. In October 199, he left the Berne Patent Office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics. Einstein

in October p>191, he finished his thesis on critical opalescence. In 1911, he moved from Switzerland to Prague. In 1912, the law of photochemical equivalence was put forward. In 1913, he returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin and a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In April 1914, Einstein accepted the invitation of the German scientific community and moved to Berlin. In August, World War I broke out. Although he lived in the birthplace of war and was surrounded by war advocates, he resolutely showed his anti-war attitude. In September, Einstein participated in the launching of the anti-war group "New Motherland Alliance". Although this organization was declared illegal and a large number of members were arrested and persecuted and went underground, Einstein still resolutely participated in the secret activities of this organization. In October, under the manipulation and instigation of militarists, the scientific and cultural circles in Germany issued the "Declaration of Civilized World", defending the war of aggression launched by Germany and advocating that Germany is above everything else, and the whole world should accept the "true German spirit". Ninety-three people signed the Declaration, all of whom were prestigious scientists, artists and priests in Germany at that time. Even nernst, Roentgen, ostwald and Planck signed it. When asked for Einstein's autograph, he flatly refused, but at the same time, he resolutely signed his name on the anti-war "Letter to Europeans". This move shocked the whole world. In November 1915, the complete form of gravity equation of general relativity was put forward, and the motion of Mercury's perihelion was successfully explained. Einstein

in March, 1916, he finished his concluding thesis "The Basis of General Relativity". In May, the hypothesis that the universe is finite and unbounded was put forward. In August, he completed Quantum Theory of Radiation, summarized the development of quantum theory and put forward the theory of stimulated radiation. In 1917, after the victory of the Soviet socialist revolution led by Lenin, Einstein enthusiastically supported this great revolution, praised it as a great social experiment that would be decisive for the whole world, and said, "I respect Lenin because he is a person who has the spirit of complete self-sacrifice and devoted himself wholeheartedly to realizing social justice. I don't think his method is practical, but one thing is certain: people like him are defenders and reconstructors of human conscience. " In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on photoelectric effect, which promoted the development of quantum mechanics. Visit Prague and Vienna in January. On January 27th, he gave a report on Geometry and Experience at the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In February, I went to Amsterdam to attend the meeting of the International Federation of Trade Unions. From April 5th to May 3th, I visited the United States for the first time with Weizmann in order to raise funds for the establishment of the hebrew university of jerusalem in Jerusalem. Received the Barnard Medal at Columbia University. Received by President Harding at the White House. During his visit to Chicago, Boston and Princeton, he gave four lectures on the theory of relativity. In June, he visited England and paid a visit to Newton's cemetery. In January 1922, the first paper on unified field theory was completed. Visit France in March-April, and strive to normalize the relations between France and Germany. Make a speech criticizing Mach's philosophy. In April, he participated in the Committee for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. In July, he was threatened with murder and temporarily left Berlin. On October 8, Einstein and Elsa went to Japan by ship in Marseille. Visit Colombo, Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai along the way. On November 9, on the way to Japan-Shanghai, Einstein learned by telegraph that he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. From November 17th to December 29th, I visited Japan. On February 2, 1923, on the way back from Japan, I visited Palestine and stayed for 12 days. On February 8, he became the first honorary citizen of Tel Aviv. On my way back from Palestine to Germany, I visited Spain. In March, Einstein was disappointed with the ability of the League of Nations and offered his resignation to the League of Nations. From June to July, he helped to create the "New Russian Friends Association" and became a member of its executive committee. In July, I went to Gothenburg to accept the 1921 Nobel Prize. And give a lecture on relativity as a thank you for getting the Nobel Prize. The Compton effect was discovered and the long-standing contradiction in the concept of photon was solved. In December, it was first speculated that the quantum effect might come from the over-constrained field equation of general relativity. In 1924, he joined the Jewish organization in Berlin and became a member who paid membership fees. In June, reconsider joining the League of Nations. In December, the last major discovery was made, and an independent demonstration of the association between waves and matter was drawn from the analysis of statistical fluctuations. At this time, Bose-Einstein condensation was also found. In 1925, he was appointed as the director of the "Oriental Culture and Technology Association", a German-Soviet cooperative group. From May to June, I visited South America. Together with Gandhi and others, sign the statement of refusal to perform military service. Accept the Copley medal. Working for hebrew university of jerusalem's board of directors. Published Non-Euclidean Geometry and Physics. In the spring of 1926, he discussed philosophical issues about quantum mechanics with Heisenberg. Accept the gold medal of the Royal Astronomer. Accepted as an academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. In February 1927, he signed the anti-fascist declaration drafted by Barbiser. Participated in the international anti-imperialist alliance and was elected honorary chairman. In October, he attended the 5th Solvay Physics Symposium in Brussels and began to have a heated debate with Copenhagen School on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. Published Newtonian mechanics and its influence on the development of theoretical physics. In January 1928, he was elected as the director of the "German Human Rights League" (formerly known as the "New Motherland League" in Germany). In spring, due to overwork and poor health, I went to Davos, Switzerland to recuperate and give lectures to convalescent youth. Published "Basic Concepts of Physics to Recent Changes". In April, Helen Ducas began to be Einstein's personal secretary for life. In February 1929, the unified field theory was published. March, 5 th birthday, hiding in the suburbs to avoid birthday celebrations. I visited the Belgian royal family for the first time, forged a friendship with Queen Elizabeth, and corresponded with the Queen of Belgium until my death. On June 28th, he won the Planck Medal. After September, he argued with the French mathematician Adama about war and peace and insisted on unconditionally opposing all wars. In 193, he was dissatisfied with the inaction of the League of Nations in improving international relations and resigned. In May, he signed the world disarmament statement of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. In July, I argued with Tagore about the objectivity of truth. From December 11th to March 4th, 1931, Einstein visited the United States for the second time, mainly giving lectures at California Institute of Technology. On December 13th, Mayor Walker presented Einstein with the golden key of new york City. From December 19th to 2th, I visited Cuba. Published articles such as My World View, Religion and Science. I returned to Berlin from America in March 1931. He visited England in May and gave lectures in Oxford. In November, he called on all countries to blockade the Japanese economy to stop its military aggression against China. I went to California to give lectures again in December. In order to participate in the 1932 international disarmament conference, a series of articles and speeches were specially published. Maxwell's influence on the development of physical reality concept was published. In February 1932, Ossietzky, a German pacifist, was convicted of treason and protested in Pasadena. Return to Berlin from America in March. I went to Cambridge and Oxford to give lectures in May, and then rushed to Geneva to attend the disarmament conference, feeling extremely disappointed. In June, I had a talk with Murphy about causality. Correspond with Freud in July to discuss the psychological problems of war. Call on the German people to rise up to defend Weimar Republic and oppose fascism with all their strength. On December 1th, I left Germany for America with my wife. Originally intended to visit the United States, however, they never set foot on German territory again. On January 3th, 1933, the Nazis came to power. On March 1th, I made a statement in Pasadena that I would not return to Germany, and set off for Europe the next day. On March 2th, the Nazis searched his house, and he protested. After that, his property in Germany was confiscated and his works were burned. Arrived in Belgium from the United States on March 28th, and took refuge in the seaside countryside. On April 21, he announced his resignation from the Prussian Academy of Sciences. The letter to Laue on May 26th pointed out that scientists should not be silent on major political issues. Arrive in Oxford in June