Greece is an Orthodox country, so it doesn't listen to the Pope (which Catholic country listens to the Pope now ...)
Attached:
1. Great differences between eastern and western churches
Christianity was divided into Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity in 1054 after a long-term dispute.
Christianity was divided into two factions in the early days. The former was distributed in the Greek-speaking area in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and the latter in the Latin-speaking area in the western part of the Empire. In 395, the Roman emperor Theodosius I divided the empire into two, and the Roman empire was divided into two; Constantinople is the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and Rome is the capital of the Western Roman Empire. The church of Constantinople has gradually become the center of the eastern church and is increasingly separated from the Roman church. When the Western Roman Empire was invaded by foreign countries, most of its territory was lost and it had already existed in name only. In 476, the Western Roman Empire officially perished, but the Roman Church remained the center of the Western Church.
The root of the split between the two sides lies in the struggle for the highest power of the church. The Roman church believes that Peter is the head of the apostles. The Roman church was established by Peter according to the words of Jesus Christ, and it is the successor and defender of the apostle tradition, so it enjoys an indisputable chief position; Rome is the capital of the empire, and the Roman church naturally ranks first among the universal churches. Other churches disagree with this. They believe that all churches should be equal. Since the empire moved its capital to Constantinople, this question has been repeatedly raised.
In the early Christian church, there were often theological arguments. The first Nicaean conference formulated the Nicaean creed, and all different opinions were suppressed. In 38 1 year, the first public meeting of Constantinople was held in Theodosius I, which not only confirmed the creed of the nicene creed, but also stipulated that the archbishop of Constantinople had the chief honor second only to the bishop of Rome, so Constantinople became the chief episcopal district second only to Rome. The bishop of Rome refused to accept this. In 445, Leo I wrote to the Western Roman Emperor to issue a decree stipulating that all people should obey the Roman bishop who was on the throne of St. Peter. In 45 1 year, Karl Sidon's public meeting once again affirmed the patriarchy authority of the Archbishop of Constantinople, that is, he enjoyed the same power as the Bishop of Rome in church affairs, and the meeting also condemned the Christian monotheism of the Eastern Church theologian Otix as heresy. Leo I protested the former provision, while Utex sympathizers refused to accept the latter decision. East and west split, and this began.
Disputes In 482, Byzantine Emperor Zhi Nuo issued an "Order" drafted by Patriarch Alcatraz of Constantinople, emphasizing the unity of the eastern churches and making concessions to monism. Felix II, the Bishop of Rome, denounced it as heresy, and excommunicated Akaxiu, which led to the split between the eastern and western churches, known as the split of Akaxiu in history. In May19, with the support of Byzantine Emperor Justine I, the patriarch of Constantinople and the Bishop of Rome signed the Hermite Letter, ending the separatist party.
In 553, Justinian I held the second public meeting of Constantinople, which elevated the status of the church of Constantinople to that of the Roman church. In 559, the bishop of Constantinople began to use the title of bishop of the universal church.
After the demise of the Western Roman Empire, the power of the Bishop of Rome (later called Pope) was strengthened. Due to the Persian war and the expansion of Islamic forces, the Eastern Roman Empire had no time to look west. In 1950s, Lombardy invaded Italy, and the Pope turned to the Frankish Kingdom for help. In return for the Pope's support for the usurpation of the throne, Pippin, the king of Frank, ignored Byzantine territorial claims and gave the recovered territory of central Italy to the Pope. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Pippin's son Charlemagne. The close political relationship between the Pope and the Frankish Kingdom also led to the alienation of the Eastern and Western churches.
In 858, Byzantine emperor Michael III appointed Fortiu as the patriarch of Constantinople and asked Pope Nicholas I to recognize him, but he was rejected. In 863, Nicholas I expelled Fotis. Fortiu believed that the patriarch of Constantinople was not under the Pope, and in 867 he excommunicated Nicholas I.. The relationship between the two sides broke down, which is called Fortiu split in history.
A long-term and major controversy in the teachings of the eastern and western churches is the so-called "dispute over the terms of harmony." After the Toledo Conference in 589, Spain converted to Catholicism. The Spanish Church first changed the sentence "The Holy Spirit comes from the Father" in the nicene creed to "From the Father and the Son" without the consent of the Eastern Church. The Eastern Church believes that this violates the creed of * * * *, and the two sides have been arguing for a long time. In 880, Fortiu reached an agreement with Pope John VIII, and the two sides reconciled. In A.D. 10 14, when Pope Benedict VIII was elected, the word "harmony" was introduced into the nicene creed by the western church, and the two sides began to argue again.
The breakthrough occurred in 1054. 1050, Pope Leo IX issued an encyclical calling for the abolition of Greek etiquette infiltrated into Latin churches in southern Italy. Bishop Serularius of Constantinople took a tit-for-tat approach and ordered all Latin churches in Constantinople to use Greek etiquette. 1054, the Pope sent a mission led by Cardinal Humbel to Constantinople. However, the two sides did not compromise and blamed each other, and the contradiction became more and more serious. Finally, Humbel put down the absolute punishment order on the altar in the hall of Hagia Sophia. Seru lariu called a meeting to announce the excommunication of the Pope and his envoys. This great division is called the Serulius division. Since then, the Eastern Church with Constantinople as the center has called itself the Orthodox Church, and Greek is the main religion in religious ceremonies, which is also called the Greek Orthodox Church. In the Middle Ages, it was the state religion of the Byzantine Empire.
Due to political factors, the dispute between doctrine, etiquette and church leadership has widened in the centuries after the Great Divide. 1098, Norman Crusader and Mende of Bosnia and Herzegovina of France conquered Antioch and imposed the Latin patriarch on the local church, which aroused the opposition of the citizens of Constantinople. 1204 Crusaders occupied Constantinople and took devastating revenge. Pope Innocent III, who launched the Crusade, also conferred the title of Molosini, the Venetian, as the first Latin patriarch of Constantinople, which pushed the contradiction between the two sides to a climax and made the split irreversible. Later, many attempts at reconciliation failed.
In order to stop the ambitions of Britain, France and other countries to rebuild the Latin Empire, Byzantium needed the support of the Pope. At the suggestion of Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII, Pope Gregory X held the second Lyon Conference in 1274. The Orthodox Church recognized the primacy of the Pope and the two sides were formally unified. However, this decision was rejected by a meeting of 1285 Orthodox Church.
/kloc-In the 4th century, Byzantium faced Turkish aggression. In order to unite the west, the imperial authorities made great efforts, and the Byzantine emperor even converted to Roman Catholicism in 1369. However, the Orthodox Church did not respond positively to the imperial official's efforts. Most Orthodox Christians insist that East and West should negotiate on the basis of equality through formal universal church meetings. However, the proposal to hold a public meeting was repeatedly rejected by the Pope. /kloc-in the 0/5th century, the principle of public discussion prevailed temporarily, and the proposal of holding public discussion was revived. Pope Eugene IV convened the Basel-Ferrara-Florence Conference (143 1 ~ 1443), which lasted 12 years. The East and the West discussed in detail the old cases debated in the past, such as "harmonious sentences", purgatory, mass sacrifice, unleavened cakes in the Eucharist and the primacy of the Pope. Byzantine Emperor John VIII, Bishop Yue Se of Constantinople, and many bishops and theologians attended the meeting on behalf of eastern sects. They made concessions on almost all controversial issues and signed the "Joint Circular" adopted in 1439. Only Eugene, Bishop of Ephesus, refused to sign it. However, the terms of the joint plan caused widespread dissatisfaction among the eastern churches, so that the "joint notice" was officially announced in the hall of Hagia Sophia at the end of 1452. The following year, Constantinople fell to Turkey, and the joint plan was never mentioned again.
2. The Pope system
Pope system Catholicism is a religious system, and the Pope is the supreme leader of the church. The word "Pope" comes from the Greek pappas, which means "father". At first, it was a title of respect for the clergy of various Christian factions (some people in the Eastern Church still call them "priests"). 1 1 century later, this word gradually became the proper name of the bishop of Rome in the western church. There are many official titles of the Pope, such as the Roman diocese (Catholic legend began in the late 1 century, and many historians believe that its actual power began after the Enlightenment of Christian countries in the 4th century), the western patriarch (also translated as patriarch, which began in the 5th century), the archbishop of Italy, the archbishop of Rome and the metropolitan bishop, and the monarch of the Vatican city-state (which began in 1929). There are also names such as the successor of the Apostle Peter (starting from Leo I), the living representative of Christ (starting from Innocent III), the highest priest of the universal church (starting from the Great Split between East and West), and the servant of God.
The Catholic church claimed that Christ took Peter as the head of his disciples; He also said that the bishop of Rome is the heir of Peter and enjoys Peter's status, so he should be listed above other bishops. In the Catholic religious system, the Pope enjoys the highest legislative management and judicial power, and has the right to make authoritative statements on religious and ethical issues, formulate or abolish church regulations, create parishes, appoint bishops, manage missionary affairs, and organize courts of first instance and appeal courts. After being elected, the Pope holds office for life and will not be removed except for heresy. You can resign yourself, but you have no right to appoint a successor. The Pope has the right to appoint people to form the Holy See (see Holy See) to assist in the exercise of his functions and powers. Before the great split between the eastern and western churches, Roman bishops were usually elected or recognized by secular monarchs or Italian nobles. 1059, Nicholas ii decided that the pope should be elected by cardinals, but the election should be approved by the Frankish king Henry I and his successor. This decision was not officially confirmed until the third Rutland Congress in 1 179 and the second Lyon Congress in 1274. At the same time, it also admitted that the monarchs of France, Spain and Austria had the veto power over the candidates, which was abolished by Pius X at the beginning of the 20th century.
The papal system gives the Pope the power to manage the church beyond the state, which inevitably conflicts with the sovereignty and interests of the state and local churches. In fact, the various powers of the Pope mentioned above have been restricted to varying degrees in various countries. /kloc-After 0/4th century, the influence of the Pope declined. Under the pressure of major powers, the Pope made concessions to the leadership of the colonial church, or granted privileges to colonial countries (such as Portugal's religious protection rights), or entrusted trusteeship (such as the Spanish king's diocese changed to the Pontifical pastoral system). Since19th century, the Holy See has successively signed political and religious agreements with various capitalist countries, and the religious rights are expressly bound. At the second Vatican Council, the Pope was severely criticized. The meeting made some reforms to the Pope, such as expanding the power of local bishops and internationalizing the headquarters of the Holy See. However, these measures have not fundamentally changed the highly centralized nature of the papacy. For this reason, some theologians quoted konstanz's resolution of public discussion, and once again put forward the view that public discussion power is higher than that of the Pope, emphasizing that "religious power is not political" and should have "service function" rather than "ruling function", and even directly criticized the Pope's theory without fallacy. The papal system and the exercise of its power are increasingly suppressed by Catholic churches in various countries. In order to safeguard the sovereignty of the church, Catholicism in China got rid of political interference.