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Chrysanthemum, orchid, plum and bamboo are known as the "four gentlemen" among flowers for their unique flowers, postures, colors and rhymes. Chrysanthemum is very beautiful and has a long history of cultivation in Beijing. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, chrysanthemums were mainly cultivated by the people, and the level of traditional chrysanthemums in Beijing was also very high. In addition, Ao Shuang Lingling is immortal and has the character of Beijingers. Therefore, Beijing chose chrysanthemum as the city flower. In China, other cities that choose chrysanthemum as the city flower include Taiyuan, Nantong, Wuhu, Kaifeng, Xiangtan, Zhongshan and Dezhou.
Chrysanthemum (scientific name: Dendranthema×grandiflorum) wrote "bow" in ancient times. Chrysanthemum bowed with her head down. In ancient times, when eating, the bow was very compact, so it was called chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum is one of the traditional famous flowers in China. Chrysanthemum appreciation has a long history and various names. Appreciation of ancient chrysanthemums begins with the practicality of chrysanthemums. Ancient books in China recorded that chrysanthemums can be used as vegetables, flowers can be used as medicine, bags can be used as pillows, and they can be brewed and drunk. Therefore, a hermit cannot live without this flower for a day. " Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty contains the effects of "benefiting five veins, regulating limbs, treating head wind-heat and brain bone pain, nourishing eyes and enriching blood, removing membranes and treating liver-qi deficiency". Chrysanthemum is named longevity and longevity because of its medicinal function of prolonging life. Because chrysanthemums open in September of the lunar calendar, they are also called Jiuhua, Jiuhua and Qiuju. Female stems and king flowers famous for their beautiful chrysanthemums; In ancient times, there was a single variety of chrysanthemums, which only had yellow flowers, so they were also called "yellow flowers" and "Jin Rui".
Chrysanthemum originated in China, and China is the origin center of chrysanthemum in the world, where there are many wild chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemum has been planted in China for more than 3000 years. As early as in the ancient book "Book of Rites", there was a record that "the moon is bright and autumn, and chrysanthemums bloom with yellow flowers". Chrysanthemum was cultivated as a medicinal plant in Han Dynasty, and was widely cultivated in Jin and Wei Dynasties, and then gradually developed into an ornamental flower. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of chrysanthemum development. The Chrysanthemum Book written by Liu Mengquan in Song Dynasty contains 163 species of chrysanthemums, which is the earliest chrysanthemum monograph in China. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang's Qunfangpu included more than 270 varieties of chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemums from many countries in the world came from China. Chrysanthemum from China was introduced into Japan from Korea in 386 AD, with a history of 1600 years. Chrysanthemum cultivated in Japan has become a variety that blooms all year round. /kloc-At the end of 0/7, the Dutch came to China to do business and brought chrysanthemums back to Europe. /kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, French merchants collected many fine varieties from China and introduced them to France. /kloc-Jun Fu, a British botanist in the 20th century, hybridized fine chrysanthemum varieties from China and Japan and spread them widely in Britain. Later, it was introduced to the United States from Britain. Now, chrysanthemum has spread all over the world, becoming a famous flower loved by people all over the world, and a flower wonder at all times and in all countries.
Chrysanthemum is a perennial herb. After artificial cultivation, cross breeding and natural variation, chrysanthemum has evolved from the original yellow Xiao Ju to today's colorful famous flowers. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were 14 species of chrysanthemums recorded in Chrysanthemum Spectrum, which increased to 24 species in Qing Dynasty. During the Republic of China, chrysanthemums were divided into 10 categories according to the petal shape. At present, plant taxonomy records that there are 920 genera 19000 species of compositae in the world, and there are about 164 genera 1950 species in China. There are more than 3000 varieties of chrysanthemum in China, which are divided into yellow, white, purple, green and other colors in gardening, as well as two-color species; From the flower shape, there are single petal, compound petal, flat ball, round ball, eversion, African claw, burr, pine needle and other shapes; In terms of cultivation methods, there are Chrysanthemum morifolium, Monopetalum morifolium, Macropetalum morifolium, Cliff Chrysanthemum, Flower Bed Chrysanthemum and Grafted Chrysanthemum. From the flowering period, there are spring, summer, autumn, winter, chrysanthemum and so on. According to Compendium of Materia Medica, there are hundreds of chrysanthemums with perennial roots, different colors of stems and leaves and different products. ..... Its stems are purple, red and green, and its leaves are different in size, thickness and tip. Its flowers are single leaves in Chiba, with a heart and no heart, with children and no children, yellow, white, red and purple, with different shades and sizes, and the taste is different from that of Xia Ju, Qiuju and Dongju. "
There are many varieties of chrysanthemums, so how to choose chrysanthemum varieties for chrysanthemum planting? Someone once summed up the four-word formula for choosing chrysanthemum: light, raw, strange and delicious. The general idea is that "light" means that the flowers should be colorful from beginning to end, "raw" means that the branches are graceful and never droop, "strange" means that the petals are colorful and elegant, and "tasteful" means that the unconventional style has its own natural charm.
Chrysanthemum flowers are all kinds, proud of frost and snow, independent of cold and autumn, not afraid of cold, making people more and more fond of them. Chrysanthemum appreciation activities have been held throughout the ages. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the court held a chrysanthemum contest every year and lit chrysanthemum lanterns at night. The folk flower market in Song Dynasty had the wind of "tying chrysanthemums". At the annual chrysanthemum meeting, famous chrysanthemums were exhibited, drunk and appreciated, and some people wrote poems praising chrysanthemums.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhong Hui, an important counselor, praised chrysanthemums with five virtues: "Flowers hang high in the garden, who is immortal?" Pure yellow does not mix, and the back color is khaki. Early planting and late hair make a gentleman virtuous. Spit out glume in frost, such as chastity. The body in the cup is light, and the gods eat it. " Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet in the Warring States Period, wrote a poem in Lisao, which said, "Mulan falls in the morning and autumn chrysanthemum falls at dusk", symbolizing unyielding will and firm and tenacious fighting spirit.
The famous chrysanthemum-chanting poem Drinking by Tao Yuanming, an idyllic poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (ⅵ);
"Building a house in the mirror, and no horses and chariots.
Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice.
Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely.
The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.
This makes sense. I forgot to say it if I wanted to defend myself. "
The main idea of the poem is that in a crowded place, you can't hear the sound of horses and chariots, and when you are calm, you won't realize the interference of the noisy atmosphere around you. You pick chrysanthemums under the hedge and enjoy yourself. Looking up occasionally, Nanshan is far away. The setting sun sprinkled a touch of pale yellow on the phoenix lotus, and the birds returned to their nests. This natural interest is really hard to express in words, and the poet takes this opportunity to forget the world.
Chrysanthemum poems by Yuan Zhen, a famous poet in Tang Dynasty;
"The bushes in autumn are like Taoist priests, and the edges around the fence are more and more inclined.
It's not that chrysanthemums are favored among flowers, but that this flower is even more flowerless. "
The main idea of this poem is that chrysanthemums are planted around the house, and the fragrance wafts all over the house with the wind, like Tao Yuanming's house that loves chrysanthemums. The chrysanthemums beside the fence are shining in the sunset, and Hui Jin is dazzling, not partial to chrysanthemums, because chrysanthemums are not afraid of the cold and are proud of flying snow in the wind. Chrysanthemums bloom at the latest in a year, and there are no flowers in nature after chrysanthemums bloom.
On June 1929+00, chairman Mao Zedong wrote the words "picking mulberry seeds for Chongyang":
"Life is easy to get old, but it is difficult to get old.
Today is Chongyang, and the yellow flowers in the battlefield are particularly fragrant.
The annual autumn wind is not as strong as spring.
Better than spring, just like Wan Li frost on the vast river. "
The "yellow flower" in the poem is chrysanthemum. This poem praises the chrysanthemum on the Double Ninth Festival in autumn rather than the scenery in spring. Mao Zedong likes chrysanthemums. He changed the east wing of Fengze Garden in Zhongnanhai into a bookstore and named it "Juxiang Bookstore".
When it comes to chrysanthemums, we can't help but mention the "clean garden" in Beijing. From the 1930s to the early 1960s, there was an art chrysanthemum garden with an area of about 6 mu in the west of North Street, Xinjiekou, Beijing, which was called "Affinity". In this small chrysanthemum garden, the mountains, pavilions, trees and flowers are elegantly arranged, so it is also very interesting. From liberation to 1956, there are nearly 100 kinds of chrysanthemums, and 1700 pots. Excellent varieties are Red Flag Commander, Peace Fortress, Green Morning Cloud, Many Pagodas, Snow Point and Ice Peak. Especially all kinds of cliff chrysanthemums are unique chrysanthemum varieties here. Some specimens are higher than the eaves, the diameter of flowers is more than 30 cm, and there are many parallel chrysanthemums. The colorful chrysanthemum world here attracts the masses to watch. 195165438+February 3 1, Mao Zedong said after visiting the garden for the first time to enjoy chrysanthemums: "The chrysanthemum exhibition has achieved good results, which can expand the scale and meet the hobbies and appreciation of people from all walks of life in the capital." And ask if there are any difficulties that need to be solved by the government? Later, the government helped solve the problem of expansion and employment, so the owner of the park wrote a poem with gratitude:
"The Long March overseers nine honors, and the leaders have distinguished themselves.
It's better to look at flowers in the back garden and save the world than Song Yue.
The breeze in the north sings with the snow, and the sunrise in the east is red.
From then on, the car and books were mixed, and the vision was bright.
This poem was sent to President Mao Zedong, who wrote back to express his thanks. 1On October 24th, Mao Zedong came to the garden to enjoy chrysanthemums for the second time.
1On October 20th, the State Council Prime Minister Zhou Enlai and his wife Deng came to see chrysanthemums and wrote an inscription "Bring forth the old and bring forth the new, and let a hundred flowers blossom". President Zhu De visited Chrysanthemum almost every year from 1949 to 196 1, and wrote a poem when he visited Chrysanthemum from 1955 to1October 26th:
"Flower independent branches, jade bone ice muscle fundus.
Looking forward to peace in the future, I would like to settle my differences with chrysanthemum wine. "
196 1 to commemorate the 30th anniversary of growing chrysanthemums, Chairman Zhu De visited chrysanthemums on June 3, 65438, and presented his master Qiu Lan with two pots and wrote poems in regular script:
"Liu Laojie Garden helps Guoguang, and chrysanthemums last for 30 years.
Intensive research, good cultivation of exotic flowers, good achievement of the new world.
Make every effort to cultivate and pass on future generations and take pains to be busy.
People of all ages in Beijing come to appreciate and present orchids to Beitang.
Dong, Xie Juezai, Soong Ching Ling, Peng Zhen and other party and state leaders and celebrities from all walks of life have come to enjoy the chrysanthemum, and more than 70 people can be found in the autograph book. There is also an international friend, Ho Chi Minh, a former Japanese photo of Shan Zhe, and Mrs. Bloom, then a permanent member and secretary-general of the World Peace Council.
1960, the owner of Xieyuan donated all the land, chrysanthemums and tools in the park to the country for free, and the Municipal Bureau of Landscape Architecture gave all the donations to Beihai Park for management, and the chrysanthemum workers turned into national workers. Since then, chrysanthemum exhibitions have been held frequently in Beihai. By June, 2003, the 24th Beijing Flower-Chrysanthemum Exhibition was held in Beihai Park continuously, with nearly 500 varieties exhibited in 1 10,000 pots.
Among all previous chrysanthemum exhibitions, the Beijing Chrysanthemum Exhibition held by 1964 in Beihai Park is the largest since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Comrade Guo Moruo wrote an inscription for this chrysanthemum exhibition: "Chrysanthemum is a collective flower, please appreciate it in the spirit of collectivism." The whole exhibition is divided into Qiongdao District, East Coast District and West Coast District. More than 700 varieties/kloc-0 were exhibited. At that time, there were cliff chrysanthemums with a diameter of 2 meters and a length of more than 3 meters, pagoda chrysanthemums with a standing height, ten kinds of tapestries and dozens of different beautiful flowers.
Stamps have the reputation of "national business card". In China's all-encompassing stamp design, flower stamps have become a dazzling flower in China's stamp art. Chrysanthemum is a famous traditional flower in China, and stamp design is indispensable in China. 196065438+February 10, China's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued a set of special stamps of "Chrysanthemum" with the stamp ID of "Te44", a full set of *** 18, 196 1 out. This set of stamps vividly reflects the blooming chrysanthemums and is full of infinite charm and tenacious vitality of nature.