First of all, promoting government informatization is conducive to coping with the challenges to government management after China's accession to the WTO. Since China's accession to the WTO, it has brought great opportunities to China's economic and social development, and also brought China's entire economic society, especially the economy, better into line with the world economy, which has brought us great opportunities for development. But at the same time, we should also see that China's accession to the WTO has indeed put forward a series of severe challenges to the management of our government, which are embodied in the following points. After China's entry into WTO, it has posed a severe challenge to the government's public policy. That is to say, before China's entry into WTO, the formulation of public policies can take into account the characteristics of China and some rules of the World Trade Organization. However, after China's entry into WTO, it can't go on like this. When the government formulates public policies, it includes the formulation of laws and administrative policies. In other words, the laws and regulations formulated cannot violate the basic rules of the WTO, so they have a far-reaching impact on the management of our government. After joining the WTO, we will first step up the revision of laws and regulations formulated in the past. Anything that violates and does not conform to WTO rules will be deleted or modified, and some will even be abolished. In the future, we must formulate public policies, including laws and regulations, in accordance with WTO rules. This is the first major challenge faced by government management after China's accession to the WTO. Secondly, after China's accession to the WTO, it also poses a great challenge to the public services managed by our government. In the past, when the China government provided public services, it was basically a government monopoly. Before China joined the WTO, there were many monopoly areas, such as railways, posts and telecommunications, civil aviation, telecommunications, electricity, finance and insurance. Before China joined the WTO, these fields were generally monopolized by the government. After China's entry into the WTO, it should gradually open its service trade. In the past, we opened up technology trade and goods trade, but we adopted a more cautious attitude in the field of service trade. If we don't open up after China's accession to the WTO, we will gradually open up these fields according to the promised timetable. The government should gradually open the field of public services, not only to domestic capital but also to foreign capital. This should be said to be a very serious challenge for monopolizing these fields for a long time in the past. Before and after China's accession to the WTO, we accelerated the reform and restructuring of related monopoly areas, such as the separation of electricity, power generation and transmission, the separation of telecommunications from the north and the south, and the acceleration of the reform of commercial banks in finance. These are the measures we have taken in the field of public services in response to China's accession to the WTO. The third aspect is that it has brought great pressure to our employment and life competition. Everyone agrees that after China joins the WTO, in the long run, a large amount of foreign capital will enter China, which will bring us many employment opportunities. However, in the short term, due to the introduction of a large number of foreign capital into China, our state-owned enterprises may not be competitors when competing with foreign capital, or at least some enterprises may be defeated in the initial stage of competition, which may put our state-owned enterprises at a disadvantage in the initial stage of competition after China's entry into WTO. At present, a very important problem in Chinese government management is the great employment pressure, which has become the most prominent problem in the whole economic and social life, and the pressure is getting bigger and bigger. If many employees of state-owned enterprises are laid off at the beginning of China's entry into WTO, it will bring greater pressure to our employment situation. At the same time, with the entry of foreign capital, we are also facing strong pressure for the growth of outstanding talents, which is the third challenge to the government after China's entry into WTO. Fourthly, after China's accession to the WTO, it has posed many challenges to the government management. For example, in the past, the application of a large number of administrative means, our openness and transparency were relatively low, the scope of examination and approval was large, the examination and approval system had great discretion, and the behavior was not standardized. These are all problems in the way the government manages. These problems are far from the commitments we made when we joined the WTO. Whether we can administer according to law, improve the transparency of government management, reduce the use of administrative means and excessive intervention has become a very important issue for us to change the way of government management and deal with China's entry into WTO. By building government informatization, promoting e-government, changing government management mode, improving the transparency and openness of government management and improving the efficiency of government management, the problems existing in government management can be better solved, which is of great significance to improving the management level and service ability of our government and adapting to a series of challenges after China's entry into WTO.
Secondly, the scientific, timely and effective decision-making of the government can be improved by promoting the government informatization to build an electronic network government. In the past, we made a lot of mistakes in government decision-making, which caused a lot of redundant construction and a huge waste of national financial funds. Some people say that if we can reduce the losses caused by decision-making mistakes, we can save a lot of money in one year. Therefore, to promote government informatization, especially for high-level government institutions, decision support systems can be built. Although it can't completely replace decision-making, it can reduce the risk of decision-makers, improve the scientificity, timeliness and effectiveness of decision-makers, and reduce a lot of redundant construction.
Third, by promoting government informationization to build an electronic network government, we can really improve the quality of public services, improve the level of government services, and enhance government service capabilities. Now our government management is changing from management control to service. Whether the services provided by the government are of high quality and satisfy the public has become a very important evaluation index. How can we improve the service level and ability of the government? There may be many ways to improve, but promoting the construction of e-government, promoting government informatization and providing one-stop service and online service for enterprises and the public can not only greatly reduce the working hours of the government, but also improve the openness and transparency of the government, which is of great significance to improving the public service of the government, improving the relationship between the government and the public and enhancing the image of the government.
Fourthly, by promoting government informatization and building an electronic network government, we can realize resource sharing and reduce government administrative costs. The highest realm of e-government has four words, namely, interconnection, resource sharing, information security and online service. Interconnection does not mean that all government departments should be interconnected, but in public management activities, government departments need to be interconnected, which requires resource sharing, which can reduce a lot of information collection costs. For example, the population data collected by an authoritative department can be shared with other government departments, so that other departments do not need to spend more manpower, financial resources and material resources to collect population data, and use a * * * * shared population resource data to save a lot of money and time. Therefore, interconnection and resource sharing have been realized. Judging from the development of government management, it can really reduce the cost of government management, and electronic network government and government informatization have great potential in this respect. Through the effective management and processing of information, the enjoyment of information resources can be improved, which can reduce a lot of management funds for the country.
Fifth, by promoting government informatization and building an electronic network government, the overall quality of civil servants can be improved. In other words, civil servants must improve their computer application level, strengthen the support of government informatization and e-government, broaden their horizons and change their concepts to meet the basic requirements of electronic network government for civil servants. If you don't have these basic qualities, such as the inability to operate computer office software and the loss of basic computer skills, it will be difficult for you to adapt to the job requirements of public servants and you may be eliminated. Therefore, the establishment of many e-government application systems will not only change the concept of government officials and increase a lot of knowledge, but also greatly improve information skills, including computer skills. If not, you will be forced to receive training, which will help to improve the overall quality of our team and the overall quality of civil servants and will have a far-reaching impact.
Sixth, by promoting government informationization and building an electronic network government, IT can promote the development of IT enterprises and IT industries in China, especially the development of application software industry in China. China is a big country, but our application software industry as a whole still lags far behind India. India is also a populous country, and its economic strength lags far behind that of China. But why is India's software industry, especially the application software industry, so developed? It uses many software industries, and its software products can be exported. Now we still have a big gap with it. We have many channels to promote the development of the information industry. IT is a very important way to promote the development of IT industry in China, especially the development of application software industry in China. Because many e-government applications can't be completely dependent on foreign countries, they need to be developed by these IT enterprises in our country. Therefore, promoting government informatization can not only promote the development of IT industry, but more importantly, it can promote the development of application software industry in China, so it is of great significance, and it can also promote the development of social informatization in China. This is the first point, that is, to promote the informationization of China government and build a Chinese-style electronic network government, which is of great significance at present.
In the second aspect, when we analyze the significance of government informatization and the construction of e-government in China, we will also see that there are still some outstanding problems in the process of government informatization and e-government construction in China. These problems can be summarized into two aspects. Looking at the development of e-government and government informatization in China, there are two aspects worthy of attention at present. On the one hand, there are objective problems. Objectively speaking, there are four main problems. First, second, in the past few years, in the process of the development of government informatization, we did not do a good job in overall planning, and the standardization issue was not highly valued; Third, the level of social informatization is low, which also restricts the development of government informatization in China to some extent; Fourth, some problems of our information security and government information security have not been solved. Focus on the first question to explain that the construction of e-government and e-government application system must not be too simple, it is a very complex system. Why does the e-government application system have its own complexity? The key is that government management itself is a very complicated process. Every level of government has set up many departments, each department has its own division of labor and power, and each department exercises its own power. But they are by no means an isolated system. They must cooperate with each other from left to right and move up and down. This is government management and government informatization, which is significantly different from the operation of e-commerce enterprises. As far as different countries are concerned, there is no uniform standard for how many departments a government has. The number of departments is subordinate to the guiding ideology of management, such as Britain and the United States, which is generally called free market economy. In this free market economy, the mode of government management is not exactly the same as ours. The overall management of the government is indirect, with little direct management, and the setting of government departments is relatively extensive, which is not as detailed as that of our institutions. For example, the US Department of Agriculture is roughly equivalent to three ministries and commissions in China, namely the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Water Resources and the Forestry Bureau; The "Department of Transportation" in the United States is equivalent to three ministries in China, namely, the Ministry of Transportation, the Ministry of Railways and scaa. We are a meticulous setup organization, while others are relatively extensive setup. For such a large-scale layout management, we have more detailed settings, and the functions between the government and government departments may overlap, which may affect the exercise of functions and powers. This brings difficulties to the construction of application software and e-government application system. The boundary of government affairs is unclear, and the functions overlap. Building your system and application software may bring trouble. However, the development of our application software is very clear and cannot be vague. I can't say that I let you go this time. You should exercise more and I will exercise more next time. Otherwise, we cannot be vague. Software development must be clear. Therefore, there are many departments in our country, and the functions between departments are easy to cross, and the exercise of power is also easy to cross, so building this system should be said to be a very complicated process.
For another example, the realization of government affairs, such as doing something online, may not be approved by one department, but by several departments. For example, registering an enterprise online is not only related to the industrial and commercial department, but also related to the tax department. It also involves the banking sector, capital verification, industrial and commercial departments, tax departments and financial departments. So can these departments be interconnected online? It is a government activity to decide whether enterprise registration can be handled online. The informatization of a government's work may involve several departments, requiring interconnection, collaborative work and online parallel examination and approval. If this function cannot be realized, it will be impossible to provide information services to the public on the Internet. Therefore, the complexity of administrative management system determines the complexity of the construction of e-government application system, which is a point I expounded. Second, the low level of social informatization will also affect the construction and application of e-government system. For example, there are many people surfing the Internet in the United States. Many people use the Internet to obtain information, and the computer penetration rate is much higher than ours. Compared with the total population, the computer penetration rate is relatively low, and the number of people directly using the Internet is relatively small. By the end of June this year, the number of people directly using the Internet in China was roughly 62 million, while in the United States, the number of people directly using the Internet was159 million. We use the Internet. Therefore, the level of social informatization will directly affect the level of government informatization in a country. We propose to use government informatization to drive social informatization and promote the development of information industry. These are four objective questions.
In the development of e-government, there are also some subjective problems worthy of attention. Through the development of e-government, we can see that subjectively it can be summarized as four problems. The first problem is that our entire civil service team now involves more than 5.4 million people, plus the party-mass organization is 8 million people. This concept needs to be changed. We should accept the governance model of e-government conceptually and ideologically, and accept the changes in government management brought about by government informatization. If you don't accept it conceptually and conceptually, it will cause great obstacles to promote government information. The second problem is the process and inertia of traditional government operation and management. Regardless of foreign countries or China, the whole management mode is traditional government. This kind of management operation and means has lasted for many years, hundreds of years. It is quite difficult to change the operation of traditional government affairs through the construction of informatization and e-government. The third problem is that the overall quality of our civil servants is not high, especially the informatization skills and information skills are relatively poor, which is a very big problem for the promotion of government informatization and the construction of electronic network government. Because, if there is not a large number of well-trained public servants to master, use and apply, then no matter how well the system is built and the software is developed, it is useless. In this sense, the human factor is the first and most important. The last problem is the overall lag of our legal system construction. The development of e-government, e-network government and government informatization requires the support of legal system, that is, the e-network government must have a good external environment, which is composed of many factors, one of which is that the legal system construction should be followed up in time.
For example, information disclosure, if the country does not have information disclosure regulations and laws, then building an electronic network government, which information needs to be disclosed and which information cannot be disclosed, will be impossible to follow and very artificial. I think it is necessary to make it public, but I don't think it is necessary to make it public, which provides a lot of room for the subjective will of officials. There are laws and regulations on information disclosure abroad. You should be public, not public. You broke the law. It's called sunshine project abroad. So far, China has not formulated a regulation on information disclosure and information disclosure. Not long ago, the Guangzhou municipal government formulated the first information disclosure regulation formulated by a local government in China, which may be the first in China. As far as the country is concerned, it is stepping up the formulation of relevant information disclosure regulations, which may eventually rise to the national information disclosure law. Without this legal support, the construction of e-government is almost impossible, because after the system is completed, there is a legal basis for publishing information on the network.
Another example is electronic signature and electronic signature. Now in the physical form, this official seal can be forged at any time and used by others to open a fake seal. In the future, the electronic network government and e-government we will build will all appear through virtual seals, that is, there will be signatures, signatures, leaders' autographs and official seals on the network, so whether the seals on the network can be true, whether they have been tampered with, and whether the integrity and non-repudiation of the official seals can be guaranteed will become a very critical issue. These are two problems. We should not only solve the legal basis of the online seal, but also give it legal effect. In the event of a dispute, the signature and signature on the Internet have legal effect. Second, can we not fake it? If these are the legal environment of e-government construction or government informatization, and the corresponding legislation is not solved, it will be difficult for e-government and government informatization to continue to some extent. In this sense, strengthening the legislation of e-government and the legal construction of government informatization will provide a good legal environment for government informatization, which is also a problem that must be seriously solved in the development of e-government.
The third aspect, promoting the development of e-government in government management innovation, its role and importance have been explained in the previous content. The construction of e-government and the promotion of government informatization must be closely combined with government management innovation and administrative system reform. Without this close combination, we may build some failed systems. How can we closely combine government informatization, e-government construction and government management innovation? There are several points worth noting.
First, as a civil servant, we should establish a new concept of government management, which is mainly manifested in three levels. First, the government's management service to society, the government's responsibility to society is limited, which is called the behavior concept of limited liability government. The government does not assume unlimited responsibility to society, but limited responsibility to society. Different from the planned system, the government plays the role of an all-powerful government, which is in charge of everything. To change this idea of an all-powerful government, the government's responsibility to society is limited, which is a new idea. Second, to persist in government management innovation, we must adhere to the new concept of changing from regulation and management to service. Under the planned system, the government emphasizes regulation and management more than service. Under the market economy, especially today, the control color under the planned system almost does not exist, and there are mainly two functions, namely management function and service function. Between management and service, service should be gradually emphasized, and the government should emphasize the service to taxpayers, the public and enterprises, and establish a new service concept. Third, we should gradually establish a cost-benefit view and an input-output view. Although government management is a kind of public management, it is not for profit, but the money paid by ordinary taxpayers. Even so, government management and public management should emphasize input-output and cost-effectiveness. In other words, public management, government management and public services can never ignore costs. It is a new management after the reform of foreign governments for more than 20 years, and it is also a relatively new management concept in the world. We should closely combine the innovation of government management with the construction of e-government and the promotion of government informatization. For civil servants, it is very important for us to accept this new management aspiration first.
Second, promote e-government, combine the construction of government information system with government management innovation, deepen the reform of administrative management system, and finally establish China's public administrative system. In this public management system, there are several relationships that need to be solved seriously.
The first problem is the rational orientation of government functions. Different governments and governments at different levels, such as the central government, provincial and municipal governments, county and district governments and even township governments, have different forms to realize their functions. Therefore, before establishing the public administration system, it is very important to make a reasonable positioning of government functions. This is also closely related to the innovation of government management. Among them, to solve the reasonable positioning of government functions and build a good administrative system, the most prominent thing is to solve three relationships. First, the relationship between the government and the market. To solve the relationship between the government and the market, we should generally reduce the government's intervention in the market and lower the threshold of the market. In other words, the market should try its best to solve the problems that the market can solve, and the government should try its best to reduce unnecessary intervention in the market. Under the current conditions in China, the key to solving the relationship between the government and the market is to solve two problems. The first question is how to do a good job in the economic layout of the country. It is an important subject to solve the problem of orderly withdrawal of state-owned economy from competitive industries. Judging from the layout of the national economic structure, on the one hand, it is necessary to rely on the power of the state and the government to mediate market economic activities and keep the national economic structure in a more reasonable and scientific state. On the other hand, we should also use the power of the market, and the government should intervene as little as possible in the problems that the market can solve. We should rely on market forces to solve some problems in our economic structure. For example, under the planned system, we have established many state-owned enterprises. These state-owned enterprises are large and small, that is, a large number of economic components are mainly state-owned However, after the market-oriented reform, we have seen more and more. The state-owned economy can not be fully promoted, but can exist in some public fields. But for a large number of competitive industries, the state-owned economy will do as little or no as possible. As you can see, we are withdrawing from the competitive field in a planned way. Through the reorganization and reorganization of the state-owned economy, the economic structure will be more optimized and the state-owned economy will glow with new vitality. This is the first problem to be solved.
The second problem is to have a scientific and reasonable distribution of functions to solve the relationship between the government and enterprises. In addition to reducing government intervention in enterprises, from the perspective of the central government, almost all ministries and commissions that directly manage the industrial economy have been abolished, and almost a large number of departments that directly manage the industry have been abolished. After the cancellation, there is another problem, that is, how to reduce unnecessary interference in enterprises, especially how to strengthen the management of state-owned assets of former state-owned enterprises. As you can see, in 2003, the State Council established the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, abolished the former State Economic and Trade Commission, and put part of its functions in the National Development and Reform Commission and part of its domestic trade functions in the Ministry of Commerce. The main function is to set up the State-owned Assets Management Committee, which integrates the management of assets and people, solves the phenomenon of separation of management of assets and people, and is conducive to building a new relationship between government and enterprises and strengthening the management of state-owned assets.
The third problem is to locate the government function reasonably and solve the relationship between government and society. Under the condition of market economy, we should encourage the development of trade associations and give more play to the role of social intermediary system. We should combine the good relationship between government informatization and government management innovation, find a good combination point, establish government functions and public management system, and rationally position government functions. The second problem to be solved in the construction of public administration system is to better adjust the organizational structure of the government, so that the establishment of the organization and structure of the government will gradually develop in the direction of the overall layout in line with international practice. This is very important. In western countries with more developed market economy, government management mostly implements a large-scale layout management. For example, our family bought a cake for our child's birthday. If there are many people eating this cake, and there are many knives in the middle, and few people eat it, then simply divide it into two knives. The more points, the smaller the area of each block, the smaller the area of each block, and the larger the area of each block. In countries with developed market economy, large-scale management is generally adopted, so why are there more relative departments in China now? Because we are a government organizational structure evolved from the management of all rules and departments under the planned system, although we have been engaged in market-oriented reforms for many years, there is still a transition to make the government organizational structure and organizational departments move towards the general layout. Therefore, from the perspective of e-government construction and subdivision construction, the construction of large pages may be easier than the excessive and detailed construction of this department. I am still in this process, including the reform of central and local government institutions, which is also a trend of gradually moving towards large-scale layout management. At the same time, we are constantly taking some measures in the administrative management system, including administrative reform, which will directly affect the construction of e-government system and the process of informatization. This is the second aspect of the innovation of government management system, that is, the construction of public administration system.
On the other hand, we should combine the construction of e-government with the reform and innovation of government management system and deepen the reform of examination and approval system. Now our examination and approval system is the product of the planned system, as well as the product of dictatorship and departmental management. In fact, western countries also use the means of examination and approval management in the process of government management. At least so far, no country or government has managed society and economy without any approval. However, compared with foreign countries, especially developed countries, the shortcomings of China's examination and approval system are obvious and exist. Our examination and approval scope is too wide, there are too many procedures in the examination and approval process, and the civil servants have too much discretion in the examination and approval process, which finally leads to the actual examination and approval. It is very important for us to build an e-government application system by establishing a public administration system, promoting government management innovation, promoting the reform of the examination and approval system of governments at all levels, reducing examination and approval items, lowering the threshold of examination and approval, standardizing examination and approval procedures and weakening the discretion of civil servants in the examination and approval process. In fact, promoting the reform of examination and approval system is closely related to e-government, building an e-government application system and promoting government informatization. Another point is to change the government's management mode, adhere to administration according to law, reduce the use of administrative means, and use more economic and legal means to improve the openness, transparency and fairness of the government, including the above-mentioned cooperation with the promulgation and formulation of laws and regulations on information disclosure, the construction of information systems and e-government application systems, and the promotion of the transformation of government work methods.
Finally, according to the requirements of informationization, an important aspect of reforming government organizations and government processes and building an e-government application system is to cause the reengineering of government processes and even the adjustment of government organizational structure. Through the construction of e-government, it is necessary to adjust the organizational structure of our country, which is of great significance to improve the level of government management and promote the innovation of e-government management. This is what we can find in e-government information construction and government management system innovation.