The most agreed statement is that graffiti originated in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, USA in 1966. At first, graffiti did not have the concept of sketches, but simply wrote labels, and the labels of these graffiti authors were not only their nicknames, but also their house numbers. Until the late 197 1- 1974, more and more writers began to study fonts and effects. In the 1980s, writers began to study. Up to now, writers have more ways and means. Let people know him or her, video grafting, cyberspace, etc. ...
Graffiti art, like hip-hop music, originated in Bronx, new york. The Bronx is the only block connected with the United States and the poorest block in new york. Since the 1960s, it has been occupied by blacks and Latinos from Central and North America. They live in a poorly equipped apartment for the poor built by the government, with dilapidated streets and overgrown weeds outside.
Years of poverty have made black teenagers extremely worship money, and becoming a professional athlete is a shortcut for them to get rich quickly. During that time, several basketball courts in the Bronx often saw groups of black boys playing basketball with bare arms, and many of them wore gold necklaces with thick fingers around their necks. The worship of money makes showing off wealth in public become a fashion in the Bronx. Of course, many teenagers have started to engage in illegal businesses, such as drug trafficking and pimping.
Doing these illegal things is likely to be caught by the police or targeted by street hooligans So these people organized gangs to protect themselves. Numerous underworld organizations have sprung up in the Bronx, such as primitive skeleton, savage ronin, javelin team, royal wizard, seven crowns and so on. At that time, many young people joined various gangs in order to find a sense of belonging. In their naive imagination, gangs are just like those described in Bruce Lee's movies. A group of people unite to fight with their opponents and build eternal friendship in the process of fighting.
During that time, the Bronx was full of crooked gang symbols, mixed with obscene patterns like "toilet literature" American newspapers described the Bronx as "like a primitive settlement". No wonder some people associate graffiti with primitive people, because the earliest words and paintings of human beings are carved on walls, and those murals are the only records of civilization left by prehistoric people. But with the appearance of paper, murals have become a symbol of uncivilized. Especially after the appearance of the city, modern people seem to have become accustomed to the smoothness of the building surface, and any pattern has become a kind of destruction and an anti-civilization spiritual pollution.
If Bronx murals stay in the era of gang labels forever, then future generations may have nothing to say. However, out of dissatisfaction with the simple gang labels, several people with painting talent began to design new labels themselves, and since then these gang symbols have become beautiful. Later, a group of rebellious non-gang painters finally realized that the wall is the cheapest and most practical canvas in the world, and they started to act. Since then, a new art form-"graffiti" was born.
Most real graffiti artists have nothing to do with gangs They are all poor people at the bottom, and paint cans and paints are stolen from shops. They are all thoughtful people, so a warning motto appeared on the wall of new york. They are all talented people, and there are many fresh brushstrokes in painting (especially fine arts fonts). More importantly, they are a group of people who express their desires. They are willing to haunt new york in the dark all the year round, without pay, just to let pedestrians have a look at their works. In order to draw a clear line with the gang's "noters" and simple graffiti, they called themselves "writers" rather than "painters".
In order not to be caught by the police, but also to add a mystery to their works, these "writers" all designed a signature for themselves. Most of their signatures are simple words with numerical suffixes. The first "writer" mentioned in the newspaper was named "Taki 183", and that article appeared in the The New York Times of 197 1. The protagonist's real name is Demetrius, Taki is the Greek abbreviation of Demetrius, and 183 is the name of the street where he lives. That report is the first serious article about graffiti culture.
Soon, the graffiti people were not satisfied with the motionless wall, and they came up with the idea of subway cars. New york has the most developed subway system in the world, and the tracks are all over new york like streets. At that time, new york residents who were on the morning shift were often surprised to find that the subway car that was fine last night suddenly turned into a mobile graffiti exhibition, which was covered with colorful patterns. Those letters are like bubbles, full of movement. Best of all, when I changed trains, it was still the same pattern! So they remembered a signature: the second stage.
These two issues were the most famous graffiti painters in the early 1970s. His original name was Lonnie Wood, and he graduated from Clinton Middle School in the Bronx. This middle school used to be a meeting place for early graffiti painters. Not far from here is the parking lot of new york Transportation Bureau, where scrapped subway cars are stored. So the parking lot became a place for them to practice their hands. Wood is a very talented black man. His "Bubble Letter" is the best representative of graffiti style in Bronx, and is known as Miles Davis (a famous jazz trumpeter) in the graffiti world.
After the second phase, new york's graffiti has undergone many style changes, and a series of new ideas have emerged, such as three-dimensional letters and train animation (a series of character animations, after the subway train starts, the characters move). A group of talented graffiti artists became stars, such as Super KOOL 223, El Marco 174, Staff 16 1, Cliff 159, Flint 707 and so on. Lindsay, the mayor of new york at that time, turned a blind eye to this because there were many things far more important than graffiti waiting for him to deal with in the chaotic city of new york. The laissez-faire of the municipal government is an important reason for the development of graffiti and even the whole hip-hop culture.
New york's so-called "upper class" artists have tried many times to take graffiti as their own. Several art dealers once held a large graffiti exhibition in SoHo district of Manhattan 1973, which attracted the attention of many media. They asked graffiti artists to paint their works on canvas and put them in the exhibition hall for sale at a price. As a result, it is conceivable that this exhibition was despised by critics. Those art dealers ignore the fact that only those works painted on the walls of apartments or outside subway cars are real graffiti.
Later, a man named Freddie organized a group of graffiti artists to sell in a punk rock club in lower new york, and achieved certain success. Summer, one of his graffiti artists, won great popularity with his excellent skills and personal charm. The Brooklyn-born painter's real name is Jean Michel Basquiat. He made great achievements in graffiti, canvas painting and later three-dimensional sculpture. More importantly, he himself has been living a bohemian life and is a living graffiti work. New York Beat Movie, a documentary with him as the background, truly recorded his day's life and left valuable information for future generations. Unfortunately, Basqui died of drug overdose on 1988. Later generations often compare him with rock veteran jimi hendrix.
After this short revival, graffiti disappeared in America. The increasingly strict management of the government makes graffiti people tremble with fear, and the imitation of graffiti skills by advertisers makes graffiti people completely lose their motivation. However, graffiti is still in the ascendant in other lax cities in the world. The live broadcast of 1989 made many people appreciate the graffiti masterpiece on the Berlin Wall for the first time. Whether it is Madrid in Europe or Buenos Aires in South America, graffiti artists' works can still be seen in the streets and subway stations.
Graffiti terms are:
Author: Graffiti
ALL-CITY: When crows or graffiti groups color all the major subway lines in this city, it is called ALL CITY.
Bench: Graffiti gathering place, generally refers to the place to pick points. Sit on the bench: get some points
Bite: Copying with other graffiti artists' visual features or production styles (very impolite behavior! ! )
Bomb: Graffiti casually! !
BUFF: What annoys graffiti people most: Clear graffiti! ! It is also used to describe another pattern covering the previous graffiti.
BURN: Whose work is better than other graffiti? A similar word is style war.
BURNER: refers to those works that are super strong, usually in a wild style.
Bottle cap: There are three kinds of special nozzles for graffiti: fat, thin and thin.
Montana: The Best Graffiti Spray in the World 7
Crew: team
Cross out: to change or cover up someone's name.
Design: add small patterns, such as flashes or colored spots, to the background color.
Design is generally determined by the imagination and technology of the author.
DOPE: praise someone's work.
Family: refers to the embarrassing situation with the same name as someone else's vomit.
Get up: When your name is painted in many places, your popularity is high, so get up.
A rising star in Ran Ran.
Fill: color.
Hand type: generally refers to the form or handwriting style of TAG.
HIT: refers to a label, vomit or work.
Outline: hook edge.
Final contour: After the coloring and design are completed, the edge should be hooked again in order to trim the contour of the work.
Work: refers to a complete work, which is the abbreviation of masterpiece.
Label: the author's nickname and signature.
Throw up: simple graffiti with only hooked edges and no color, or only one color, such as white. Or T-UP, which is relatively simple.
Wild style: refers to a graffiti style, which is chaotic, with serial letters, distorted fonts and beautiful color selection. Making this style of work requires the author's imagination and skills.
Production: large graffiti, fine and patterned, usually on tall buildings.
WAK: Unqualified graffiti.
Notebook, black book: sketch
3d: Stereotype, which was first used by graffiti artists in the second stage.
Sgraffiti: another graffiti technique.
Style Wars: The name of the hip-pop documentary filmed by Henry Chalfant and Tony Silver can also be used to describe the competition among graffiti people.
From top to bottom: the whole object is graffiti from beginning to end, such as the whole wall or the whole car.
Fading: mixing multiple colors.
Def: great
Gangs: Gangs
Gangsta: Very good.
Walk over: When a graffiti covers his image on another person.
Back-to-back: The same pattern is painted on the front and back of the wall repeatedly until it covers the whole wall.
Fighting: collective graffiti action, graffiti competition between graffiti artists or teams.
Beef: controversy
Bite: copy with the visual characteristics or production style of other graffiti artists.
Give bome: do a lot of graffiti
Burn: To strike or defeat a competitor.
Cap: replaceable nozzle, used to control the thickness effect of spraying.
Crew: Describe the graffiti team. Generally speaking, a person's graffiti behavior is lonely and dangerous, so some graffiti artists form teams to help each other or go out to spray graffiti works together.
Def: great
Fading: mixing multiple colors.
Gang: A gang, team or group that * * * enjoys views and resources and has the same purpose.
Gangsta: Very good.
Down: The doodler overlays his image on another person.
Graffiti: Graffiti
Hip-pop: A pop music style, which was originally dominated by black rap style, now combines electronic and psychedelic styles with a strong sense of rhythm.
Hit: write and draw.
Crazy: crazy
Mural: mural
New school: generally refers to the modern graffiti style after 1984.
Old school: On the other hand.
Outline/sketch: A design on a manuscript, usually a draft before the actual painting action.
Piece book/black book/writer is bilbe: a graffiti manuscript.
Slant: scribble, deface or cover up the original on other people's graffiti.
Template: a very old method of image reproduction, which uses images and words to convey information.
Label: the most basic form of modern graffiti, which can be the signature or code written by the graffiti with spray paint or marker.
Toys: Graffiti artists with immature skills and experience.
Kim: The best graffiti artist.
Bone out: leave
scribble
Strolling through the streets of Toronto, these scenes perfectly combine modern urban customs with rural natural scenery, which is fascinating. If you avoid the noise and go deep into the alley, careful people will find various colorful patterns or strange fonts on the walls of some buildings from time to time. This is graffiti that some people regard as art, but it is a headache for the police.
As a very important element in Hip Hop culture, graffiti has always been relatively static, wandering between law and art, but no one can deny their existence value, because the origin of graffiti is like this. The illegality of graffiti lies in its geographical location, not in its connotation or the form of painting. Graffiti has been absorbed by hip-hop culture and become an important artistic symbol, perhaps because of its rebellious declaration.
Graffiti writers use spray paint bottles as brushes to render emotions, express their views and positions on today's society, and look forward to the future society. A famous painter can also combine with clothing to set off the fashion of clothing. In the works of some characters, you can even identify Mao Zedong in China, fidel castro ruz and ernesto guevara in Cuba.
Graffiti was originally used by political activists to express their position and compete with street gangs for territory. But it is generally believed that graffiti was formed in the middle and late 1960s. At first, graffiti was painted inside and outside the subway car, and their voices and ideas spread through the subway, or different sites and messages were distinguished by special fonts and shadow usage. Representative painters who received early attention were Cornbread and Cool Earl.
197 1, the community and local media noticed that graffiti reflected a kind of social injustice. The New York Times published a special article about graffiti and a young man. He left the sign "TAKI 183" on the walls, doors and billboards in new york. The young man's real name is Demetrius, and Taki is his nickname. The newspaper regards Dmitry as a rebel hero and enjoys fun. This year marks that graffiti, as a subculture, has taken to the streets from underground. Famous graffiti painters in this period include JULIO 204, FRANK 207, JOE 163, etc.
After media rendering. A group of young people who worshipped Taki began to follow his graffiti rebellion. The graffiti movement in new york has spread wildly, and groups of painters have emerged. Graffiti artists are mostly lower-class youths, Hispanics or blacks, and use spray paint as a weapon against society. Every district in new york is bounded by subway lines, with subway cars as the main body to launch competitions. Because the subway has a far-reaching publicity effect, thousands of passengers have become spectators, and its effect is far better than that of TV or other media, and it is free. These behaviors have caused serious graffiti damage to new york subway. No matter inside or outside the train or at the station, no blank space has been spared. Graffiti has thus become a part of the history of the New York subway.
Until 1972, a group of graffiti artists, under the leadership of Hugo Martinez, a sociology student of new york City University, established the United Graffiti Artists Union (UGA). UGA invited subway artists from all districts to paint on a papery wall of City College, and graffiti was really regarded as a legal art for the first time.
At that time, "it was mainly to satirize the government." Graffiti is used to convey dissatisfaction with society, and then graffiti is regarded as an artistic creation and an attitude towards life. "As long as there is planning and choosing the right venue and objects, graffiti will not be a kind of pollution!" The New York City Government does not agree with the existence of graffiti as an art, believing that it has greatly damaged the urban landscape, and regards its subtle connection with crime and poverty-stricken areas as a kind of "pollution" and illegal behavior. It was not until the 1980s that the US federal government began to subsidize graffiti, and it gradually disappeared by buying stainless steel carriages and repainting them.
New york subway graffiti
* 1966-7 1 Gryffindor work cycle
Graffiti (in fact, this word refers to all street graffiti at first, and then only refers to subway graffiti in some places) was first used by political activists to show their position, and street gangs also used it to mark the boundaries of their own territory. When things develop to a certain stage, they will gradually distinguish themselves from other things and initially complete their personality orientation in people's minds. Similarly, the subway graffiti movement has formed a certain scale in Los Angeles at 1930 and later in new york. However, as a new thing, street graffiti really began to form its own personality at 1960, and began to further improve its form and content. People use many words to describe "subway graffiti". Among them, the most widely known is "graffiti". The word appeared many years later than "subway graffiti" itself. It was used by people in Philadelphia in the mid-1960s. At first, many "explosion generation" people wrote their names on the wall in a striking way to attract others' attention. No one knows whether they are deliberate or on a whim.
* 197 1-74 start-up period
In the later period of Underground Works, Manhattan, Washington began to pay attention to the graffiti writer (called writer in English) 55438+097 1 year.> In an article published, I formally hope that people will introduce a graffiti writer-Taki183 is a child from Washington, DC. His strange name contains two parts: Taki is his real name Demetrius, and 183 is the number of the street where he lives. TKAI 183 is a walking messenger who often takes the subway. This provides a unique convenience for him to engage in subway graffiti creation. He was definitely not the first person to doodle on the subway, but he became one of the first founders of this subculture, which is well known by the mainstream world. Julio 204. FRANK207 and JOE 136 also surfaced during this period.
At this time, a movement is brewing in Brooklyn, southwest new york. Many graffiti artists are active there, and a graffiti artist named "Friendly Freddie" has won a great reputation. Freddy and his friends found that the subway is not only a transportation system, but also links graffiti movements in different blocks, so that more people can begin to understand other people's works and cultivate a sense of competition.
Graffiti soon moved its position from the street to the underground after discovering the promised land of subway. When many works began to appear on the same wall or carriage, the sense of competition became stronger and stronger. Graffiti soon found that you can get to any place conveniently and quickly by subway, and graffiti is not easy to be found, causing trouble in these places. Graffiti people in this period pursued the number of graffiti, and they wanted to leave their marks on as many walls and carriages as possible.
There are more and more graffiti, and it is more and more difficult to attract others' attention. Graffiti people need new ways to attract people's attention. During this period, many painting methods were developed and various visual elements were added. Some of these elements are to attract people's visual attention, and some are to express the graffiti people's intentions. Graffiti people are eager to leave people with vivid images and wonderful contents. In order to attract people's attention. Among them, STAY HIGH 149 may be successful, and his logo is the letter "H" composed of a cigarette. The next step is to increase the size of graffiti. Larger graffiti will undoubtedly attract people's attention. Graffiti improved the size and structure of the spray gun, and they also sprayed the letters bigger and thicker. At this time, a new iconic graffiti appeared. The wonder of people using huge letter patterns on the wall depends on the painter's imagination. The person who originally created this form has no way to verify it. People regard the super KOOL 223 from Brooklyn as the representative of this form. People doodle on the side of subway trains at the same height, which makes these patterns spread all over new york along with these flowing "walls". However, these amazing graffiti continue the ancient style. The old rigid situation was completely broken. His breakthrough began the reform of fonts. He replaced the original stereotyped fonts with stones and italics (his fonts were later called Broadway), which triggered people's enthusiasm for font reform and directly led to the birth of mechanical and wild fonts. Since then, more and more fonts have appeared in the subway.
During this period, graffiti people began to pay attention to each other's works, learn and improve from them, and then integrate into their own creation. After some changes, the movement has entered a relatively peaceful development period. Graffiti people are technically prepared and are merging their own painting styles. The next change is brewing. RIFF 170, a successful graffiti artist, used his own actions to make more and more people realize that they should learn from each other.
Before this, graffiti art has always been the object of curiosity of the minority, but it has not been regarded as art by the mainstream society. Hugo Martinez is a sociologist, and his efforts have partially improved this embarrassing situation. He selected a group of graffiti artists whom he thought were representative, and held an exhibition in new york Laser Gallery. A magazine of 1973. 19860.8889889866 17
Around 1974, some people began to draw cartoons of landscapes, which is another major change in the theme of graffiti. Representative painters are Tracy 168, Cliff 159, Brad and others.
* 1975-77 peak period
The evolution of subway graffiti style slowed down after 1974. One of the reasons is that due to the economic crisis, new york subway is neglected in maintenance, which hinders the development of subway graffiti. In this case, the overall evolution of subway graffiti has become a wanton publicity of personal style. After technical integration, graffiti artists in new york began to create independently. In this process, many people are also innovating. Due to the extensive circle of friends, the increase of creative sites and the increasing integration of their own painting styles, people gradually stop naming themselves by street names. DurIng this period, the following people are dazzling graffiti: Tee, Iz, Dy 167, Pi, in, le, To, Oi, Fiaka Vinny and so on. Known as the heyday of graffiti in new york subway. The mainstream began to pay attention to the whole subway graffiti and treat it as a new art. More and more subway graffiti participants have produced many extraordinary works, but since then, this folk movement has begun to go.