1. Fill in the blanks:

1. There are three main ways of organizing Chinese dictionaries:

A. Arranged in phonetic order. Nowadays, it is generally arranged according to the alphabetical order of Chinese Pinyin (Hanyu Pinyin scheme); in ancient times, it was arranged according to 106 rhymes of Pingshui rhyme (15 rhymes for upper and lower flat tones, 29 rhymes for upper tones, 30 rhymes for falling tones, and 17 rhymes for entering tones).

B. Arrange by radicals and strokes. Characters with the same radical are grouped together, and the order of the radicals is based on the number of strokes; within the same radical, the order of characters is based on the number of strokes. When the strokes are the same, arrange them according to the stroke shape of the starting pen. Generally, the starting strokes are divided into four types: dot (,), horizontal (one), straight (ㄧ), and left (ノ), or five types of dot, horizontal, straight, left, and fold (┐) are arranged in sequence.

C. Arrange by coding. The most popular one is the four-corner number checking method. The Chinese character square has four corners, and there are up to ten corner forms, represented by 0 to 9. The order of the corners is upper left corner, upper right corner, lower left corner, lower right corner. Each word is worth four codes.

2. "Kangxi Dictionary" was compiled by Zhang Yushu, Chen Tingjing and others, based on Mei Yingzuo's "Zihui" and Zhang Zilie's "Zhengzitong" in the Ming Dynasty. According to the arrangement of radicals, it is divided into 214 parts, and it is divided into twelve episodes according to the twelve earthly branches, and each episode is divided into three volumes: upper, middle and lower. Interpretation conventions include the pronunciation first and the meaning later. First, list the fanqie of the main rhyme books, and then explain it, citing ancient books as evidence for each meaning.

3. Wang Yinzhi's "Dictionary Research" and Wang Li's "Kangxi Dictionary Pronunciation Errors" were corrected.

4. "Chinese Dictionary" edited by Lu Feikui and Ouyang Pucun, Zhonghua Book Company, 1915. The radicals are arranged, the phonetic notation uses the fanqie of "Ji Yun", and the straight phonetic notation is also added.

5. "Ciyuan" was compiled by the Commercial Press in 1915 by Lu Erkui, Fang Yi and others. It is the earliest large dictionary published in modern times that focuses on vocabulary and also takes into account encyclopedic knowledge. The radical arrangement method follows the 214 radicals in "Kangxi Dictionary". The phonetic notation fanqie is all based on the improved fanqie written in Li Guangdi's "Yinyun Chanwei" in the Qing Dynasty. Basically established the compilation style pattern of modern Chinese dictionaries. Revised in 1958 as a reference book "mainly based on Chinese and supplemented by encyclopedia" by Wu Zeyan and Huang Qiuyun. Liu Yeqiu is in charge. The Chinese pinyin alphabet and phonetic alphabet are used for phonetic notation, and the fanqie of "Guangyun" is used.

6. "Cihai" was compiled and printed by Zhonghua Book Company in 1936, edited by Shu Xincheng, Shen Yi, and Zhang Xiang. It was revised into a comprehensive dictionary in 1958. Hosted by Shu Xincheng and Chen Wangdao.

7. "Shuowen Jiezi" by Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the foundation work of Chinese philology, the first systematic and complete dictionary, and analysis of Xiaozhuan glyphs. Xu Xuan of the Song Dynasty revised it using Sun Wei's "Tang Yun". "Shuowen Tongjian" by Li Yongchun in the Qing Dynasty. Xu Hao's "Shuowen Jiezi Notes"

8. Four major writers in the Qing Dynasty who studied "Shuowen Jiezi": Duan Yucai's "Shuowen Jiezi Notes" and Guifu's "Shuowen Jiezi Yi" Shu", Wang Jun's "Shuowen Judu", Zhu Junsheng's "Shuowen Tongxun Dingsheng".

9. Ruan Yuan's "Jing Ji Xie" in the Qing Dynasty is a dictionary that collects annotations on various ancient books before the Tang Dynasty. The arrangement method of finals is based on Pingshui rhyme, one rhyme and one volume. There are also Liu Qi's "Zhu Zi Bian Lue" in the Qing Dynasty and He Lexi's "General Interpretation of Functional Words in Ancient Chinese".

10. Wang Yinzhi of the Qing Dynasty explained function words in "Jingzhuanshici" (arrangement of ancient initial consonants) and contemporary Yang Shuda's "Ciquan" (phonetic alphabet).

11. Zhang Xiang, a recent scholar, "Explanation of the Vocabulary of Poetry, Ci and Music", 1953 Zhonghua Book Company, a monograph on the study of special words in poetry, Ci and music.

12. Ancient Chinese was dominated by monosyllabic words, while modern Chinese is dominated by polysyllabic words, mainly bisyllabic words. There are three main situations when a single word becomes plural:

A. Change into a completely different word.

B. Add the beginning and end of the word.

C. Use two synonyms as morpheme synthesis.

13. Most of the simple polysyllabic words are Lianmian words. Philology mainly relies on glyphs to identify the original meaning.

14. In the period of writing creation, pictography was the most basic principle.

15. Official script is an important turning point in the history of the evolution of Chinese characters and a watershed between ancient characters and modern characters.

16. There are three types of rhyme:

A. Sentences rhyme.

B. Every other sentence rhymes. Generally, odd sentences do not rhyme, and even sentences rhyme. Such as "The Book of Songs"

C, cross rhyme. Odd sentences rhyme with odd sentences, and even sentences rhyme with even sentences

17. The main rhyming patterns in "The Book of Songs": every other sentence rhymes at the end of the sentence; the first sentence rhymes and then every other sentence rhymes.

18. Ancient rhyme refers to the rhyme department in ancient times, which mainly refers to the pre-Qin period. It is now divided into thirty parts. The Book of Songs rhymes with ancient rhymes. Duan Yucai's "Six Books Sound Table", Jiang Yougao's "Rhyme Reading of the Book of Songs", Wang Niansun's "Rhyme Score of Chu Ci in the Book of Songs"

19. Annotation of ancient books began in the Han Dynasty.

20. There are four common situations of annotation:

A. Interpretation of words.

B. Cross talk. Put one or more sentences together to explain.

C. Explain the main idea of ??the entire chapter. Make the meaning of the article clearer.

21. Common terminology in ancient books:

A. Say, do, call. The word was released afterwards. Not only used to explain, but also used to distinguish the difference between synonyms or synonyms.

B. Predicate. The released word was placed in front of it. Use the concrete to interpret the abstract, or the general to interpret the particular. That is to say, the word was released after it.

C. Appearance. after a verb or adjective.

Interpreted words are often adjectives expressing a certain quality or state. Equivalent to "the appearance of".

D. Judah. The interpreter and the interpreted word are often synonymous or synonymous. It is equal to "equal to saying". The above is purely for explanation.

E. To speak is to speak. It must be that in addition to the interpretation of "vocal training", the interpreter and the interpreted word sometimes have a homophone relationship, and sometimes a double-tone overlapping rhyme relationship.

F, read as, read as. Use this word to illustrate the word borrowed.

G. Read like, read like. Generally used for phonetic notation. Sometimes the explanation is a borrowed word.

22. The Tang Dynasty annotated other ancient books of the Han Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, Sima Zhen's "Historical Records Suoyin" and Zhang Shoujie's "Historical Records Zhengyi"; in the Tang Dynasty, Li Shan annotated and Wu Chen annotated Xiao Tong's "Selected Works". Notes on "Three Kingdoms" by Pei Songzhi of the Southern Song Dynasty.

23. "Zhuangzi" by Guo Xiang and Cheng Xuanying.

24. Ruzi usually means that the word should be read according to its original pronunciation in a specific context. Sometimes a word is marked with "ruzi" and another word with fanqie or zhiyin, indicating that this word has different traditional pronunciations in a specific context.

25. Ancient books often have one word read differently. Different pronunciations often indicate different meanings or parts of speech. Sometimes the difference in pronunciation is just the difference in tone, sometimes it is not only the difference in tone and word meaning, but also the change in part of speech.

26. The use of four tones to distinguish word meanings and parts of speech is one of the characteristics of Chinese.

27. Zhu Xi: "Original Meaning of the Book of Changes", "Collected Poems", "Academic Chapters", "Collected Annotations of the Analects of Confucius", "Collected Annotations of Mencius", "Zhongyong Chapters", "Collected Annotations of Chu Ci", etc.

28. Qing Dynasty Chen Huan's "Biography of Mao's Poetry", Ma Ruichen's "General Commentary on Mao's Poems", Liu Baonan's "The Analects of Justice", Jiao Xun's "Mencius' Justice", Wang Xianqian's "Collected Commentary of Zhuangzi" , Guo Qingfan's "Collected Commentary on Zhuangzi".

29. Ruan Yuan wrote the "Compilation Notes" for "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics". In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Niansun's "Reading Magazine", Wang Yinzhi's "Reports on Classical Meanings", and Yu Yue's "Examples of Doubts in Ancient Books".

30. Yao Nai’s "Classification of Ancient Chinese Ci" divides articles into thirteen categories.

31. In ancient times, "," was used as a symbol for sentence segmentation. If the meaning needs to be paused before it is completed, click between the two words. The sentence ends next to the word. Errors arise from three situations: unclear meaning, unclear grammar, and unclear phonology.

32. "The Book of Songs" is the distant source of Fu, and "Chu Ci" is the recent source of Fu. Main features lay out things.

33. Xu Shizeng's "Wenshi Mingbian" of the Ming Dynasty divided fu into four types: ancient fu, haifu, rhyme fu and literary fu.

A. In the Han Dynasty, it was an ancient fu, also known as Ci Fu. They are generally longer, mostly in the form of question and answer, with prose mixed in verse, and the sentence structure is mainly four or six words.

B. Six Dynasties Fu is a haiku fu, also called parallel fu. The text is short and uses rhyme. Parallel couple and yongdian are actually rhyming parallel prose.

C. Lu Fu is a type of examination fu used in the imperial examinations in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Rhyming is strictly limited, and the examiner proposes eight rhyme characters and stipulates eight categories of rhyme, so it is called eight rhyme fu. Even rhyming word order and level are regulated. There is a limit to the number of words, no more than four hundred words.

D. Wenfu was influenced by the ancient prose movement. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, ancient writers gradually replaced parallel prose with prose, with uneven sentence patterns and random rhymes. It does not emphasize arrangement and decoration, but uses the prose method to write the poem. It runs through the momentum of prose, pays attention to freshness and smoothness, and is very close to prose.

34. The structure of fu: the front is in order, the middle is fu, and the back has "chaos" or "xin", etc.

35. Rhetorical methods in ancient Chinese:

A. Reviewing ancient times: citing the deeds of ancient people to prove one's own arguments. Narrate some historical facts, both positive and negative.

B. Quotes: Positively quote the words of ancient sages.

C. Name.

a. Refer to the characteristics or signs of things. Such as "two hairs".

b. Replace the whole with a part. Such as "elegance".

c. Substituting raw materials for finished products. Such as "fish net".

d. Replace abstraction with concreteness. Such as "silk bamboo".

e. Replace people with land. Such as "Peng Ze".

f. Representing people with officials shows respect. Such as "Wang Youjun".

g. A proper name is used as a general name. Such as "Bian Que".

h, the name of split type. Such as "swallowing a boat".

D. Inversion, the word order is reversed for the sake of rhetorical rhyme.

E. Metaphor, no metaphorical words.

F. Roundabout, a rhetorical technique that is obscure and difficult to understand. The author does not speak directly, but speaks in a roundabout way.

G. Euphemism, euphemism is used to express meaning in a tortuous way. Diplomatic rhetoric and modest words are euphemisms.

H, exaggeration, an extreme adjective that adds vividness to the language.

36. Poetry after the Tang Dynasty is divided into ancient style poetry and modern style poetry. Modern style poetry is also called modern style poetry, and ancient style poetry is also called ancient style poetry. Anything with more than eight sentences is called arrangement. Quatrains are divided into ancient quatrains and regular quatrains. Ancient Jue is generally limited to the Five Jue.

37. The four-character poems are generally two-two, the five-character poems are two-three, and the seven-character poems are four-three.

38. The poems whose sentences are in rhyme are named Bailiang style because it is said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty composed the Bailiang Terrace and composed a seven-character couplet with his ministers, and each sentence is in rhyme. Such as Cao Pi's "Yan Ge Xing".

39. "Wen Xin Diao Long? Rhythm" mentioned the issue of "tone rhythm". Shen Yue of the Southern Dynasties invented four tones and wrote "Four Tones".

40. Sanping tone is a special form of ancient style and one of the characteristics of ancient style. Lvjue generally intercepts the first and last couplets of the rhymed poem.

41. "Ci Lin Zheng Yun" written by Ge Zai in the Qing Dynasty is divided into nineteen rhyme parts, using the rhymes of "Ji Yun".

42. There are southern songs and northern songs. Beiqu includes Zaju and Sanqu. Sanqu has two forms: Xiaoling and Taoshu.

43. Zhou Deqing of the Yuan Dynasty wrote "Zhongyuan Yun Yue" based on Beiqu, dividing Pingshui rhyme into nineteen rhyme parts.

2. Explanation of terms.

1. Straight cut: use homophones to notate the pronunciation, such as "root, sound follows".

2. Fanqie: Two characters are combined to note the pronunciation of one character, which is called "XXQie" or "XXF" (before Tang Dynasty), and the upper character takes the initial consonant. The lower character takes the vowel and the tone, which is collectively called the sound of the character being noted. Such as "Mao", "Mopaoqie". "Kangxi Dictionary" uses this method.

3. Partial meaning compound word: a kind of polysyllabic word in ancient Chinese, which is composed of two monosyllabic synonyms or antonyms as morphemes. The original meaning of one of the morphemes becomes the meaning of the polysyllabic word, and The other is just a foil. For example, "It is not beneficial to have urgency." "Urgentness" refers to "there is urgency", and the word "slowness" is meaningless.

4. Original meaning: the original meaning of the word. For example, Xiang, the original meaning is "window facing north".

5. Extended meaning: “Extended” from the original meaning, that is, the meaning developed from the original meaning. , Xiang, the original meaning is "window to the north". The extended meaning is "toward" and "facing". A direct extension is a meaning directly derived from the original meaning. Indirect extension is the meaning derived from direct extension and has an indirect relationship with the original meaning.

6. Borrowed meaning: As Zhu Junsheng said, "it has no original meaning, relying on the sound to rely on the word", which is inconsistent with the original meaning. Such as Jie Tong Encounter (Jie Tong Encounter).

7. Six Books: Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi" believes that there are six types of Chinese character structure: pictogram, meaning, meaning, pictophonetic, transfer note, and pretense. Only pictograms, referring to things, meanings, and phonetic sounds are the methods of creating characters, while transfer and borrowing are the methods of using characters.

A. Pictogram: Draw the outline or characteristic parts of things to form a word, such as sun and moon.

B. Referring to things: a word-making method that uses symbols to point out the characteristics of things. Such as upper, lower, original, last, also, edge.

C. Huiyi: It is a word-making method that consists of two or more shapes and combines their meanings into a new meaning. It is often a combination of two pictographic characters, such as "ruji" (ruji) and "ruji" (ruji).

D. Phonogram: It is composed of two parts: meaning symbol (also called shape symbol) and sound symbol. The symbol represents the meaning category, and the sound symbol represents the pronunciation category, such as Jiang and Mu. The meanings of phonograms with the same meaning symbol are mostly related to the things or behaviors marked by the meaning symbol. Rubei is related to property, words are related to speech, and heart is related to psychology.

E. Note: There are different opinions.

F. Borrowing: "There is no actual word for it, but it is based on the voice." For example, "order" was originally an order for "issuance of orders", but was later borrowed as an order for "county magistrate".

8. Ancient and modern characters: Due to the development of history and the evolution of Chinese characters, a new character represents one or several meanings of a character and shares part of the meaning of that character. Then the previous character is ancient The newly generated character is Jinzi. For example, "responsibility", its "debt" and other meanings have been replaced by "debt", but "responsibility" and other meanings are still assumed, so the two are ancient and modern words.

9. Variant characters: Due to time or hell, people create two or more characters for the same word to represent it. The forms and structures are quite different, but the meaning is exactly the same. Words that can be interchanged in any situation, such as 见覩.

10. Simplified and traditional characters: A phenomenon caused by people reforming and simplifying Chinese characters. Simplified characters are simpler to write than traditional characters, with fewer strokes. They are often in a one-to-one relationship, and there are also a pair of characters. Many situations. Many of the simplified characters used today were passed down from generation to generation. Such as etiquette, Qi Qi, etc. Some simplified characters have completely different meanings from traditional Chinese characters and are adopted because they have the same pronunciation. Such as Houhou, Shishi, Zhengzheng, Yuyu.

11. Judgment sentence: using a noun or a noun phrase as a predicate to express judgment. In ancient Chinese, the judgment word "is" is generally not used, but the modal particle "ye" is used after the predicate to help judge. Such as "Dong Hu, a good history in ancient times". Sometimes the modal particle "zhe" is used after the subject to express Teton. In modern Chinese, "是" is generally used between subject and predicate.

12. Narrative sentences: Sentences that use verbs as predicates to describe changes in the actions of people or things.

13. Negative sentence: a sentence expressing negation. There must be a negative word. In ancient Chinese, the negative word can be the adverb "bu", "fu", "wu", "wu", "wei", "no", "fei", or a verb such as "无", or It is a pronoun such as "mo".

14. Flexible use of parts of speech: In ancient Chinese, some words temporarily changed their part of speech, such as nouns acting as actions, adjectives acting as verbs, nouns acting as adverbials, verbs acting as adverbials, etc. Such as "Qin Shisuidong".

15. Final: refers to the sum of other factors in a syllable except the initial consonant, including the rhyme, main vowels and endings.

16. Rhyme: only refers to the main vowels and rhyme endings (if any).

17. Poetry rhyme: Words with different rhymes but the same rhyme, such as Qian, Man, Nan, and Tan, can rhyme with each other. These words that rhyme with each other are placed in the same position to form poetic rhyme.

18. Rhyme: Words with different rhymes but the same rhyme, such as Qian, Man, Nan, and Tan, can rhyme with each other. These words that rhyme with each other are placed in the same position to form a poetic rhyme. Rhyme in Chinese poetry is generally placed at the end of the sentence, which is customarily called rhyme.

19. Rhyme examples: It is about the rhythm of rhyme: where to use rhyme, where not to use rhyme and how to use rhyme.

20. Change of rhyme: not the same rhyme to the end, but changing into different rhymes in the middle. This is not the case with cross rhymes.

21. Sound of Nature: Folk songs are sung casually, using rhymes casually, and changing rhymes at any time.

22. Ye Yun: In order to explain the harmonious rhyme of "The Book of Songs", the ancients believed that a certain word was read with a certain sound, which was called "Ye Yun", or "Ye Ju" (Ye, the same as "Xie") , meaning harmony).

23. Yeyin method: a phonetic notation method that should be denied. The ancients believed that rhyme can temporarily change the pronunciation in order to achieve harmony, but there is no basis for it.

24. Double tone: two words have the same initial consonant, such as "pearl" in modern Chinese, and "micro" in pre-Qin Dynasty.

25. Overlapping rhymes: Two words have the same final rhymes, but they can have different rhymes, such as "light" in modern Chinese.

26. Ancient Yin Tongjie: the common use and borrowing of words with the same or close pronunciation in the ancient Chinese written language. Either it has its own character, or it does not have its character. It is expressed by using homophones and near-syllables. The two characters have different shapes and different meanings. For example, "fleas rise" means that fleas are common early in the morning.

27. Thirty-six letters: Traditionally, there are thirty-six letters, and the letters refer to the initial consonants. In ancient times, there were no pinyin letters, so we had to find thirty-six Chinese characters as representatives of the initial consonants. For example, Jianxiqun doubts etc., reflecting the situation of the Chinese initial consonant system in the Tang and Song Dynasties. There are currently thirty-two ancient initial consonants studied, which are divided into dental, lingual, labial, dental, guttural, half-lingual, and half-dental.

28. Lianzi: a word that consists of two syllables connected to form a meaning and cannot be separated, or there is a double-tone overlapping rhyme relationship, such as Linglong, Wandering, Jagged, or none, such as centipede, sister-in-law, or homophones. Repeatedly, such as hurry and Jinjin.

29. Shu: Due to the changes of the times, the previous annotations are no longer easy to understand, and a new annotation has appeared. The author not only explains the text, but also annotates the previous annotations, becoming " Shu", also called "justice". The "Book of Songs" in the "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics" is the biography of Mao Heng in the Han Dynasty, the Jian of Zheng Xuan in the Han Dynasty, and the righteousness of Kong Yingda in the Tang Dynasty. Chuan refers to clarifying the meaning of the scriptures, and Jian refers to supplementing and revising the meaning of Mao Zhuan.

30. "Thirteen Classics": "Book of Changes", "Shangshu", "Book of Songs", "Zhou Rites", "Rituals", "Book of Rites", "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan", "Spring and Autumn Annals" "Gongyang Zhuan", "Spring and Autumn Period Gu Liang Zhuan", "The Analects of Confucius", "The Classic of Filial Piety", "Erya" and "Mencius". "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics" are mostly annotations written by people from the Han Dynasty or the Wei and Jin Dynasties.

31. Yanwen: a collation term, referred to as "yan", also called "yanzi". Used to indicate the phenomenon of extra words in ancient books. For example, "'The Han River is considered a pool', and the word 'water' is derived from it."

32. Take off text: A term in collation, referred to as "take off", also called "take off the word". Used to indicate the phenomenon of missing words in ancient books. For example, "'Kong Shijia said: Slender but long'" "'Kong' has the character '子' removed from it".

33. Rhyme: refers to articles with rhyme, including complete rhyme and incomplete rhyme.

34. Pingshui Rhyme: Lu Fayan's "Qie Yun" in the Sui Dynasty is divided into 206 rhymes, which is too detailed. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that similar rhymes can be used together. Liu Yuan, Pingshui in the Southern Song Dynasty, combined the same rhymes to form 107 rhymes. Later generations gradually changed it to 106 rhymes, which was called Pingshui rhyme, generally called "Shiyun".

35. The most important metrical factor in modern poetry is the rhythm of alternating high and low lengths in poems and rhymes, which is the so-called "rhythm". Yin Ping and Yang Ping are flat tones, while Shang, Lai, and Rui tones are flat tones. The ancient entrance tone now passes into the other three tones.

36. Sticky: The couplets in the first couplet and the sentences in the second couplet must be of the same category. Loss of stickiness: a phenomenon in poetry that does not comply with the rules of stickiness.

37. Pair: The sentences and couplets in each couplet must be of opposite types. That is, the opposition of oblique and oblique couplets. Mismatch: the phenomenon in poetry that does not conform to the rules of right.

38. Gu Ping: Apart from the rhyme, there is only one word for Ping tone in the poem. This is a taboo in rhythmic poetry.

39. Obvious sentences: sentences that do not follow the general plain and oblique tone, that is, the flat tone is not used when the flat tone is used, and the oblique tone is not used when the oblique tone is used. Aojiu: Poets often use "jiu" for awkward sentences, that is, a sentence uses a oblique tone where the flat tone should be used. Then, in the appropriate position of the sentence or couplet, the word that should use the oblique tone is replaced with a flat tone to remedy the situation. Together they are called rescue.

40. Antithesis: In poetry, especially in modern poetry, sentences with the same syntactic structure are in opposition, which is the formal pattern. In another case, it only requires that the words are literally opposite, that is, the parts of speech are the same, but the syntactic structure is not required to be the same. Confrontations are generally uneventful. Similar words are relatively correct pairs.

41. Gassho: A couplet in a couplet is completely or basically synonymous, which is a taboo for poets. It is called "gassho".

42. Running pair: a special type in battle. The relationship between the two opposite sentences is not opposite, but a coherent meaning. That is to say, the sentence and the couplet are not two sentences, but one sentence. For example, "It passes through Wu Gorge from Ba Gorge and then goes down to Xiangyang to Luoyang."

43. Borrowing pair: a special type in battle. A word has more than two meanings. The poet uses the A meaning in the poem, but also borrows its B or C meaning to contrast with the word "ling". For example, "It is common in King Qi's house, but I heard it several times in front of Cui Jiutang." The word "common" originally means "common", but it is also an ancient unit of measurement, borrowing the correct number.

44. Lyrics: Lyrics were originally called "melody lyrics". Lyricists who understand music write lyrics according to the rhythm and rhythm of the music score, which is called filling in lyrics or relying on sound.

45. Tune: This originally refers to the music score on which lyrics are written, and later refers to the syntactic and oblique formats of various tones established by summarizing the syntax and obliqueness of previous works of each tones respectively.

46. Zaju: A kind of opera with Ke (action) Bai (Tao Bai), and the lyrics are often sung by the actors in the drama. There are only sets, not small orders. One set is called one fold, and the whole play is usually four folds, sometimes with a wedge. Sanqu: It is not a drama, there is no kebai, and it is similar in nature to the lyrics.

47. Xiaoling: A kind of Sanqu, which is equal to a monotonous poem. Set: A set of two or more tunes of the same tune connected together according to certain rules.

48. Superfluous rhyme: Use rhyme where rhyme is not necessary in the song.

49. Lining words: words added in addition to the specified number of words in the rhythm, either at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence, but not at the end.