(1626- 1705) Xue Ge, whose real name is Zhu, whose real name is Diao. He is a descendant of Yiyang, the imperial clan of the Ming Dynasty, and was sealed in Jiangxi. His grandfather and father were both good at poetry and painting, and Zhu Da was influenced when he was young. "I can write poetry at the age of eight, and I am good at calligraphy and seal cutting, especially painting." However, when he was 19 years old, the Ming dynasty fell, and then the Qing soldiers went south. As the grandson of the imperial clan, he took refuge in the newly-built Hongyaju with his mother and brother, and became a monk in the fifth year of Shunzhi (65,438+0648) to escape the persecution of the Qing Dynasty, and his fame spread to Mao. Ten years after Shunzhi, he was taught by the elderly in Geng 'an. "He lived in the mountains for 20 years and studied with hundreds of scholars" and became a master. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), at the age of 37, he returned to Nanchang to become a Taoist priest, whose name was Zhu. On a good month, clouds and firewood are broken, and a Taoist temple, a scenic spot in Qingyunpu Scenic Resort, is built in the southern suburbs. He has lived here for more than 20 years. Hu was invited to Linchuan halfway, "extended his official duties for more than a year" and pretended to be crazy and returned to Nanchang. After the age of 62, he often lived in Beilan Temple in Nanchang, and then taught himself to sell paintings in Song Caotang until he died at the age of 8 1.

Zhu Da experienced a period of "upside down" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From the royal family to the adherents who fled to the wild, their thoughts and lives have undergone tremendous changes. As a descendant of the Ming imperial clan, in order to escape the persecution of the Qing Dynasty, becoming a monk is the way. He didn't want to win over the rulers, pretending to be crazy and dumb. "He often wears a cloth hat, drags a long collar and walks around the city arm in arm, laughing with the audience." His heart is full of the pain of the collapse of his motherland. He often fell on the ground and sobbed, then burst into tears, and suddenly burst into laughter and gave a generous lament. It is said that he was named after the Eight Gardens Classic, but when he signed it, even the four words were cursive, much like "crying" or "laughing". His poems and paintings also reflect this kind of thought and emotion.

The paintings and calligraphy of Badashanren were influenced by Dong Qichang in his early years. Due to the change of situation and mood, he broke through the barrier of Dong and embarked on a completely different road from the Four Kings. His landscape is vast and sad, and he refrains from overflowing with jam, just as his inscription reveals: "Guo Jiayun is small, Dong Laoma has many trees, and people want to see his picture, but one peak is still there." "No more ink and more tears, the mountains and rivers are still old mountains and old waters, the rocks and trees are withered, and the forest is fine." It shows the attachment to the old Ming.

Badashan people often paint flowers and birds, mostly lotus flowers, turquoise, elk and strange birds. The lotus flowers he painted are tall and straight, full of vitality, trying to express his stubborn character of not going with the flow, making strange birds and strange fish look at the sky with white eyes, showing his uncompromising temperament. At the age of sixty-nine, he drew a picture of a peacock, in which two ugly peacocks stood on unstable pebbles and peony hung down to attract them. The title of the poem is "Peacock is famous for its two bamboo screens, and the bamboo is slightly stronger and half-inked". How can you talk about three ears, just like sitting on two watches in spring? " In ancient times, "Zang" (a slave) had three ears. Besides the normal two ears, there was a third ear that was obedient to his master (Gongzi Cong Gongsun Long). Three ears are slaves who obey orders. This painting is a satire on Qing officials who were greedy for money and sold themselves.

The freehand flower-and-bird images made by Badashan people are concise and vivid, but they are full of spirit no matter how they are shaped, which is also a portrayal of his personality and attitude towards life. It is said that he can also draw fine meticulous paintings. "Its accuracy is particularly wonderful." His thoughts are rich and unique, and he does not stick to the pattern, which clearly shows his ideal pursuit. "Fish Music Map" is a picture of several small fish invited to swim among rocks in the water, which is full of emptiness and vastness. The simple image of a small fish shows a cheerful and comfortable mood, which reminds people of the pursuit of freedom. The long scroll "Flowers on the River" puts lotus, bamboo and orchid in a quiet realm with bold pen and ink, embellished with strange stones and flowing springs, giving people a fresh and meaningful feeling. His paintings of flowers and birds, animals, flowers and fruits are also full of vitality.

Badashanren's paintings are "clumsy in square garden and clumsy in painting". They are not formal, but good at ink painting. Their painting style is clumsy but not pretentious, and their brushwork is subtle and gloomy. They have inherited the freehand flower-and-bird paintings of Lin Liang, Chen Chun and Xu Wei and developed to a new level.

There are many seals on Badashanren's paintings, including snow, mountain, mountain, donkey, donkey house, donkey house, Renwu, pickup truck, Heyuan, Luoyuan, Huangzhuyuan, Eighth Ring Road, book year and book disease. Some of them have profound implications (for example, people take Du Fu's meaning of "living in a huge building"), while others show an attitude of playing the fool and staying aloof from the world (saying, "I am a monk, why not use the name of a donkey". ) have a plenty of the hall number where he lives. He sometimes signed "March 19" to express his grief over the collapse of the Ming regime. Under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the pain of his home country could not be directly vented, but could only be revealed in obscure poems. After the Ming dynasty, he stubbornly maintained his integrity, did not go with the flow, was honest and clean, and often painted for the poor, but "you can't kill several gold with one stone." Therefore, it won the respect of future generations. Zheng Xie, Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi and others were fascinated and inspired by his creative spirit in painting and calligraphy, which had a considerable influence on painting after the middle of Qing Dynasty. #p# header #e#

Eight famous paintings are simple and elegant. Its accuracy is particularly good. Calligraphy has Jin and Tang styles, and landscapes, flowers, birds and bamboo are vivid and vivid. Cover it with a broad mind, bold and unrestrained with a pen, and the interest is self-evident. Broad-minded, bold and unrestrained, clumsy in composition, dismissive of the beauty of painting. The wind and waves are not learned by teachers, but by their own will. Get rid of the dust martingale and find another way, which has the purpose of calligraphy to disperse immortals. I have my own mighty thoughts in my chest and a strange interest under my wrist.

Shi Tao (1642- 1707), whose real name is Zhu ruoji, is also known as the old man. Quanzhou, Guangxi, is a descendant of Jingjiang Wang, the royal family of the Ming Dynasty. Shi Tao's father, Zhu Hengjia, once claimed to be "supervising the country" (acting as imperial power) in Guilin in the name of the Ming imperial clan. Soon after, he was killed in the internal struggle between the royal family and the nobility in the Ming Dynasty. As a result, Shi Tao fled abroad to become a monk with the pain of national ruin and death. His legal name is Yuanji, the word Shi Tao, and he has many nicknames in Qing Xiang, such as "Bitter Melon Monk", "Didazi" and "Blind Zun". In his early years, he had no fixed abode, and had been to Lushan, Huangshan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and then to Jingting Mountain in Anhui Province. Forty years later, he often traveled between Nanjing and Yangzhou, mostly living in Yangzhou. He went to Beijing for several years and returned to Yangzhou to sell paintings until his death.

Shi Tao's landscape is unique, simple and imaginative. Every painting is consistent with the ancients. Bamboo, stone and plum blossom are all extremely wonderful, especially the official script, which is boundless and ancient, with wonderful realm and fascinating everywhere. Shi Tao's brushwork is strange and unrestrained, and he wins by being bold and unrestrained. Mrs. Wang often praised it, saying that "the south of the great river is right without a stone teacher". Knife Ji's skill is extremely deep. For example, the picture of Zhang Sengyou visiting friends is a long picture frame, only nine inches wide. The trees are beautiful and beautiful, and the pens are strange and bright, which has never been seen before and has never been seen since. Also, the axis of the "Old Town River Map" is colored on paper. This axis writes mountains and rivers with a thick pen, and figures and cables in the boat with a fine pen. The people on the shore are scattered in front of the bay, and the color is fading and charming. There are thousands of scrolls in the chest and Wan Yunshan in the eyes. This can be done. There is also "Hundred Beautiful Pictures", a paper book, which is more than two feet high and particularly strange.

Because of his life experience, he has deep feelings for the mountains and rivers of his motherland. In his long-term traveling and floating life, he has rich experience in observing and experiencing the mountains and rivers in various places, especially Huangshan Scenic Area. Inspired by nature, he has rich artistic imagination and strong creative enthusiasm. His landscape composition is novel and changeable, the scenery is rich and novel, the artistic conception is far-reaching, the brushwork is bold and unrestrained, the style is unique and the vitality is abundant. It was in sharp contrast to the eight strands of landscape that filled the gallery at that time. Shi Tao is also good at drawing flowers, flowers, orchids, bamboos and figures, and has many works handed down from generation to generation, such as Clear Sound of Mountains and Rivers, Loose Rain, Qiu Jie in Huaiyang, Eight Victory Books of Huangshan Mountain, and Manuscripts of Qing Xiang Painting and Calligraphy. , are excellent works with certain representativeness.

Shi Tao became a master of landscape painting in the late feudal society. His artistic thoughts are expounded in Quotations of Paintings by Bitter Melons and Monks, and many poems and inscriptions on paintings. Shows his contribution to the theory of landscape painting. It requires painters and mountains and rivers to "seek God when they meet".

Hong Ren (1610-1661) has no wisdom, and his name is Jian Jiang. Common surname Jiang, famous Tao, strange word, Ou Meng, from Shexian County, Anhui Province. Wu Ming decided to rebel against the Qing Dynasty, left her and went to Fujian to become a monk from Zen master Gu Hang in Jianyang. Painting began in various schools in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. You Chongni Yunlin painted, the founder of Xin 'an Painting School.

Kunshen (date of birth and death unknown) was originally named Baidu and Shidao. Originally from Wuling, the common surname is Liu. At the age of 20, he cut his hair and became a monk. He traveled to famous mountains and lived in Nanjing Niushou Temple. Because of his illness, he lived a life of "suppressing himself". Kun can's character is better than others. There are not many traces in his paintings, and the landscapes he painted are very powerful. Designed to be wiped with a dry pen, the ink color is calm. The axis and paper of Yan Xi fishing boat map are huge, while the axis and paper of Lin Qiu haze map are medium. Painting Mountains in the Mountains is famous for its axes, ink pens and paper books. And "Painting a Mountain in the Mountains" is a pure description of the mountains in autumn. At the beginning, there are dense peaks, blurred pine trees, waterfalls and streams, high-rise buildings on the right, bamboo fences outside, slopes on the left, a corner of Mao Ting, and several low houses, which are quite sparse; After crossing the stream, the scales are green, the curtains are green, and the lotus is back. The hermit is high in the white stone of Fengdanhuang Yequan. His pen is black and deep and inexhaustible. Huang commented that his paintings are "falling rocks and withered vines with hourglass marks, which can be painted with the ingenuity of calligraphers." There are "mangrove forests in autumn mountain", "seagulls in hills", "verdant fields", "the hairy picture of Cangshan Mountain" and "seclusion of Xishan Mountain", which are quiet and spacious.