Shakespeare's former residence
There are four tragedies in Shakespeare's representative works: Hamlet (English), Othello (English), King Lear (English) and Macbeth (English). Famous comedies: A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, and Everyone is Happy. Historical plays: Henry IV, Henry V and charles ii. Drama and tragicomedy: Romeo and Juliet. He also wrote 154 sonnets and two long poems. Ben Jonson called him "the soul of the times", and Marx called him and Aeschylus of ancient Greece "the greatest drama genius of mankind". Although Shakespeare writes only in English, he is a world-famous writer. Most of his works have been translated into many languages, and his plays have been staged in many countries. Julian calendar died on April 23rd, 2006 (Gregorian calendar1665438+May 3rd, 2006), and his birth date coincided with his death date. Shakespeare was born in the same year as Galileo, a famous Italian mathematician, physicist, astronomer and philosopher, and a pioneer of modern experimental science. Known as "Shakespeare". Merchant of Venice, selected reading for junior high school, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet (excerpt), selected reading for senior high school.
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William shakespeare, a great playwright and poet in the English Renaissance, 1 1564 was born in Stratford, Varvik, central England on April 23rd. His father, Jone Shakespeare, is a grocer in wool, leather manufacturing and grain business. His telephone number is 1565.
Shakespeare (1 1) served as the town civil administrator and was elected mayor three years later. When Shakespeare was seven years old, he was sent to a local grammar school, where he studied for six years and mastered the basic skills and rich knowledge of writing. Besides, he also studied Latin and Greek. But because his father went bankrupt, he failed to graduate and embarked on the road of making a living alone. 1577 was picked up by my father from school, and I have to help my father do business for a while. He was an apprentice in a butcher shop, taught in a rural school and engaged in various other occupations, which made him gain a lot of social experience. We have every reason to believe that Shakespeare was extraordinary when he was a student. Legend has it that he worked as a teacher in the countryside when he was young. There are also rumors that he once poached in the land of a rich man named Thomas Lucy and a local administrator, but Lucy's housekeeper found him and he was beaten. Out of revenge, Shakespeare wrote a limerick satirizing the rich. It didn't take long for this poem to spread all over the country. Wherever the rich man goes, someone always laughs at him with this limerick. Thomas squire was very angry and prepared to find a way to punish Shakespeare. Shakespeare was forced to leave Strafford Town and take refuge in London. When Shakespeare lived in a small town in Strafford, he was already very familiar with theatrical performances. There are often some touring troupes performing in Strafford town. 1582, he married a farmer's daughter Anne Hathaway. 1585, he had a son, Hamlet (named after Thomas Kyd's tragic hero Hamlet). 1586 or 1587 arrived in London, when drama was rapidly becoming popular. First, he worked as a groom and handyman in the theater, then joined the troupe, worked as an actor, director and screenwriter, and finally became a shareholder in the theater; He started writing around 1588, first adapting his predecessors' plays, and soon began to write independently. By the end of 1590, Shakespeare had become an actor and playwright in one of the top theatrical troupes in London, which was the "Home Secretary Sacrifice Troupe" run by James burbage. Later, Shakespeare proved to people that he was a down-to-earth and noble man. He became a shareholder in the troupe and soon won the respect and love of his colleagues. At that time, the theater was full of "university talents" with Oxford and Cambridge backgrounds. A famous playwright once wrote an article scornfully mocking Shakespeare, a "vulgar cloth" and a "nouveau riche crow", who dared to be compared with a "noble genius"! But Shakespeare later won the support and love of the audience, including college students' groups. The students performed some Shakespeare's plays at school after school, such as Hamlet and Wrong Comedy. 1597 Go back to your hometown to buy real estate and spend the last time of your life. Although he received a good basic education, he didn't go to college. 1598, F. Mills, a university scholar, listed Shakespeare's plays before the age of 35 in his treasure house of wisdom, praising his comedies and tragedies as "unparalleled" and equal to the first-class drama poets in ancient times. But he never published his own play before his death. The success of writing made Shakespeare win the favor of Lord Southampton, who became his protector. In the early 1990s, Shakespeare dedicated his two long poems Venus and adonis and the Shame of Lucretius to the Lord, and wrote some sonnets for the Lord. With the help of the Lord, Shakespeare entered the aristocratic culture salon, giving him an opportunity to observe and understand the upper class, expanding his life vision and providing a rich source for his later creation. Since 1594, the troupe to which he belongs has been sheltered by the palace minister and is called "the palace minister troupe". 1596, he applied for the title of "gentleman" and the right to own the coat of arms in the name of his father, and bought considerable real estate in three times. 1603, James I succeeded to the throne, and his troupe was renamed "King Sacrifice Troupe". He and the actors in the troupe were appointed as attendants of the court. Therefore, in addition to frequent tours, the troupe often performs in the court, and Shakespeare's plays are famous in all walks of life. Shakespeare has lived in London for more than twenty years, while his wife has been living in Stratford. He retired and returned to his hometown of Stratford when he was close to his fate (about 16 12). 1665438+On April 23rd, 2006, Shakespeare died unfortunately around his 52nd birthday and was buried in Trinity Church. Leave a will before death. Shakespeare
Shakespeare was a famous homosexual, and all his sonnets were written to his homosexual lover. According to British media reports, a British collector recently reconfirmed the identity of the person in a family oil painting. It turns out that this beautiful "woman" is none other than the legendary gay couple in Shakespeare's works-Henry Riotsley III, Earl of Southampton. Alec Cobb, who discovered this "amazing" oil painting and inherited all the art collections, said in an interview that he always thought that the person in the painting was a lady named Norton since he was a child, because the words Mrs. Norton were written on the back of the oil painting. But a few years ago, an accidental art collector told Cobb that he thought the people in the painting were not women, but men disguised as women. It was not until the beginning of this year that Cobb began to re-examine his true identity. The history of this painting dates back to the end of 16.
In Shakespeare's former residence (20 photos), the Earl of Southampton in the painting wears makeup, lipstick on his lips, exquisite earrings on his left ear and long hair hanging down to his chest at will, which looks quite feminine. The National Trusteeship Association, the authoritative organization of British historical relics, has confirmed that the painting is authentic. This painting was completed from 1590 to 1593, when Shakespeare was living in the house of Earl III of Southampton. Although Shakespeare, a great literary master, married Anna Hathaway, his true sexual orientation has always been a controversial topic in literary critics. The legend that the Earl of Southampton is gay has a long history, and his relationship with Shakespeare is even more confusing. The count once hosted Shakespeare in his apartment, and Shakespeare's famous sonnets were dedicated to a handsome young man who was "as beautiful as a woman". However, some people think that more than a dozen capitals in front of the sonnet are advocating the family line and cannot be understood as being addressed to boyfriends. Many historians have verified that the admiration in Shakespeare's poems is probably aimed at this handsome boyfriend who dresses up as a woman. 16 16 Shakespeare died on his 52nd birthday and was buried in Trinity Church. The day he died was the same as the day he was born. Leave a will before death. His two portraits, which are said to be reliable, are busts in the church and portraits of Droshute. His handwriting has six signatures and a three-page manuscript of Sir Thomas More.
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Shakespeare has written thirty-seven plays (thirty-eight, if you add two aristocratic relatives co-written with Fletcher), two narrative poems Venus and adonis, The Humiliation of Lucretius and one hundred and fifty-four sonnets in more than twenty years. His plays are mostly based on historical records, novels, folklore and old plays, which reflect the historical reality of the transition from feudal society to capitalist society and publicize the humanitarian thought and human nature view of the emerging bourgeoisie. On the one hand, he borrowed extensively from ancient drama, English medieval drama and emerging culture and art in Europe, on the other hand, he deeply observed life, understood society and grasped the pulse of the times, which enabled Shakespeare to create many vivid characters and paint a broad and colorful picture of social life, and was famous for his blending of sadness and joy, poetic and picturesque, unity in contradiction and change, philosophy of life and critical spirit. Generally speaking, Shakespeare's drama creation can be divided into the following three periods:
The first phase (1590~ 1600)
Mainly writing historical dramas and comedies, 9 historical dramas, comedies 10 and 2 tragedies. Mcpace
Of the nine historical dramas, except King John, which tells the history of England at the beginning of the 65438+3rd century, the other eight are all two tetralogy: the first, middle and last three of Henry VI and Richard III; Richard II, Henry IV (known as the most successful historical drama) and Henry V. In fact, Henry VI is Shakespeare's first play. At first, the first part was written by another playwright. 1590, Shakespeare took over and continued to complete the second part. The first part was revised at 159 1. These historical dramas summed up the turmoil in British history for more than 100 years, shaped a series of positive and negative monarchies, and reflected Shakespeare's humanistic political and moral ideals of opposing feudal separatism, supporting centralization, condemning tyrants and tyranny, and demanding enlightened monarchies to carry out top-down reforms and establish harmonious social relations. 10 Most comedies, The Wrong Comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, Two Gentlemen of Verona, The futility of love, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much ado about nothing, All Happy and Twelfth Night, are all about it. Praise progress and beautiful new features, but also gently expose and ridicule the decay and ugliness of old things, such as the wrong correction of asceticism, the hypocrisy of Puritans and the greed of usurers. The basic tone of Shakespeare's drama creation in this period is optimistic and clear, full of confidence in solving social contradictions with humanistic ideals, so that the tragicomedy Romeo and Juliet written in this period is also full of comedy atmosphere. Although the hero died of double suicide, the ideal of love overcame death and got the reconciliation of feudal feud. However, the mature comedy The Merchant of Venice in the later period of this period contains melancholy and tragic factors. While advocating kindness, friendship and sincere love, it reflects the class oppression and racial discrimination of the law of the jungle in Christian society, which shows that the author has gradually realized that there is an intractable contradiction between ideal and reality.
Phase II (160 1 ~ 1607)
Mainly based on tragedy, he wrote three Roman plays, five tragedies and three "black comedies" or "problem plays". The Roman plays Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra and Cory Ollanu are historical plays adapted from Plutarch's biographies of Greek and Roman heroes. These four tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth and Timon of Athens, mark the author's deep thinking about the times and life, and strive to shape some tragic protagonists in the new era: they woke up from the imprisonment and ignorance of the Middle Ages and developed or improved themselves ambitiously under the dawn of modern times, but they could not overcome the limitations of the times and themselves, and finally found themselves in the same environment and inner hostile forces. Hamlet found "all the time" to avenge his father.
Hamlet (10) took off the tenon and decided to take on the heavy responsibility of "reorganizing Gankun". As a result, nothing can be done. Othello is honest and simple, and people hate him. He killed his wife at the mercy of traitors, and was punished for pursuing perfection. King Lear lost his nature in the honor, pride and self-confidence brought by power. He could be as great as ordinary people without being king, so he suffered a lot. Macbeth is a hero with meritorious service, and there are goodness and beauty in his character. Driven by the temptation and ambition of the throne, he degenerated into a "bloody to bloody" sinner and regretted the world. The tragedies of these characters profoundly reveal all kinds of social ugliness and bourgeois egoism that began to appear in primitive accumulation of capital period, and show the irreconcilable contradiction between humanistic ideal and cruel reality, which has a high degree of generalization significance. Due to the enhancement of the ideological depth and realism depth of dramas in this period, comedies such as troilus, Cressida, All ends well, and Tit for Tit also showed a dark side, shrouded in the evil shadow of treachery and conspiracy, so they were called "problem dramas" or "black comedies".
The third phase (1608 ~ 16 13)
A tragicomedy or legendary drama inclined to compromise and fantasy. His major works are four tragicomedy or legendary dramas Prince Ricci of Tyre, cymbeline, Winter's Tale and The Tempest. Most of these works are about separation, reunion, framing and revenge. Although we still adhere to the ideal of humanism and expose the dark reality, the solution of contradictions mainly depends on magic, fantasy, coincidence and accidental events, and ends with preaching forgiveness, tolerance, compromise and reconciliation. Shakespeare also collaborated with Fletcher to write the historical drama Henry VIII and the legendary drama Two Noble Relatives, which has been included in the existing Shakespeare plays in recent years. Yes, the period from 1590 to 1600 is the early period of Shakespeare's creation, also known as the historical drama and comedy period. During this period, Shakespeare's humanistic thought and artistic style gradually formed. At that time, Britain was in the heyday of Queen Elizabeth's rule, with stable and unified kingship and prosperous economy. Shakespeare is full of confidence in realizing humanistic ideals in the real society, and his works are full of optimism and clarity. During this period, he wrote nine historical plays, including Richard III (1592), Henry IV (parts I and II) (1597- 1598) and Henry V (10). The basic theme of the script is to support the central kingship, condemn the feudal tyrant and praise the enlightened monarch. For example, "Henry IV" shows the picture of the turbulent domestic situation. The nobles United against the king, but the rebellion was finally quelled; The prince lived a dissolute life earlier, but later he made a mistake and made great contributions to quelling civil strife. In the play, historical facts and artistic fiction are highly unified. Falstaff is one of the most vivid characters. He is selfish, lazy and timid, but he is alert, intelligent and optimistic, which makes people laugh. Shakespeare's comedies during this period.
Including the poetic A Midsummer Night's Dream (1596), The Merchant of Venice (1597), The Merry Wives of Windsor (1598), Much ado about nothing (65438+), which reflects citizens' living habits and customs, and advocates chastity. The basic themes of these plays are love, marriage and friendship, which are full of lyrical colors and show Shakespeare's ideal of humanistic life. At the same time, he also wrote three tragedies such as Romeo and Juliet (1595). Although the work has a sad side, the basic spirit is the same as comedy. Shakespeare also wrote the long poems Venus and adonis (1592- 1593), The Shame of Lucretius (1593- 1594) and 154 sonnets. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/7th century, the regime of Queen Elizabeth I and James I alternated, the social contradictions in Britain intensified, and the social ugliness became increasingly exposed. During this period, Shakespeare's thought and art became mature, and the humanistic ideal collided fiercely with social reality. He felt that his ideal was difficult to realize, and his creation turned from praising humanistic ideals in the early days to exposing and criticizing social darkness. The second period of Shakespeare's creation (1601-1607) is also called the tragic period. He has written Hamlet (160 1), Othello (1604), King Lear (1606), Macbeth (1606) and Ty of Athens. In Othello, Desdemona, who was born in a noble family, married Othello the Moor privately despite the opposition of her father and society, showing the theme of opposing racial prejudice. The reason for their tragedy is not only Othello's jealousy, but also the powerful evil forces represented by Iago. Othello's sobriety before his death contains the victory of human reason. King Lear shows a broken society. King Lear paid the price of his life because of his stubbornness, and also brought great disaster to the country and people. The protagonist has changed from a feudal monarch with absolute authority to a homeless old man with nothing, and the fate and character of the characters have undergone tremendous changes, which is the most distinctive in Shakespeare's works. In Macbeth, a hero became a personal careerist and tyrant because of his inner ambition and external instigation. Its tragic significance lies in that personal ambition and egoism can destroy a person who is not evil. Generally speaking, these tragedies profoundly exposed the decay of feudal nobles, appalling egoism, the evil of money relations and the suffering of working people; Stylistically, it reduces the atmosphere of romance and joy, increases the mood of melancholy and indignation, and makes the image fuller and the language more proficient. After 1608, Shakespeare entered the last period of his creation. At this time, Shakespeare saw that the ideal of humanism could not be realized in the real society, so he turned from writing tragedies to writing legendary dramas, from exposing and criticizing the darkness of the real society to writing dream worlds. Therefore, this period is also called Shakespeare's legendary drama period. During this period, his works often solved the contradiction between ideal and reality through myth and fantasy and supernatural power; The works are permeated with the spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation. There is no joy in the early stage and no gloom in the middle stage. But full of beautiful life fantasies and rich romantic feelings. The Tempest (16 1 1) best represents the style of this period and is called "a will written in poetry". In addition, he also wrote three legendary dramas, such as cymbeline and The Story of Winter, and the historical drama Henry VIII. Shakespeare's works, starting from the truth of life, profoundly reflect the characteristics of the times and social essence. In his view, drama "seems to give nature a mirror: show its face to virtue, show its posture to absurdity, and show its image and imprint to the times and society". Marx and Engels praised Shakespeare as a classic writer of realism, and proposed that drama creation should be more "Shakespearean". This is a creative principle put forward in view of the disadvantages of "turning the individual into a simple mouthpiece of the spirit of the times" in drama creation. The so-called "Shakespearization" means that the writer, like Shakespeare, is good at starting from the truth of life, showing a broad social background and providing a typical environment with the characteristics of the times for the characters and events in his works; The plot of the work should be vivid and rich, and the characters should have distinctive personality and typical significance; The realistic depiction and romantic atmosphere in the works should be skillfully combined; Language should be rich and expressive; The writer's tendency should be hidden and naturally revealed in the plot and character description. Main work
tragedy
Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear (four tragedies), Titus Antelo Knicks, Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Coe Leoline, Fortress Besieged Troy, Timon of Athens, etc. Four tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Macbeth.
comedy
Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Everybody is Happy, Twelfth Night (four comedies), Wrong Comedy, All shall have Jill, Much ado about nothing, tit for tat, The Tempest, The Taming of the Shrew, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Love Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Everybody is Happy, Twelfth Night, etc. Some even include much ado about nothing in Romeo and Juliet.
historical play
Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, King John, Richard II and Richard III.
sonnet
154 sonnets.
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Most of Shakespeare's plays are based on old scripts, novels, chronicles or folklore, but they have been rewritten with their own ideas, giving new, rich and profound contents to the old themes. In artistic expression, he inherited and developed the three traditions of ancient Greek and Roman drama, medieval England and Renaissance European drama, and made creative innovations in content and form. His plays are not bound by the three laws, break through the boundary between tragedy and comedy, strive to reflect the true nature of life, and dig deep into the inner mysteries of characters, thus shaping many typical characters with complex and diverse personalities and vivid images, and depicting a broad and colorful picture of social life, which is famous for its profoundness, poetry and philosophy. Shakespeare's plays are popular plays written for the British stage and audience at that time. Therefore, in the18th century, it was criticized by the classicists represented by Voltaire, and was arbitrarily deleted during the performance, because it was a blend of sadness and joy, appealing to both refined and popular tastes, and free in time and space, trying to mobilize the imagination of the audience and make up for the simplicity of the stage. It was not until the beginning of19th century that the real value of Shakespeare's plays began to be known under the discussion of critics such as Coleridge and Khazri. However, Shakespeare's performances at that time were still often included in the model of five-act drama. At the end of 19, W. Bohr and H. glanville Barker strongly opposed the spectacular tradition of Shakespeare's performance at that time, and advocated that the Elizabethan theater should be performed without setting to restore its inherent characteristics. Since the beginning of17th century, Shakespeare's plays have been introduced to Germany, France, Italy, Russia and Northern Europe, and then gradually spread to the United States and even the rest of the world, which has had a great and far-reaching impact on the development of drama in various countries and has become an important link and source of inspiration for the development and exchange of world culture. China began to introduce and translate Shakespeare's plays at the beginning of this century, and published 1 1 Volume The Complete Works of Shakespeare based on Zhu Shenghao's translation. 1902, students from St. John's College in Shanghai performed The Merchant of Venice in English for the first time. According to incomplete statistics, there are 65 professional and amateur performing groups in China, which have performed 265,438+0 Shakespeare plays, including most of his important works, in five languages: English, Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian and Cantonese, in six forms: civilized drama, modern drama, traditional drama, radio drama, ballet and puppet show. Shakespeare's plays have become the teaching materials of middle schools, universities, especially drama schools in China. The important role of Shakespeare's plays has opened up a vast world for the cultivation and improvement of actors in China. Shakespeare's hometown
Shakespeare left 37 plays to the world, including some common plays that he co-wrote with others. In addition, he also wrote 154 sonnets and three or four long poems.