1. The Treaty of Nanjing was signed on August 29, 1842.

Background: After the Industrial Revolution, the British bourgeoisie tried its best to sell industrial products to China in an attempt to open China's door through commodity trade. In 1840, the British government decided to send an expeditionary force to invade China on the pretext of Lin Zexu's destruction of cigarettes in Humen. The Opium War began. The Opium War ended with China losing and paying reparations and ceding territory. China and Britain signed the Treaty of Nanjing, the first unequal treaty in Chinese history.

2. The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on April 17, 1895.

Background: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan deliberately expanded externally and gradually formed a "mainland policy" centered on invading China. The first step is to capture Taiwan, the second step is to annex North Korea, the third step is to march into Manchuria and Mongolia, the fourth step is to destroy China, and the fifth step is to conquer Asia and dominate the world.

In 1894, Japan sent a large army into Korea and provoked the Sino-Japanese War of Sino-Japanese War. The failure of the Qing army in the Battle of Weihaiwei in February 1895 led to the complete destruction of the Beiyang Navy. The Qing court had no intention of fighting, and Japan continued to maintain military pressure. The Qing court had no choice but to sue for peace. In the later stages of the war, the war began. Peace talks were held and the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed.

3. The "Xinchou Treaty" was signed on July 25, 1901.

Background: In the spring of 1900, the Boxer Rebellion became the trigger for the Eight-Power Allied Forces' war of aggression against China. Using this as an excuse, the Eight-Power Allied Forces partitioned and plundered China in the name of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion. European countries were also worried that abandoning Cixi would lead to the collapse of the Qing court and the loss of opportunities and possibilities to blackmail China. In this way, the attitudes of the European powers gradually became consistent, and they finally decided to negotiate peace with the Qing court and sign the "Xinchou Treaty".

Extended information:

After the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing, China's territorial, territorial sea, judicial and other sovereignty were destroyed. Foreign invaders took advantage of their privileges of aggression to dump goods and plunder raw materials into China, gradually involving the Chinese market in the world capitalist market, and China's self-sufficient feudal economy gradually disintegrated; from then on, China began to gradually transform from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

The Treaty of Shimonoseki is the most serious unequal treaty since the Treaty of Nanjing. The imperialist countries invoked one-sided most-favored-nation treatment and obtained all the privileges granted to Japan by China in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, except for the compensation for territorial cession. It brought serious harm to modern Chinese society, greatly accelerated China's semi-colonialization process, and deepened the national crisis.

The "Xinchou Treaty" is an unequal treaty with the largest amount of compensation, the most serious loss of sovereignty, and the deepest spiritual humiliation in China's modern history, thus bringing unprecedented disaster to the Chinese people. This marked that the Qing government headed by the Empress Dowager Cixi was willing to be the "court of foreigners". From then on, the Qing government completely became a tool for capital and imperialist powers to rule China. Its signing marked the complete decline of China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Reference materials: Baidu Encyclopedia - Treaty of Nanjing

Baidu Encyclopedia - Treaty of Shimonoseki

Baidu Encyclopedia - Treaty of Xinchou