The current situation and development of my country’s Internet

The development of the Internet began during the Cold War. In the late 1960s, due to the global hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union, in order to prevent nuclear war from affecting the country’s communication system Affected, the United States began to study how to prevent a nuclear strike. This is also one of the most basic concepts of Internet research - being able to quickly recover and maintain communication without interruption after suffering a nuclear attack. The predecessor of the Internet is the US Army Network APRANET - Advanced Network Infrastructure. This network is very different from traditional communication networks. The development of traditional communication networks has gone through magnets, steppers, vertical and horizontal, and finally developed to program control. Until now, the development trend of broadband networks such as ISDN, BSDN, ATM, etc. is a step-by-step transfer model. The next step may be an Internet network like NTN. structure.

First of all, the Internet has no center. The structure of the Internet is a centerless structure. This is also for the most basic purpose. No attack can destroy its central control department. A node and each connection point can quickly recover and communicate with other nodes after suffering a blow.

Second, the addressing method of the Internet is global addressing, which means that its address resources are uniformly prepared globally. The Internet that everyone uses now is an IPV4 network, and the total number of existing addresses on this network is approximately more than 4 billion. The Internet was developed and evolved by the United States, so online address resources and the allocation of address resources are actually controlled by the United States. The total number of IP addresses currently owned by the United States is more than 2 billion, nearly 3 billion, accounting for about 74% of the world's total. China currently has very few address resources, only about 50 million, accounting for only a little more than 1%.

When the Internet first developed, it was a system for the military, and then evolved and gradually expanded its applications. It started with four universities for interconnection, and then expanded to 13 points, forming 10 domestic auxiliary root server placement locations in the United States. After that, although the Internet was used in education and scientific research sectors, its speed and convenience led to its application in more and more departments, including many government departments. After the commercial sector begins to participate, the trend of commercialization of the Internet is inevitable. Under this circumstance, the FBI conducted an investigation in 1984, requiring all research institutions in the United States involved in the Internet and institutions connected to the Internet at that time to provide opinions and suggestions on the following issues. If the United States promotes the Internet to the world , what impact will it have on the security and development of the United States, what are the negative aspects, and what are your suggestions? Before and after the preparations for the Internet Society of China, we also communicated with American Internet organizations and some experts in the United States who study the Internet TCP/IP protocol. They also talked about this matter, and many people made suggestions, including what may happen after the Internet is established. The problems that arise, such as network viruses and hacker attacks that everyone sees now, were foreseen at the time. After comprehensively balancing various opinions, the US government decided to commercialize the Internet and promote it to the world. Here we can see the thinking and contributions of the United States. The United States has made important contributions to the global application of the Internet and the development of the Internet. At the same time, the United States has put its own thinking and its own ideas into the development process of the Internet. Willpower is embedded in all areas of the Internet. Especially the most basic addressing method, because the address resources of the Internet are related to the development space of the entire Internet. Now, address resources are allocated globally by the organization ICANN, which is an organization for global domain name and digital resource allocation. This organization was specially established in the United States. Its predecessor was IANA, which was established specifically for global Internet resource allocation. The purpose of the United States is very clear, which is to control the Internet. So what method does it adopt? This is where the thinking of the United States is different from that of other countries. It proposes that the Internet has no borders, no management, no law, and no government. It is a network created by the people. ICANN is a non-governmental organization. The characteristic of non-governmental organizations is that despite the participation of government departments, the government is only regarded as a government advisory committee and has no decisive role. The 19 members of the ICANN Board of Directors determine the global network address resource allocation policy. . Through this, it can take the policy of global address resources into its own hands. ICANN has signed an agreement with the U.S. Department of Commerce, and the U.S. Department of Commerce authorizes it to allocate Internet addresses. Any policy formulated by ICANN in Internet management must be approved by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Through this, other governments can avoid such initiatives through the United Nations or other intergovernmental organizations to call for equality among countries on the Internet, while at the same time keeping global address resources in their own hands. We and other countries around the world are very clear about this. Therefore, after access to the Internet and application of the Internet in 1998 and 1999, the world generally demanded the reform of the then IANA. Originally, all ICANN directors were Americans. Now, netizens from five continents vote to elect directors. Researcher Qian Hualin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was also elected to the ICANN Board of Directors after global voting and approval by the ICANN Board of Directors on June 23 last year. A director whose term is three and a half years. Although ICANN now attracts participation from various countries, the leadership of policies is still in the hands of the Americans.

In the development of the Internet to this day, the United States has played a huge role in the promotion of the Internet. The development, application and popularization of the Internet are largely influenced by the United States. When the Internet Society was first established in 2001, we visited the United States and communicated with the International Internet Society in Washington on issues such as Internet management and security. At that time, I asked whether there would be censorship when sending or receiving e-mails from the United States, because at that time some domestic experts reported to us that some letters sent to the United States could not be received by Americans. These letters may contain "information censorship", " Words like "information security". He did not answer the question directly, but only gave an example. If you send me an invitation letter to invite me to your dinner, this letter is equivalent to you sending a letter to everyone on the Internet. Although We communicate and invite people point-to-point, but online security cannot guarantee the privacy and reliability of information. He didn't answer whether the United States would check the mail, but he told me in this way that there was a meaning in it.

From the perspective of convenience and convenience, and from the perspective of connecting the global information base, the Internet's role far outweighs its problems. In 1987, our country’s first “Cross the Great Wall, Go to the World” e-mail was sent out. On April 20, 1994, we officially connected to the international Internet. The line we connected at that time was a 64k data line provided by Sprint. Now, our entrance and exit bandwidth is above 53G. It should be said that this number has increased by a million times. Now the number of CN domain names has exceeded 600,000. At that time, our CN domain name server was still located at Karsmo University in the Federal Republic of Germany because we did not have our own domain name server at the time. We later moved the server back to China. Our total number of IP addresses now exceeds 50 million. Comparing it with the number of Internet users can explain why we have to use dynamic IP addresses when using a large number of applications on the Internet, because our address resources are not enough. This situation has been greatly alleviated in the past two years. When preparations were made for the establishment of the Internet Society in 2000, the number of IP addresses in China was 17 million, which has tripled in the past two years. Currently, the number of computers with Internet access has exceeded 36 million. China's Internet development path is very tortuous. It was developed through a narrow path rather than a big sedan chair. The private sector has done a lot of work in the popularization of the Internet through ISPs, ICPs and venture capital. The Chinese government has been aware of the problems that may arise from the Internet since the very beginning of its development, and the policies it has formulated to address problems that arise on the Internet receive some criticism around the world every year. Looking at it now, although many of our policies were criticized at the beginning, all countries now realize that the Internet must be managed and legal, and the Internet has national borders, not borderless. The Internet is technically borderless, but its management is necessary, and its regulations are also necessary. It must transform from a state of arbitrariness, no management, and no regulations to a normal track.

There are many Internet business operating models and types, but relatively speaking, the main ones that form a relatively complete business value chain are the following: traditional business access services, which are provided by telecom operators; online games , a value chain is formed by a series of service providers such as online game service providers, game operators, and telecom operators; SMS business, through ICP, service providers and network operators, includes mobile service providers, instant messaging, online advertising, and online search and other businesses have formed a relatively complete value chain. At the same time, we have seen that although there are other businesses that are in full swing and in full swing, because the value chain is incomplete, or because the market value concepts are very different in the process of forming the value chain, these businesses have not formed a positive impact on the network industry. Its own strong support has not yet brought great benefits to network practitioners.

The changes in China's information technology over the years are also an important part of the transformation and adjustment of the global information industry. The 1990s was a period of rapid development in the global telecommunications and IT industries. This development process actually far exceeded the overall speed of national economic and social progress at that time. As a result, China's telecommunications network has become so popular that the number of telephone users (including mobile phones) now exceeds 500 million. Globally speaking, the U.S. telecommunications industry has undergone tremendous changes since the breakup of AT&T in 1984. The rapid development of the United States has led to the development of telecommunications equipment and the construction of telecommunications networks that have far exceeded the consumption of information applications at that time, making network equipment The direct result is that a large number of telecommunications companies have fallen into bankruptcy or poor management.

Several trends can be seen in our country: One is the integration of televisions, computers and other consumer appliances, as well as the integration of information technology and communication technology, which has changed the rules of the game and the competition pattern in the traditional communication field. Fundamental change.

Our country has evolved from being dominated by China Telecom to a state where several large operators compete with each other in network operations. In terms of information services, there are many information service providers competing in all aspects. ; The trend of inter-industry integration is gradually accelerating, creating more opportunities for industrial development. Industrial integration has made the entire consumer electronics product category a very concentrated focus for various companies, such as smartphones, digital TVs, mobile TVs and digital products. . I just talked about the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries, such as Vodafone, BT, etc., due to excessive investment in telecommunications and subsequent serious problems in governance policies, mainly in mobile license auctions, which resulted in heavy burdens on enterprises, which made these companies Telecom operators have to sell off their communication networks at low prices. This in turn gives great opportunities to China, Japan, and South Korea, which are later developed IT powers. Recently, China Netcom Group acquired the entire network of Global Asia Telecom. Chinese operators not only provide telecommunications services domestically, but also face the future and gradually begin to provide telecommunications services and network access services to the world. This is also a good move. trend. From the perspective of information technology, the global IT manufacturing industry is gradually transforming to China. One reason is that China has cheap labor force, and the other is that the level of Chinese workers and the overall IT technology level have improved rapidly in recent years, making China a global IT manufacturing industry. The image of the industrial base is gradually being established. From the perspective of the IT industry market, China has become the world's largest IT industry market, attracting equipment manufacturers, terminal manufacturers, and technology R&D institutions from all over the world to focus their attention on China. The application of new technologies has achieved rapid growth in China. For example, the widely used flash memory was quickly applied in only two years. There is also QQ. QQ is actually a small project studied by a research group of Guangdong Telecom - instant messaging. Last year, its revenue exceeded 500 million, which has had a huge impact on the Internet.

In the process of reform and adjustment of the global information technology industry, China's information industry has maintained a relatively rational and steady pace, allowing Chinese telecom operators to maintain sustained growth despite global turmoil. When the global IT industry fell into an ice age, China's Internet information service providers have begun to emerge from the bottom and entered a spring in just over a year. Chinese equipment manufacturers were able to quickly seize the opportunity during the global IT industry downturn. Now they have products with independent intellectual property rights in high-, medium-, and low-end Internet equipment, which has established a good foundation for our next development. foundation and status. In addition, the rapid growth of China's network equipment in recent years, including the terminal market, will continue to grow in the next one or two years, and this continuation is driven by the growth in previous years. Not long ago we had an analysis that by the end of this year and the beginning of next year, China's Internet users will reach nearly 100 million. The first 100 million is relatively easy to achieve, but reaching 200 million is more difficult. This can only be achieved when the application of cities, the application of the Internet, the application of IT technology, and the integration of the Internet with everyone's work and life become an indispensable part of everyone. After reaching the second 100 million, it is very difficult to reach the third or fourth 100 million. Because on the whole, the national income and the overall development level of the national economy must reach a suitable level. The development of the Internet relies on the overall development level of the national economy, and we are actually ahead of the development of the national economy. Looking from the future, we should be very clear that when the number of Internet users reaches the 300 million or 400 million, and when network operators build network scale, the development of the Internet will also be affected by the overall development level of the national economy. The total bandwidth of the IPv4 network currently being built by China Telecom in China alone exceeds 2,500 G. This is a very large amount, and the information content that can be carried and the services that can be provided to the public are very large. The concept of 2500 G is that if home Internet access uses a dedicated 1 megabit bandwidth, then it can provide services to 25 million users. In fact, everyone uses shared bandwidth, and the basic functions of daily home Internet access have basically satisfied everyone's use. After 2005 and 2006, the speed of IPv4 network construction will also slow down. At the same time, you can see that the construction of IPv6 is gradually unfolding, and several major operators, including education networks, science and technology networks, etc., have already participated in the construction of IPv6 experimental networks. As the experiment progresses, the commercial experimental network will be launched soon. According to the habits of China Telecom, China Netcom, and China Mobile, the launch speed will be very fast. We initially estimate that around 2010, IPv6 will dominate the domestic Internet. At the same time, everyone should see that IPv4 will not withdraw from this market, and both standards will be retained for a long period of time. Because IP v4 and IPv6 dual-stack routers are already very common in network equipment, and the development of high-end routers is very mature, the use of IPv6 will not affect the development of IPv4 services.

Let’s look back and see that China’s Internet development has made great and brilliant achievements in the past 10 years. The Internet provides Chinese people with an information platform to understand the world. On this information platform, it is up to Chinese netizens and Chinese people to choose what they want to know. Traditionally, the information we receive is one-way from newspapers, radio, television to mutual communication.

From the perspective of thousands of years of traditional concepts, the way everyone receives information is that everyone pays close attention to, believes in, and accepts the top-down information transmission method. However, the emergence of the Internet has given people an equal channel to obtain information. Obtaining information also enables people to realize what information is and what information they need. At the same time, when people obtain information, they will discover the power they should have in the process of releasing information and obtaining information, and then people will discover the power they should have in society. I think this is the huge change that the Internet has brought to Chinese society and ordinary people's thinking, consciousness and innovative concepts. Nowadays, everyone looks at QQ, ICQ or online communities that appear on the Internet with a normal attitude. But 10 years ago, when we looked at these new affairs, we first had to see whether they were recognized by the government or whether they were acceptable to everyone's concept of fairness. . Now, our ideas, awareness and concepts about innovation are fundamentally different from those in the past. The Internet gives everyone the right to communicate on an equal footing, communicate on an equal footing, and obtain information on an equal basis. This kind of power has not been possessed by any media in the past and cannot be given to the Chinese people. It has fundamentally changed the mindset that the Chinese people have had due to their thousands of years of deep-rooted feudal consciousness. The development of the Internet can truly enable the wisdom of China's 1.3 billion people to create infinite power for China's future development. This equal platform provides everyone with opportunities to achieve.

At the same time, we should see that the rapid development of the Internet has brought about many problems. We are very tight on network resources. We only have 50 million resources but nearly 100 million users. By applying to APNIC and Verisign, we have reached an agreement with Verisign to move one of Verisign's servers to China, which is of great significance to our domestic Internet interoperability.

There are some problems in Internet resources, Internet market business models, management, business standards, Internet behavior standards, etc. In the development process of the Internet, our domestic practitioners are constantly exploring how to find a business model that suits them and how to find a way of survival that suits their own development. At the Internet Conference not long ago, experts from various fields and industry elites and leaders conducted tit-for-tat explorations in this area, and there were enthusiastic responses online. On the other hand, the government's formulation of information network development policies is also a process of gradual exploration and maturation. We have long clarified the policy of "active development, strengthening management, seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, and making use of them". However, during the specific implementation process, many online businesses still have problems with overlapping functions and unclear division of labor among competent departments. , has also led to some problems in network development and management. This is also a process in which the government is gradually thinking and exploring Internet management and Internet development from the overall national strategy. In terms of formulating policies, regulations, and behavioral norms, more mature, relaxed, and suitable policies and measures for network development will be introduced.

Problems in network security should be very serious. There are many problems such as hacker attacks, online theft, online fraud, and network viruses. The management of network operators has formed a relatively fixed concept for everyone and is relatively secure. However, the profit model of information service providers is relatively monotonous, which will affect their long-term development and service provision. There is still a lot of spam and harmful information on the Internet. On June 10 this year, we launched the News Information Service Working Committee of the Internet Society of China and launched a reporting center website for illegal and harmful information. After the website was launched, the whole society responded positively. We reported the situation to the relevant government departments in a timely manner. More than a dozen ministries and commissions jointly took measures to control harmful information on the Internet, especially pornographic information on pornographic websites. This meets the needs of the public and netizens, and is also the unanimous voice of society. The association has also carried out work on anti-spam, including promoting government legislation, organizing technical exchanges, and strengthening international cooperation. At the beginning of July, we had statistics. The number one exporting country of spam in the world is the United States, which accounts for 73% to 74% of the number of spam. The number one spam server country in the world is China, because 74% of the spam users receive comes from delivered to them by a Chinese mail server. I just got a statistic yesterday. After governance by the government, enterprises and industry organizations, the number one country in terms of spam servers is no longer China but South Korea. South Korea already accounts for 47% of the world's spam servers. China has gone from 73% to 74%. % dropped to 31%. This is the result of a large number of actions taken by the government, industry, and industry organizations, especially after relevant departments at the provincial, municipal, and county levels inspected servers and IDC computer rooms.

There are still great deficiencies in Chinese information resources. There was a slogan two years ago that was advertised by a certain company - "Chinese will become the largest language on the Internet by 2007." However, online Chinese information resources now only account for 3% of the world's information resources. Even if they double every year, by 2007 The target will not be reached even this year.

We hope that domestic information service providers and information resource developers will speed up the development of information resources. Whether it is from many perspectives such as occupying the online information position, serving the next generation of teenagers, and providing network services, we must now speed up the development of information resources. and utilization, especially online applications such as online museums and online libraries introduced in the Youth Health Network Tour organized by the Internet Science Popularization Alliance. In the future, we must increase investment and increase development in this area. On the one hand, we must report illegal and harmful information to prevent harmful information from corroding the growth of young people. On the other hand, we must also provide them with useful and healthy information so that they can grow up. Gain useful knowledge in the process so that the Internet can develop healthily.

Online behavior must also be gradually regulated. The American concept of online freedom, no management, and no laws is still deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and is deeply rooted in the world. Everyone once believed that any behavior on the Internet should not be subject to any regulations or management. The problems that are emerging now make everyone more and more aware of the need to regulate and manage online behavior. Online behavior should also abide by the moral norms in real life and be bound by the rules of real society. Internet abuse that occurs online takes advantage of the excellent characteristics of the Internet. Practitioners, industry organizations, and the government need to take further actions. On September 2, we announced the Internet Public Email Service Specifications of the Internet Society of China. It can be said that this is the first industry standard proposed for Internet applications in China and even the world. We have also had many communications with the international community. Although email is the most popular application, solving the spam problem is very complicated and involves network management, technology, and regulations. After the United States announced the Anti-Spam Act on January 1 this year, spam continued to increase at a rate of 2% per month. This shows that without the active participation of peers and active support and cooperation from all aspects, the law alone cannot solve these problems. problematic. Therefore, the email specifications we published strive to set the first rules in the field of Internet application services. Providers know that email services should have quality and guarantees; when users enjoy email services, whether it is paid or free, they must understand own obligations and rights, so that everyone can establish a normative awareness in this regard. Currently, 14 companies have made it clear in writing that they voluntarily participate in and abide by the service specifications. The number of users provided by these companies has accounted for more than 80% of the number of registered domestic email users. This matter will continue to be promoted in depth. E-mail service standards are a start. We will also gradually standardize services in other aspects of the Internet to make Internet users believe that the services provided online are trustworthy and make the Internet no longer the enemy of parents. After the Internet becomes trustworthy and reassuring, parents and teachers can feel confident allowing their children to surf the Internet freely.

Internet abuse has become a global trend. An international spammer organization has now been formed. Spam creators, order collectors, and their partners work together to send spam to all over the world in this way, circumventing the anti-spam laws that have been enacted by various countries. For example, they accept global orders from the United States, collect and organize email addresses, and then send them to Canadian intermediaries. The intermediaries allocate orders and formulate settlement methods. The intermediaries then send the orders to China or South Korea, and their partners or Agents forward spam back to the United States through a large number of domain names and virtual hosts registered in the country. The purpose of forwarding it back to the United States is to circumvent the laws that have been enacted in the United States. Spam is just one of the problems. Online abuse has led to the formation of global and international criminal organizations on the Internet. Therefore, at this stage, we must expedite measures in a series of aspects including legislation, management and policies against online abuse. With the emergence of spam, some anti-spam organizations have emerged. They publish blacklists in an attempt to block spam from their own mailbox users. However, due to the publication of blacklists, there is no unified norm and basic rules in the world. , so the published blacklist in many cases publishes a large number of IP address segments. The Internet Society of China is also publishing a blacklist, publishing the addresses that have sent spam. The blacklists published by organizations such as Spamhaus and Spamcop are address segments, which may include 128, 256 or even tens of thousands of Chinese IP addresses. He believes that there are some connected IP address segments among them. The address sent the spam, so the entire address range was treated as the source of the spam. Hundreds of thousands of email service providers around the world will block all information in this address segment in China based on the IP address it publishes. We do have individual users on this network segment, such as a few or a dozen users, who have sent spam. As a result, the normal email communication of hundreds of thousands or even millions of users on this network segment has been interrupted. Therefore, we must not only formulate an anti-spam policy, but also make an international appeal and communicate repeatedly to oppose the method of publishing address segments. Because it is unfair to China when allocating address resources. We have a large number of dynamic IP addresses in use. This is unfair not only to China but also to developing countries. When we attended the ITU meeting in July, the Zambian representative stood up and said that we support the fight against spam, but now there is a problem of developed countries passing on spam to developing countries.

All IP addresses in Zambia have been blacklisted, and all external communications have been blocked. Developed countries have sufficient IP addresses, they are not worried about problems with a certain address segment, and they rarely use dynamic IPs. It is unfair and unjust that only countries with insufficient IP addresses face these problems. Although there are many good things on the Internet, there are many things that people will not encounter normally. Behind them are conflicts of economic interests and various interests between countries.

An obvious trend in the future is the popularity of broadband services and various mobile terminals. For example, there are more and more camera phones, which actually creates huge demand for network bandwidth and spectrum. The construction and application of the entire broadband will further promote the overall development of the network. The R&D and construction of next-generation Internet technologies such as IPv6 and grid will make significant progress in the future. On the other hand, from the process of organizing the "China Internet Development Report" last year, we saw that China's Internet manufacturing industry has made many breakthroughs in the research and development of network equipment, including now in high-, medium-, and low-end router products. Products with independent intellectual property rights have emerged in all aspects. We now have many email service providers and technology providers conducting active research and development on network standards. This aspect is what we need to strengthen on the international front. On the other hand, the Internet and traditional industries are more closely integrated. With the popularization of e-government and the improvement of relevant legal measures, such as the electronic signature law passed some time ago, this combination has gradually enabled e-commerce to truly establish developed on the basis of the social credit mechanism. The emergence of a large number of electronic communities has also made the application of the Internet more and more widespread. Internet business and survival models will also become richer. Internet industry practitioners have a firm message for future development. From the past, people browsed information, used e-mail, and played online games more online. They regarded the Internet more as an advanced information technology toy. With the development of the Internet, toys can become tools. It has become an indispensable tool for people's daily life and work. The advancement of e-government will promote such a process. Network services will gradually be standardized. This standardization is a long-term process. It cannot be achieved in a day or two, nor can it be achieved by the government issuing document instructions or industry organizations calling for it. It requires the understanding of practitioners. When everyone is aware of Only when everyone is standardized and can survive well in this industry will this standard have actual value. The application of the Internet is also more open. This openness refers to all aspects, including social affairs. Many government websites have put their affairs on the website, such as soliciting opinions, local grassroots elections, etc. These make the application of the Internet more open and diverse. change. Although the research on network security technology is getting more and more in-depth, the characteristics of the network itself, namely its simplicity and cheapness, make its security issues still very prominent. Especially after the emergence of IPv6, its security and service quality will be greatly improved, and network security issues for IPv6 will also appear in the future. We hope that online information will be people-oriented, especially since one of the themes of this year’s Internet Conference is to build a prosperous and honest Internet. As an information platform, more than 50% of the mainstream users of the Internet are teenagers under the age of 30, so the network built for teenagers should It is a trustworthy and healthy network that should become a friend and assistant for teenagers as they grow up. There is still a lot of work to be done in this regard for popular science websites and units that develop information resources that provide spiritual food. We hope that school teachers and parents will become experts in using the Internet and should not be afraid of using the Internet. Nowadays, children are more proficient in using the Internet than their parents. This is also an important reason why parents do not let their children go online. We hope that in the future parents will know which websites are beneficial to their children and be able to guide them on what kind of websites they should browse. In this way, Internet learning will become a craze among school teachers and parents. PFP business will have a significant impact on network structure and network security in the future, which is of concern to Internet technology development and policy control departments. Online education will be the next hot issue in Internet business. Web search, large-capacity email, e-commerce platform, mobile Internet, wireless LAN, network resource information development and other businesses will all become hot issues in Internet business. More powerful personal terminals and shared information resources will appear in the future.