1. Introduction
There are many reasons for production safety accidents in enterprises, mainly including violation of operating rules or labor discipline; Insufficient education and training, lack of knowledge of safe operation; The production equipment does not meet the safety requirements; Safety protection facilities are lacking or defective, but the root cause of accidents lies in people's unsafe behavior, so the key to safe production in enterprises is to improve people's behavior and minimize people's unsafe behavior.
At present, the cultivation and construction of enterprise safety culture should start with employees' behavior, improve employees' safety awareness, establish enterprise safety objectives, advocate the same safety values, thinking modes and behavior norms, create a good safety production environment and order with employees' psychological identity and group cohesion, effectively regulate and control employees' behavior, and reach the highest level of self-discipline.
Enterprise safety culture can be divided into environmental culture, material culture, behavior culture and consciousness culture. Culture is abstract and must be combined with management practice to play its due role; The implementation of management should also fully consider the positioning and construction of corporate culture, and the organic integration of the two can truly achieve the purpose of establishing corporate culture and improving management level.
Taking Guangdong Olympic Stadium project as an example, this paper makes a preliminary study on how to realize the organic combination of the two and promote the safety production management of large-scale construction enterprises and large-scale engineering projects.
2. Engineering characteristics
Guangdong Olympic Stadium, the main venue of the Ninth National Games, is located in Dongpu Town, Guangzhou, covering an area of 300,000 square meters, with a total construction area of 6,543,800 square meters (excluding the 40,000 square meters stand area) and 80,000 seats for regular spectators, with a total investment of 65,438,230 million yuan, which was contracted by Guangdong Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd. ... The project started in 1999 1 month. The main difficulties of its construction safety production management are as follows:
(1) The project scale is large, the construction period is tight, there are many professional contractors, the quality of personnel is uneven, the process is complex, and it needs three-dimensional crossover operation, which has a wide social impact and is difficult to manage safety production;
(2) The slope of the upper stand of the large-area concrete structure is 365,438+0, the cantilever span is 10.0m and 10.6m respectively, and the outer cantilever end is nearly 40m away from the ground, and the ultra-high supporting scaffold is adopted;
(3) The steel roof is composed of more than 1000 different members and 60000㎡ roof panels, in which the radial main truss weighs 128t, is 75. 1m long, is 5.2m high, and has a hoisting height of 53.6m. The installation accuracy requires three-dimensional control within 2mm, and the amount of aerial work is large.
(4) The field is open and windy, belonging to a minefield. In addition, there are many smokers and hot spots among construction workers. There are more than 6,500 hot spots of high-altitude welding in steel roof construction alone, which makes fire management difficult.
(5) There are many kinds of reserved wellhead and holes;
(6) There are many large-scale machinery and equipment used in the construction, with frequent transportation vehicles, many power points, wide area and long lines.
3. Set goals and establish systems; Safety environment culture
As the general contractor of construction, we should not only fulfill the "three controls" requirements of "quality, construction period and investment" put forward by the owner in strict accordance with the contract, but also implement all-round control over the construction safety of the whole project. Therefore, when the project started, the general contracting project management department put forward the high standard management goal of "six noes" in safety production, that is, to achieve "no serious injury, no death, no collapse, no poisoning, no fire and no major mechanical accident".
At the same time, with the general manager of the project as the first person in charge of production safety, we will set up a leading body for production safety, set up a special production safety management department, implement the responsibility system for production safety management at all levels, strictly manage the teams entering the construction site, organize the establishment of corresponding production safety management institutions, and formulate a set of rules and regulations for on-site safety management, such as responsibility system, education system, safety technical disclosure system, inspection system, reward and punishment system, etc. And sign letters of responsibility with contractors, implement safety management assessment indicators, specify specific responsibilities and strict safety production and construction reward and punishment clauses in the contract, resolutely put an end to "three violations" and achieve "three noes" (no harm to oneself, no harm to others, no harm to others), thus establishing a safety management system with a pattern of horizontal to the edge, vertical to the end, dedicated line management, group management into a network and co-management.
From the aspects of establishing fire control account personnel, perfecting fire use approval system, fire inspection system, reward and punishment system, inspection system, warehouse management, fire control and accident handling system, dangerous goods shipment and use regulations, and making emergency plans, the management rules and regulations of fire prevention in construction site are established, and fire prevention is unremittingly grasped. In the process of transportation, storage and use of liquefied gas cylinders, strict sun protection, explosion prevention and fire prevention measures have been formulated. Establish "fire prevention responsible person of general contracting project management department, fire prevention responsible person of sub-project department, fire prevention responsible person of professional construction team and fire safety officer; The five-level fire management structure of "fire patrol (supervisor) and volunteer fire brigade" organizes special public security fire patrol, equipped with walkie-talkies and other necessary equipment, and forms a fire organization network with full participation and all-weather prevention and treatment. There are 40 full-time fire patrols, 8 night patrols and 0/96 volunteer firefighters on the construction site.
4. Determine key points and increase investment; Safety material culture
In order to control the safety factors of the construction environment, the construction facilities are managed in strict accordance with the requirements of the general layout of the construction. In the foundation construction stage, the foundation pit has a large area and a wide range, and there are six independent deep and large foundation pits. In order to ensure the construction safety, all the foundation pits were closed. * * * Set a protective fence with a height of 1.2m and a length of 2678m, and install safety warning lights in the foundation pit beside the road. The slope shall be erected every 6m 1 "No climbing, No electric shock" warning signs, and monitored for 24 hours. In addition, considering the large thickness and area of the bottom plate of this project and the large number of steel binding workers, in order to effectively ensure production safety, electric welding machines are prohibited from entering the bottom plate to ensure that power cables do not contact with steel bars.
In terms of equipment safety and maintenance management, strictly check the performance of the equipment entering the site, strictly grasp the safety debugging after installation, establish equipment cards, record the faults, repairs and maintenance in use in time, and ensure the normal operation of construction equipment. Tower crane, pile driver and other special equipment must obtain the inspection certificate of the labor inspection department before use; The safety devices of class 12 are mandatory for the shaft cage, and can only be put into use after passing the inspection and being equipped with safety personnel recognized by the labor inspection department.
Strengthen fire control management to ensure fire safety. Although there is no direct economic benefit from fire fighting investment, the general contracting project management department fully realizes that "safety is benefit", so the leaders attach great importance to the funds needed for fire fighting work, and the money spent will never be saved, so as to ensure that the fire fighting equipment and facilities are fully equipped and meet the relevant fire fighting management regulations, and set up 100mm in diameter and 1600m in length around the stadium. Lightning rods have been installed in all temporary houses; During the construction period, more than 200,000 yuan was invested according to the actual situation on site, and 1 set of special water supply system was added, which made the fire-fighting facilities on site reach a higher level, the whole fire-fighting system was well configured, and the fire-fighting passages were unblocked, especially in key monitoring parts such as dormitories, warehouses, scaffolding, template yards, temporary storage points of inflammable and explosive articles, and the fire-fighting measures were effective, effectively eliminating fire hazards in the bud.
The change of construction site and construction stage leads to a huge workload of changing construction power lines. The general contracting project management department has been strictly implementing the requirements of Technical Specification for Safety of Temporary Electricity Use in Construction Sites (JCJ48-88) issued by the Ministry of Construction. According to different construction stages and professional characteristics, a special design scheme for temporary electricity consumption is formulated, and three-level distribution and two-level protection are adhered to. The electrical box adopts the system of "one machine, one brake and one protection", the lighting and power are set separately, and TN-S neutral protection system is adopted. Set lightning protection system in the construction site and temporary area to ensure the lightning protection safety of construction work and living environment in thunderstorm season. In the process of hoisting steel roof, it is necessary to supervise the implementation of the temporary electricity consumption plan for hoisting construction and set up the electricity lines reasonably. In the transformation, we will focus on rectifying electrical boxes with few leakage protectors, severely investigate and deal with the use of "dragging plates" and random connection and pulling, and restrict the use of iodine tungsten lamp.
5. Comprehensive defense, focusing on monitoring; Safe behavior culture
5. 1 unify thinking and strengthen education
The general contracting project management department often organizes employees to learn safety production policies, laws and regulations, educates cadres and employees to deeply understand the importance and seriousness of safety production, and at the same time earnestly implements the safety technical disclosure system, puts forward safety requirements at various construction stages, including temporary construction electricity, deep foundation pit enclosure, tall formwork, high-altitude hoisting and other special design and safety technical schemes, and formulates and publishes seasonal special safety measures such as rainy season construction, lightning protection, heatstroke prevention and typhoon prevention to ensure that safety education is popularized to every employee on the construction site.
Employees entering the site must master the necessary safety knowledge and technology, consciously abide by work discipline and safety operation rules, and ensure that they are busy and not chaotic, so as to achieve the fundamental goal of "I know safety, I want safety, and start from myself to ensure safety". At the peak of construction, there were as many as 5,053 people on site, all of whom received strict safety education and training, and all kinds of safety education were signed for the record. All special jobs (electrician, elevator worker, welder, etc.). ) have received professional training and hold the qualification certificate issued by the professional competent department. Due to proper measures, the safety factor is maximized, which provides a strong guarantee for preventing safety accidents. Organize all participating units to carry out activities such as "doing an accident prevention", "recalling an accident lesson" and "being a safety officer for one day", conduct safety education with vivid and painful cases in society, always alert every employee, improve employees' sense of hardship and greatly improve the educational effect.
5.2 Pay special attention to protection and strict monitoring.
Implement all kinds of targeted special preventive measures, make great efforts to solve the existing weak links, prevent falling from high places, regularly monitor high formwork, deep foundation pit, large mechanical equipment, heavy load power facilities and other parts, and designate special personnel to be responsible; For the harsh construction environment such as high temperature, high humidity, typhoon, inflammable and explosive, make a careful emergency plan, manage it in place and implement it to people.
(1) Formwork, scaffolding and working platform: the upper stand has a large slope and a large cantilever span, and the formwork support height at the outer cantilever end is nearly 40m, which is one of the key parts of safety control. Strictly implementing the safety measures of tall formwork support is the key to ensure the safe construction of the stands. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and implement the safety guarantee measures for formwork installation and removal, strengthen the protection of finished products, prevent illegal activities such as using formwork support columns and external scaffolding poles, and eliminate potential safety hazards of formwork support.
(2) Aerial work of tower column and steel roof: Due to the tall tower column and the danger of aerial work, special personnel will be arranged for 24-hour rotation during the construction period, and the construction of monitoring tower column is safe. When the steel roof is installed at high altitude, a full operating platform is set in the stands. In order to increase the safety factor, the steel pole is tied with the reinforced concrete pole on the fourth floor to improve the safety performance of the scaffold. An isolation layer is set in the middle to strengthen the safety monitoring of ladders and passages. Cantilever netting is used for protection. Protective sheds are added to the facilities such as the electrical box near the edge and the vertical pole. A fence rail with a height of 1.2m is set around the scaffold platform, and a safety net is hung. At the same time, attention should be paid to the maintenance and inspection of the scaffold in use. In the welding construction of steel roof structural members, there are more than 6500 hot spots, which bring great pressure to fire management. For this reason, a special water tank was specially set up at the welding point, and corresponding fire-fighting equipment was equipped, which strengthened the monitoring and inspection by special personnel.
(3) In the structural construction stage, there are many high-altitude, three-dimensional and cross operations, and the safety protection is mainly based on "Three Treasures, Four Ports and Five Borders". The entrance and exit of 28 stairs, 96 entrances and exits, 36 openings, 35 wellheads, reserved pipeline openings and well cages are strictly sealed and protected. Focus on maintaining the peripheral boundary formed after the grid is removed, and at the same time reinforce the new "cut" and boundary formed during the enclosure construction in time.
(4) In the construction of sewage treatment tanks, drainage tanks, pipe trenches and underground driveways, in view of the characteristics of "narrow surface and deep trench", the "three treasures" should be strictly grasped, safety standards should be implemented, and paralysis thoughts should be eliminated. Standard protective railings should be set with steel pipes, qualified safety nets should be hung, and warning safety signs should be set.
(5) There are many people smoking on the construction site. In order to ensure fire safety, special smoking spots are set up in safe areas, and special buckets are equipped. Smoking is strictly prohibited in non-smoking areas, and the reward and punishment system is strict.
(6) When steel bar is sampled, the operation template must be soaked first, and there is a special person to supervise it. After the operation is completed, you can leave only after checking that it meets the fire safety requirements.
5.3 Strengthen inspection and implement rectification.
Combined with the actual characteristics of the construction site, formulate relevant protective measures, focus on safety protection, implement the responsibility system for production safety, implement key inspection and repeated inspection of dangerous parts for key parts, focus on checking the system, check violations and hidden dangers, regularly check, supervise and urge, rectify and implement, and strictly check the secret investigation to ensure that everyone is in a safe and good state at all times to prevent accidents. Once the problem is found, it will be investigated to the end, punished according to the regulations, ordered to rectify, and will never be soft and will never be tolerated. The rectification instruction clearly stipulates the completion time of rectification, and it is closed according to the mode of IS09002, that is, after the rectification instruction is issued, the unit required to rectify must sign the completion and time of rectification, and the safety management department can only put forward the rectification instruction after verifying and confirming the rectification situation. Due to the large number of personnel and uneven quality, the general contracting project management department pays special attention to personal protection. From beginning to end, it is mandatory to wear safety helmet according to the specifications, and wear safety belt when working high above the ground. Once the violator is found, it will be stopped immediately, patiently educated and dealt with in strict accordance with the regulations, so as to encourage employees to consciously use protective measures.
5.4 Active activities and extensive publicity
Actively carry out safety production week and "ankang cup" activities. Safety production week is one of the main forms to strengthen the on-site safety activities of this project. Every year, rich activities are carried out closely around this theme, and effective measures such as hanging banners, publishing special publicity issues and posting publicity wall charts are taken to carry out extensive publicity and education. At the same time, we will carefully organize special safety inspections, set up the leading organization of "ankang cup" safety competition activities, formulate activity plans and safety guarantee measures, organize safety knowledge contests, safety inspections and special safety inspections, and implement the awareness of safety production to every employee.
In terms of fire safety, make full use of objects, pictures, videos, etc. Conduct publicity and education and strengthen daily safety and fire prevention education. In the activities of "Safety Production Activity Week" and "1 19" publicity week, fire experts from the fire department are invited to give lectures on fire protection knowledge, order large-scale fire protection publicity slogans, buy posters and fire protection publicity and education films, and carry out extensive publicity and education. Keep a high degree of vigilance against media news reports. On the day when a major social fire accident is reported, the relevant management personnel of all participating units are called to hold an emergency meeting, corresponding work is arranged, special inspections are organized, relevant reports and opinions are organized to study in time, and the case is fully used to improve the fire awareness of the participating personnel and draw lessons from social fire accidents in time.
6. Full staff management, with remarkable results; Safety awareness culture
Through the above efforts, no major safety accidents occurred in the 978 days of the whole project construction, and the safety management goal of "six noes" was realized. It has been inspected nearly 500 times by national, provincial and municipal leaders, visited by domestic and foreign construction peers and highly praised. The project has also won more than 20 awards, such as the "Luban Award" for national high-quality projects, the gold medal demonstration project for new technology application in the national construction industry, and the first prize for scientific and technological progress in Guangdong Province. It has been rated as an excellent model site for civilized construction of safety production in provinces and cities and the best model site for safety production. The general manager of the project has been rated as a model worker in Guangzhou for three consecutive years. At the same time, through the practice of safety production management in this project, employees' awareness of safety production has been greatly improved, and their production behavior has become more standardized and conscious, forming a good safety production management atmosphere, which provides a useful reference for the safety production management of similar large-scale projects in the future.
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