Handwriting analysis is an ancient science. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty in my country, Yang Xiong, a Neo-Confucian scholar, pointed out: "Books are paintings from the mind, and the mind paints shapes to determine the evil and righteousness of people." That is, through a person's handwriting, we can know the quality of his character and the kindness of his heart. evil. Sun Guoting, a famous calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty, believed that calligraphy can "express one's temperament and describe one's sorrow and joy." Liu Xizai, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, put it more specifically in "Yi Gui": "Books are like Ye, like their learning, like their aspirations, like their talents. In short, they are just like the people." That is, "the words are like the people." According to legend, there is such a story: Once, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was writing the calligraphy of Yu Shinan, a great calligrapher. When he was writing the character "Jian", he happened to see Shinan coming, so he only wrote "Jin" and asked Shinan to fill in the character "Ge". The next day, Taizong showed the calligraphy to Wei Zheng and wanted to hear his opinion. After reading it, Wei Zheng said: "It is the work of the Holy Master, but the technique is similar to that of Shinan." After Taizong heard this, he sighed that he was far away from Shinan. The eldest son of Fu Shan, a famous physician and calligrapher in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, was good at calligraphy and continued to learn his father's calligraphy to the point of imitating it. One day, his eldest son deliberately put a calligraphy he had written on the table to see if his father could identify it. After Fu Shan saw it, he mistakenly thought it was written by himself. , could it be that the day of death is not far away? Feeling very uneasy. Not long after, his eldest son died suddenly. When he was sad, he picked up the calligraphy again and analyzed it carefully, only to realize that it was written by his son.

Western scholars believe that the first scholar to propose graphology was the Italian Balti. In 1622, he published an article "Judging a Person's Character from His Handwriting", but did not continue to study it in depth. They believe that the Frenchman Michon is the main founder of graphology and the founder of handwriting analysis. After years of research, he summarized various phenomena in writing, and officially published his monograph "The System of Graphology" in Paris in 1872. Later, the Frenchman Yaman divided handwriting into seven major categories and 175 subcategories, developing Michon's theory and making it more scientific and standardized. Poulfan, a lecturer at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, who is known as the "genius of modern graphology", applied Freud's psychoanalytic theory to graphology in the symbolic form of space. In 1938, the famous scholar Feng Wenyao divided handwriting characteristics into two types: "full observation and partial observation" in his book "Encyclopedia of Scientific Knowledge of Criminal Police". "All observations" include ten categories: (1) Style: the overall momentum of the characters; (2) The layout is loose, compact, even, narrow, straight or clever; (3) The strokes of the writing style, straight or straight; (4) The style of the characters: such as Wang, Yan, Su, Liu, Mi...Han steles, Wei steles, etc.; (5) The width and distance of the intervals between the writings; (6) The evenness, skew and unevenness of the characters; 7) The expression of words. Such as slow, flying, cramped, exquisite, vulgar, weak, clean, dirty; (8) The size of the font. Such as length, skew, tightness, fatness, age and tenderness; (9) The number of words and the position and style of punctuation marks; (10) Reporting of typos.

The "local observation characteristics" include the following five categories: (1) The magical interest in using the pen: such as pen-stopping, pen-downing, pen-lifting, turning pen, folding pen, squatting pen, stopping pen, and covering pen. , pointed pen, etc.; (2) The posture of the starting and ending strokes: such as hidden front and exposed front, straight front and slanted front, straight and side strokes, contracted and square pens, upward and square strokes; (3) point of upward. Cover, flat finish, straight and strong, as well as the angles of starting, picking, pecking, turning; (4) Personal unique strokes or patterns; (5) The word's coming and going...etc.

In 1943, criminologist Xu Shengxi divided handwriting characteristics into eight types: (1) The tendency of the lines of words; (2) The angle of the inclination of the handwriting; (3) The size of the font; (4) The font size Different styles; (5) Neat or messy; (6) Continuous or discontinuous; (7) The weight of the strokes; (8) The speed of the strokes.

After 1949, there were many classifications of handwriting, among which the most representative ones are: the classification of Chinese handwriting identification experts in 1958, which divided handwriting characteristics into general characteristics and individual characteristics. The general characteristics of handwriting refer to the proficiency, size, spacing, inclination, coherence, uniformity, type and pressure of handwriting, etc.; the individual characteristics of handwriting include ten aspects. Mainly include brushstrokes, matching proportions, stroke order, word writing, punctuation, etc.

Another representative classification is that in 1999, Professor Jia Yuwen divided handwriting features into nine categories: (1) Overview features; (2) Local arrangement features; (3) Writing features; (4) Typos features; (5) Matching proportion characteristics; (6) Stroke order characteristics; (7) Brushstroke characteristics; (8) Brush mark characteristics; (9) Written language characteristics and application, etc.

Professor Tu Liyun, a famous handwriting identification expert, has his own understanding of the classification of handwriting based on his own identification practice. She believes: “The handwriting features that have been confirmed and widely used in identification mainly include the following: written language features, text layout features, calligraphy level features, font and font style features, writing style features, typo features, stroke order features, penmanship features, With proportional features, marking features, punctuation marks and Arabic numeral features." In addition, Professor Tu added another feature: "the charm of characters".

The above is a classification of Chinese handwriting from the perspective of handwriting identification. Due to the different research purposes and tasks, the classification has obvious identification characteristics. Mr. Han Jin, a Chinese graphology expert, analyzed the characteristics of Chinese handwriting from five aspects: (1). Including full text layout, margins, line spacing, line packing, character spacing, signature, format, punctuation, pen movement, pen pressure, speed, font tilt, font size, etc.; (2) Words. Including the fluency of writing, the outline of the font (square, round, long, flat, trapezoid, inverted trapezoid, horizontal trapezoid, irregular, radial, hollow), the different structural features of the font, etc.; ( 3) Radical features; (4) Line (stroke) features. Including dot, horizontal, vertical, left and right writing; (5) Partial. Including starting the pen, moving the pen, closing the pen, etc.

Mr. Liu Zhaozhong, an expert in handwriting psychology, divides the characteristics of handwriting into eight aspects: (1) Characteristics of strokes. Including 44 characteristics such as long and strong strokes, short and powerful strokes, thick and vigorous strokes, convoluted strokes, strong strokes, uniform stroke thickness, rigid strokes, and mistakes are covered to prevent identification...; (2) Speed ??(6 characteristics) ) and intensity (4 features); (3) shelf structure features (6 features); (4) ink color features (7 features); (5) font features (16 features); (6) character line features . Including the running of word lines, the start and end of word lines, the spacing between word lines, the distance between word lines and margins, the position of word lines within the grid, etc.; (7) Characteristics of calligraphy. Including 10 characteristics including the preference for writing regular script, cursive script, etc.; (8) Characteristics of composition. It includes 10 characteristics including neat arrangement, seamless integration, large to small characters throughout, lack of coordination...etc. In addition, Mr. Wang Changyu divided handwriting characteristics into seven aspects. His classification has many similarities with Liu Zhaozhong's. The first two classifications are carried out from the two perspectives of handwriting identification and handwriting psychological analysis. Therefore, there are many similarities and certain differences in the classification of handwriting. Since the purpose of handwriting identification is mainly to identify the similarities, differences, and authenticity of handwriting, the classification of handwriting focuses on grasping the handwriting features that can reflect different characteristics. For example, "pen mark characteristics", in terms of handwriting identification, what kind of pen was used to write, whether it was a new pen or an old pen, whether it was written with a complete nib or a broken nib, etc., is very important for handwriting identification and case detection. important. But the value for psychological analysis is not very great. Another example is "language features". From the perspective of handwriting identification, "linguistic characteristics" reflect a person's language habits and language level, such as word usage habits, vocabulary level, grammar and rhetoric characteristics and levels and other personality characteristics. For handwriting identification, these aspects can reflect a person's language characteristics. Therefore, analyzing these differential characteristics of handwriting is very important to distinguish the similarities and differences of handwriting. For the psychological analysis of handwriting, the written language content can also contribute to the psychological analysis of handwriting under certain circumstances. However, in general, handwriting analysis does not pay attention to the writing content, and even deliberately avoids the impact of writing content on handwriting analysis.

According to the different classifications of handwriting, it can be seen that although there are certain differences between the two classifications, these classifications basically reflect the basic characteristics of handwriting, but the classification from the perspective of handwriting identification is more comprehensive. Some. The classification from the perspective of handwriting analysis reflects the need for psychological analysis of handwriting. There are also certain differences in the specific classification of the two major classification angles. For example, the differences between the classifications of Mr. Han Jin and Mr. Liu Zhaozhong are quite obvious.

Looking at the different classifications, although they seem to have their own characteristics and variety, in terms of the basic characteristics of handwriting, they are all included, but there are some different divisions and different focuses from the perspective of subdivision.