1. Blue and white porcelain in Shunzhi period (1644 ~ 16 1 year)

1. Modeling: Modeling, glaze color and ornamentation not only have the legacy of the Ming Dynasty, but also create the characteristics of the Qing Dynasty, which is in a transitional period. Sacrificial vessels include stoves, bottles, water purification bowls, cups, cans and so on. The shape is monotonous, and the market has a double bottom. In the late Ming dynasty, it was a cylindrical furnace, and Shunzhi was a bowl furnace.

2. Process: repair of coarse tires. Bare feet, jumping knife, shrinking glaze. Double soles, also known as leaky soles, have high outer feet and low inner soles, which are only found in Kangxi, Shunzhi.

3. Fetal glaze: the fetal bone is loose and the porcelain is not good.

4. Blue and white: Use less green and more Shi Ziqing. In the early stage of Shunzhi, the color was gloomy, and in the late stage of Shunzhi, the color was rich and purple. When Shunzhi was mostly sauce mouth, Kangxi continued, Yongzheng was less, and then disappeared.

5. Ornaments: Many freehand flowers and Yunlong patterns in the Ming Dynasty. The landscape painting on blue and white porcelain in Qing Dynasty means "four kings" and is used in painting. Draw dragons and phoenixes with white edges, and fine and exquisite stones. Painting poems beside flowers, Shunzhi to the early years of Kangxi. The next poem is painted with phoenix tree leaves, and it says, "The phoenix tree leaves fall and fall all over the world". Or "the plane leaves its roots, and the world is autumn." Some even wrote a poem "Red leaves deliver letters and send thin lovers".

6. Description: There are Shunzhi year system, Qing Shunzhi year system and Daming Shunzhi year system, which may be caused by kiln workers' anti-Qing sentiment. There are many branches and years of sacrificial vessels. Such as "Shunzhi Dingyou" water purification bowl. There are "Jade Hall and Exquisite" and "Baihuazhai" in seal script. Regular script has "Jiajing" and "Wanli" styles.

Second, the blue and white porcelain of Kangxi period (1662 ~ 1722)

During this period, the greatest achievements were made, with ever-changing shapes, meticulous craftsmanship and green colors. Tao Ya said: "China is the best in the world; Kang Yong is the best porcelain in China. Kangyong blue and white can be divided into multiple layers, ranging from five colors to nine colors.

1. Modeling: The early stage is relatively simple, and the modeling has not changed much. There are thick and thin in the later period, and thin is the main one. The shape of the equipment is unprecedented and varied. Plates, bowls, jars and household utensils are common. I saw it later, and the furnishings increased. As big as screens and dragon jars, as small as bird food cans. There are many changes in bowls, such as washing type, pier type, square water chestnut type, hat type, two-fold waist, three-fold waist and so on. Especially the hat bowl is the most typical, characterized by thin carcass. There are phoenix-tailed statues, flower beds, pen containers, elephant leg bottles, barrel bottles and so on.

2. Technology: Bowl, deep belly and high circle, deep dish and bowl bottom, big circle, straight feet and round feet, commonly known as lamp root. Tiny rotation marks can be seen in the exposed part. Part is a wall-shaped foot, and part is a leaky foot. The bottom of the pen container has an umbilical shape, and the interface between the bottle and the jar is not obvious. There are very fine glaze spots at the bottom of dishes, like needles, noses and eyes.

3. Fetal glaze: early loose, gray porcelain; In the later period, it is firm, and the porcelain is delicate and white, such as glutinous rice flour. In the early stage, the glaze was white and bright, containing iron, and it was white in the later stage. Orange peel lines can be seen on the glaze, and the whiteness is enhanced. Blue-and-white flowers in Ming dynasty have a blue taste, while blue-and-white flowers in Qing dynasty are white.

4. Blue and white: Shi Ziqing was the main color in the early stage, and the color was gloomy. In the later period, there were Shi Ziqing and Huiqing, but Huiqing was the main one, with bright, bright and clean colors. Blue and white raw materials are good, the bottom glaze is white, the painting style is exquisite, and the brushwork of the great painter "Four Kings" in the early Qing Dynasty appears layer by layer. Good blue and white have jade texture. There are blue-and-white, blue-and-white with outer sauce, blue-and-white with red glaze, blue-and-white with beans, and purple-and-white. There are blue flowers and snowflake blue in the blue glaze, as well as flower beds and pen containers, mainly blue and white, with dark flowers and grass patterns on the mouth edge and circle foot.

5. Decorations: the early period was rough, and there was a legacy of the late Ming Dynasty. The technique was flat painting with a single line, and the blue filling often spread irregularly and overflowed. The later techniques are smooth and meticulous, and the blue color is drawn in the style of landscape painting. Theme: In the early stage, there were dragons, phoenixes, flowers, birds, fish, insects, beasts and other landscape figures. The later theme is extensive and all-encompassing. Such as "Crying Bamboo in the Dream" in "Twenty-four Filial Pieties". Kangxi's innovative long inscriptions include: Before and After Examples, Before and After Red Cliff Fu, Preface to Lanting, Preface to Wang Tengting and Poem Fu to the Lord. Red seal is often used in the glaze after poetry. The words include "Xi stir-fried skewers", "Xi stir-fried bones", "Wenshan beans", "Wenshan beans" and "bone-stirring pills". Bottles and jars are painted with battle stories, such as The History of the Three Kingdoms and The Water Margin. (commonly known as "Knife and Horse Man") Drama stories include The West Chamber, Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and Running Water. The blue-and-white patterns of several dynasties in Qing Dynasty all like to leave white edges, but the white edges in Kangxi Dynasty are the widest. Kangxi painted chrysanthemums with white edges and many layers. Kangxi began to draw goulian, passion fruit, foreign lotus flowers and so on.

6. Knowledge: early regular script, late seal script. The reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty lasted for six years. There are also fake trusts of Yongle Xuande and Jiajing. Calligraphy in the Ming Dynasty was vigorous and powerful, while the imitation in the Qing Dynasty was pavilion-style, which was relatively weak. Seal script is a thin and hard iron seal script. Regular script has a flat year number and a long bottom pen. Private funds include: Yubao, Xinglin Spring Banquet, Ruoshen Treasure, Beiqingtang Department, Yiyoutang Department, and Kistler Treasure. The number of years of support includes Mo Ding, Guichou and Wushen. Generally, twenty years ago, blue and white were gray. Sesame sauce mouth, Kangxi has it. Kangxi has a lot of fake letters, which is better. The general feature is that the pen is light and neat, which is the style of the cabinet. There are also miscellaneous treasures, Jue, snails, horns, autumn leaves, Fangsheng, Tuanhe and Tuanfeng. There is also a writing brush and a silver ingot, which means "you must be satisfied". There were pictures in Ming Dynasty, but few. Kangxi also has an imitation Tian Zi jar with Tian Zi style written on it. One has only two circles at the bottom. In the early days of Kangxi, this passage was very rare.

Third, the blue and white porcelain of Yongzheng period (1723 ~ 1735)

1. During the Yongzheng period, when imitating Yongle Xuande in the Ming Dynasty, Su Nibo was more clear and less innovative. Innovative cup sets, a set of ten, thin mouth, slightly skimmed, short cup body. There are lanterns, flat-bellied chrysanthemum petal bottles, ear-piercing bottles, Bat jar and so on.

2. Technology: elaborate, pay attention to tire repair, no interface. Foot root is deep and round, commonly known as lamp root. The imitation sand bottom of folk kiln is rough and spiral.

3. Fetal glaze: fine and white, good porcelain, uniform thickness of carcass and moist glaze juice.

4. Blue and white: Inherit the white glaze of Kangxi, which is blue in white and blue in part, but it is not imported, but artificially dyed to make it smudge. Folk kilns are blue-gray, round and dull. During the Yongzheng period, the blue-and-white glaze made by Tang Ying was red, and the color was freely mastered. The color was bright and red and white set each other off, commonly known as Tang kiln.

5. Decoration: it began in the late Kangxi period, and was mainly patterned and rigid, and continued in Yongzheng. Decorative patterns include Yunlong, Yunfeng, Yunhe, broken-branch flower, bound-branch flower, eight treasures of receptacle, and a set of patterns. The lines are slender. Folk kilns include Bagua Kiln, Baxian Kiln, Fanyan Kiln and Goulian Kiln. Sanskrit is flat and long, with patterns. Plain Sanskrit is as plain as Tibetan. The readers of portraits are fishermen and farmers, mostly men; Chess, piano, calligraphy and painting are dominated by women.

6. Description: Blue and white porcelain is mostly regular script, "Qing Yongzheng Year System", with two lines and six characters, three lines and six characters. False trust funds are mostly imitation and moral propaganda. Common square type, soap type and dried bean curd type in folk kiln. Four flowers, both in the late Yongzheng period and the early Qianlong period.

Four. Qianlong blue and white porcelain (1736 ~ 1795)

1. modeling: porcelain tires have both thickness and all-encompassing forms. There are daily utensils, exhibits, Four Treasures of the Study, sacrificial supplies, Yin He, vials, etc.

2. Craft: A breakthrough compared with Kangxi, such as pastel revolving bottle and blue and white five-hole double-ring bottle. Jiaqing has a movable ring, but it has glaze. When it is dry, it is not glazed, and the double rings are active. Big, not deformed, neat, well-proportioned, stiff lines, not as soft as Yongzheng.

3. Fetal glaze: hard white, not as hard as Kangxi. The glaze is delicate and shiny, and part of it imitates Kangxi pulp white glaze. Folk kilns have gray-green glaze.

4. Blue and white: In the early stage, it inherited the Yongzheng Dynasty, imitating Yongle Xuande in the Ming Dynasty, and its color was gray, not as bright as Yongzheng, but its image was clear and its color was stable. White glaze, Kangxi fine, dry and thick. Dry and bright, Kangxi is green and gray. Blue and white plasma tire, light weight, split, dry and long like Kangxi, uneven glaze color, orange peel. There are exquisite blue and white plus color, carmine blue and white.

5. Ornaments: The official kiln is complicated. In the later period, auspicious patterns were mainly used, such as white dew, ganoderma lucidum, group-shaped seal script, landscape and scenery.

6. Money: The amount of seal script increases, but the amount of regular script decreases. There are six words and two lines and six words and three lines. There are imitations of Xuande, Chenghua and flowers.

Comparison of blue and white flowers in Qianlong and Jiaqing periods;

1. modeling: the stems are light and dexterous, and the thick ones are also symmetrical. Jiaqing is heavy and clumsy.

2. Technology: dry and meticulous, pay attention to tire repair, round feet, and less exposed tires. Jiaqing is rough, does not pay attention to tire repair, has fewer round feet, more pointed feet and more exposed tires.

3. Fetal glaze: The dry tire is hard and thin, and the glaze color is fine and white. Jiaqing fetal quality is coarse and loose, pale white and blue, with poor finish.

4. Blue and white: dry, bright and pure. Jiaqing is gloomy and unstable in color.

5. Ornaments: Qianlong's paintings are meticulous and the theme is antique. Jiaqing's paintings are rough and have many auspicious patterns.

In short, after Jiaqing, the economy declined, blue and white declined, and famille rose. During the Guangxu period, blue and white were once improved. According to the records of the Qing Palace, when Guangxu got married, a large number of blue and white porcelain imitating Kangxi were burned. Xu Zhiheng wrote "Talking about Porcelain in Drinking Liuzhai", which records: "Recently, there are also very fine blue and white products imitating Kangxi."

V. Blue and white porcelain after Jiaqing (1796 ~1911year)

1. style: heavy and clumsy, with stiff lines. Manufacturing methods of decorative ears for bottles and cans, such as Kuifeng ear, bat ear, lion head ear, Shuanglong ear, deer head ear, etc. New varieties are: blue and white Deng Gai, medicine bottle, washbasin, wall bottle, spittoon and so on.

2. Technology: the toe cap is rough and round, the tire repair is not tight, and the thickness is uneven.

3. Fetal glaze: the fetal quality is crisp, the density is not strong, and the hardness is not enough. The glaze is thin and not wet enough. When Daoguang, the glaze was wavy and uneven, and there were some orange peel lines in Guangxu.

4. Blue and white: the hair color is not very bright, white and gray, and some are taupe. The overall characteristics are floating feeling and thin bottom glaze. Sea blue appeared, floating in the color, harsh.

5. decorations: not exquisite enough. Auspicious patterns are very popular, and there are many dishes with linked patterns. Fu Lushou's three-star map began in Yongzheng and increased in Tongzhi and Guangxu. Bats, peaches and unicorns are gifts, and Five Blessingg is a symbol of longevity. After Daoguang, butterflies with melons are painted together, indicating that melons overlap. There are goldfish, pigeons, dogs, cats and so on.

6. Money: the year number of the emperor. Taoist Jia used regular script and seal script, while Xianfeng used regular script. There are bats, peaches, knots and so on, and each dynasty is different. When Jia Dao painted a pair of bats, there was a bat peach in Xianfeng period of Daoguang, and a second-birthday peach in Xianfeng period. During Tongzhi period, there were hundreds of knots after Daoguang.