Swedish chemist, inventor and industrialist, founder of the Nobel Prize. Nobel18331012/0/was born in Stockholm, Sweden. 184 1 to 1842 studied at St. jacoby's Church School in Stockholm. 1843- 1850 studied under Russian and Swiss tutors in Petersburg, Russia. From 1850 to 1852, Nobel traveled and studied extensively in Europe and America, which increased his knowledge and broadened his horizons. /kloc-at the age of 0/6, he is proficient in English, German, French, Swiss, Swedish and Russian, which laid a solid foundation for his future inventions.
Nobel's father, Emmanuel Nobel, is an inventor and owns a large machinery factory in Russia. 1840 ——1859 His father is engaged in large-scale mine production in St. Petersburg. These mines and other weapons were used in the Crimean war. He invented the boiler system for home heating, designed a machine for making wooden wheels, designed and manufactured a large forging hammer, and transformed the factory equipment. 1853, Tsar Nicholas I made an exception and awarded Emmanuel Nobel a medal in recognition of his achievements. Under the influence and guidance of his father's endless creative spirit, Nobel embarked on a brilliant road of scientific invention.
After growing up, he studied in St. Petersburg, and Nobel went to France and the United States for further study. He returned to Sweden to study and invent chemistry, especially explosives. Nobel and his son set up a laboratory in the suburb of Stockholm, and developed a mercury tube to solve the detonation of explosives for the first time. 1863 began to produce glycerol explosives. Because liquid explosives are prone to explosion accidents, in 1866, he made a solid safe violent explosive "Danamat", which became the cornerstone of Nobel International Industrial Group in the future. 1867 invented the safety detonator, and then successively invented various more powerful explosives. He had nearly 400 inventions such as explosives and rayon in his life and obtained 85 patents. These inventions made Nobel occupy an important position in the history of world chemistry. Nobel accumulated a lot of wealth by making explosives. He bought most of the shares in the Swedish chemical plant B. Gorsbon Arms, founded the Nobel Chemical Company, opened two trust companies for producing explosives in western European countries, and owned the Nobel Brothers Company for oil exploration in Baku, Russia.
Before his death, he made a will in 1895 and used most of his $9.2 million property as a fund. He set up five prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace with an annual interest of $200,000 (the Swedish National Foundation added the economics prize in 1969) to reward scholars who made the greatest contribution in the above fields that year. Starting from 190 1, the bonus will be paid every year on 65438+February 10.
Alfred nobel doesn't want to write a biography. He thinks that no one will read an article about a person.
Nobel's personal evaluation is-"the greatest advantage: keeping nails clean never poses a burden to anyone." The biggest characteristics: no family, lack of cheerful spirit, good appetite. The biggest and only requirement: don't be buried alive. The biggest sin: not worshiping the god of wealth. Life events: none. "
All his life, Nobel sought strength from nature under the threat of death. He only used a few short words when describing his scientific and technological achievements in his life-"The author of this article was born in 1833 10/0/0/0/2/0/0, and his knowledge was obtained from a tutor and he never went to an institution of higher learning. He is especially devoted to the research of applied chemistry. The explosives he invented in his life include: high explosive, smokeless powder, "Balisti" or C89. On 1884, he joined the Royal Swedish Science Society, the Royal London Society and the Paris Society of Civil Engineers. 1880 won the Science Medal and the French Grand Medal initiated by the King of Sweden. "
1October 2 1 day, Alfred Berhard Nobel was born. According to Swedish naming convention, Alfred is the first name and Nobel is the surname. However, according to the established title, the surname of the Nobel family is usually used to refer to Alfred himself.
When Nobel was born, his family went bankrupt because of a fire. His father is worried that he will not live long, because he seems to have no strength to breathe and suck milk, and he has been living in the shadow of illness since he was a child.
School life in alfred nobel is limited to primary schools. When he reached school age, he was sent to St. Jacob's Senior Guardian Primary School in Stockholm for several semesters. In this primary school, he got the highest score in all his lessons and morality, which is one of the three students with the highest score among 82 students.
From 65438 to 0842, Nobel went to live in Petersburg, Russia with his family, and his father opened a Nobel family school for his three brothers at home. In the following six or seven years, Nobel, who loved poetry, lived in the "Shelley Dream" all the time, but his father was disgusted, thinking that poetry was just a pastime for lazy women, and promising men should not and should not disdain to take pleasure in it. In home school, tutor Zinin was the most famous chemist in Russia at that time, which had the greatest influence on Nobel science education.
1850, when Nobel 17 years old, his father decided to send Nobel to European countries and the United States to see the world for the development of his family business, and at the same time to inspect the present situation and progress of mechanical and chemical industries in European countries and the United States. It was not until 2 1 that he returned to Petersburg. During this period, he began to contact the manufacturing technology of nitroglycerin explosives. 1863, Nobel returned to Sweden to develop explosives with his father and brother. The factory was destroyed by an accidental explosion, and his brother was killed. The government banned them from further experiments. Therefore, he once set up his own laboratory on a barge in Lake Mara outside Stockholm.
1one day in the autumn of 866, the explosion test of mercury fulminate was successful, which is the detonator widely used today. Since then, Nobel's series of inventions in explosives have made him the "father of modern explosives".
Due to the refusal of the French government, Nobel was forced to move to San Remo, Italy in 189 1. At this point, he is 58 years old. In the six years since 1896 died here, he has been devoted to various new inventions in San Remo, involving chemistry, machinery, electricity, medicine and other fields.
How many inventions and patents did Nobel complete in his life? According to the incomplete statistics of Nobel's assistant Sohlman, Nobel won 35 1 patents in his life.
1896165438+1On October 28th, Nobel fell in his study. When the servant saw this, he immediately carried him to the bedroom on the second floor. When the invited doctor arrived, Nobel's brain was partially necrotic. He can't speak French and Italian that he is familiar with at all, but he can mumble some words in his native Swedish. The assistants, doctors and servants present were all French and Italians, and no one could understand his last words except the word telegram. In the same year, at 2 am on February 2, 65438, Nobel died of cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 63.
When Nobel died, his relatives and friends were not around, and even his favorite assistant, Sohlman, was far away in Sweden. As he feared before his death: "When I am dying, maybe there are no relatives or friends around me, close my eyelids kindly and say a word of comfort in my ear."
A generation of science and technology superstars, in this way, fell in the starry sky at the end of the century.
Bell's will
In the last few years of his life, Nobel made three wills with very similar contents. The first one is written in 1889, the second one in 1893 and the third one in 1895. Finally, it was deposited in a bank in Stockholm, which was the last will under its control.
The will cancelled the part distributed to relatives and friends and set up an award fund with all his property. Published in Sweden, starting with 1897:
The undersigned, alfred nobel, after careful consideration, hereby declares the final will of the property that may be left to me as follows:
All my property that can be converted into cash will be handled in the following ways: this fund will be invested in security securities by my executor and will constitute a fund; Its interest will be distributed in the form of annual bonus to those who brought the greatest benefits to mankind in the previous year. The above interest will be divided into five parts equally, and the distribution method is as follows: one part will be given to the person who made the most important discovery or invention in physics; One prize is given to those who have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; One for those who have made the most important discoveries in physiology and medicine; A person who creates the best works with idealistic tendencies in literature; One is a person who has done his best to promote friendship between countries, abolish or reduce the standing army and convene a peace conference. Physics and chemistry prizes will be awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; The physiology and medicine prize is awarded by Caroline Medical College in Stockholm; The literature prize is awarded by the Swedish Academy Literature Prize in Stockholm; The Peace Prize is awarded by a five-member committee elected by the Norwegian Parliament. My clear wish is that when awarding these bonuses, regardless of the nationality of the winning candidate and whether he is Scandinavian or not, as long as he is well-deserved, he should be awarded bonuses.
I hereby declare that it is my urgent desire to distribute bonuses in this way.
This is my only valid will. After my death, if I find any wills about the disposal of property before, these wills will be invalid.
Alfred Berhard Nobel
1895165438+1October 27th
The will was declared invalid.
At the beginning of Nobel's will, the criticism and condemnation of Swedish public opinion prevailed. The press openly encourages relatives to appeal, and the main reasons for opposition are "legal defects" and "unpatriotic". The press believes that a Swede doesn't care about Sweden's interests, doesn't donate this huge legacy to Sweden, doesn't give the Swedes or even Scandinavians the priority of winning prizes, and asks Sweden to undertake these extra tasks, thus causing them trouble without any benefits, and it is unpatriotic for Swedish award-winning institutions to successfully complete the tasks assigned to them. The will also entrusted the task of awarding the Peace Prize to a committee appointed by the Norwegian Parliament. At that time, the relationship between Sweden and Norway was already very tense, which would seriously damage Sweden's interests. Some social Democrats accused Nobel of setting up bonuses to support individual outstanding figures, which did not help social progress. They believe that Nobel's property comes from labor and nature and should benefit every member of society.
Criticism of legal defects was once thought to invalidate the whole will. The first fault picked out by the clever lawyer is that the will does not clearly state which country the testator is a citizen. In this way, it is difficult to determine which country's law enforcement agency should judge the legality of the will, let alone which government should organize the Nobel Fund Committee. This accusation is not unreasonable, because Nobel was born in Sweden and grew up in Russia, and his entrepreneurial activities spread all over Europe, and he did not become a citizen of any European country in his later years. The second problem they picked out was that the will did not clearly indicate who would be responsible for keeping all the property. They said that although the will said that a foundation would be set up, it did not specify who would organize the foundation. Therefore, it can be considered that the person subjected to execution has no right to inherit the inheritance, and the basis for inheriting the inheritance does not exist.
The most frustrating thing is that in his will, Nobel entrusted the Swedish Academy of Sciences to evaluate the physics prize and the chemistry prize, while Hans Faucheur, president of the Academy of Sciences, advocated donating Nobel's property to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, and Faucheur refused to attend the meeting to study the award details.
Executor Surman and others made unremitting efforts. On May 2 1 day, the King of Sweden declared Nobel's will valid. 1900 On June 29th, the Swedish Parliament adopted the articles of association of the Nobel Foundation. 19011February 10, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death, the first Nobel Prize was awarded.