He was born in a family of technicians, 1833,10,21. A thin baby was born in this family. He was the later dynamite king Nobel. Nobel grew up sickly, tenacious and unwilling to lag behind. Nobel's father is very concerned about little Nobel's hobbies and often tells him stories about scientists, encouraging him to grow up and be a useful person. Nobel's mother, Carol Lyman, is an educated woman, pragmatic, optimistic, open-minded, modest and polite. She is strict and kind to children, and often takes Nobel to do some work such as watering flowers, weeding and taking out garbage. 184 1 year, Nobel was 8 years old, and he finally reached school age. Nobel entered the local Yuetai Primary School, which was the only school in his life that received formal education. Due to illness, Nobel has the lowest attendance rate in the class. But at school, he studies very hard, so his grades are often among the best. At that time, Nobel's father had gone to work in neighboring Finland because of difficulties in making a living. He and his mother stayed in Stockholm. Not long after, a mine created by Nobel's father was known to the Russian minister. The minister visited his products and enjoyed them very much. He was warmly invited to work in Russia and sent to Petersburg (Leningrad). The mine he created was used by the Russian army to stop the advance of the British fleet during the Crimean War in 1853. From 65438 to 0842, the Nobel family moved to Petersburg, Russia. Nobel, 9, can't enter the local school because he doesn't know Russian and is in poor health. His father hired a tutor to help his three brothers learn culture. Teachers often evaluate their grades and report their studies to their fathers. Nobel has made rapid progress. After studying, he likes to do odd jobs in the factory with his father. Nobel followed his father and watched him design and develop mines, mining boats and explosives. What he saw and heard sprouted the ideal of devoting himself to science in his young mind. Father also very much hopes that he will study mechanics and become a mechanic when he grows up. 1850, 17-year-old Nobel crossed the ocean as an engineer and went to the workshop of the famous American engineer Allison for an internship. After the internship expired, he stayed in Europe and America for four years before returning to China. During the inspection, wherever he went, he immediately began to work and got a deep understanding of the industrial development of various countries. Nobel was sickly and very diligent since he was a child. /kloc-in the summer of 0/854, his illness became more and more serious and he had to leave work for treatment. During the treatment, he wrote to his father and said, "I hope to end this nomadic life as soon as possible and start a new life with more activities." It's really annoying to kill time in the present life. "He devoted himself to his work and study before he got well. Nobel's father moved back to Sweden in 1859. At that time, many countries urgently demanded to develop mining industry and speed up mining. Explosives can't meet this need, which is a big problem to be solved urgently. Nobel, who knows the industrial situation of various countries, has strengthened his determination to increase the output of explosives. At this time, an amazing news came: France invented explosives with excellent performance. In fact, the news is inaccurate. It turned out that General Piguet, a famous French ordnance expert, found that there could be no better result with the existing explosives when studying how to improve the range and speed of bullets, and he had to improve the explosives. So, the war department organized forces and began to study explosives. This incident prompted Nobel to devote himself to the study of explosives. Nobel was locked in the laboratory all day, looking up information and doing various explosion experiments again and again. His parents understand the danger of engaging in explosives and are very unhappy about his changing his major. One day, his father said to him, "Son, your job is mechanical, so you should concentrate on your work, and you'd better not be distracted in other ways." Nobel said: "It is very important to improve explosives. Once used in production, it will create great wealth for mankind. Of course, danger is inevitable. I'll try to be careful. "Since then, Nobel has often publicized and explained the significance of improving explosives to relatives and friends. In this way, more and more people sympathized with him and sponsored him. Even his parents who opposed him were moved by his strong will and had to acquiesce. 2. Before the Nobel Prize, he studied explosives, and many people studied and made explosives. China's black powder had already spread to Europe. Italian Subero invented nitroglycerin in 1847, which is a powerful explosive much more powerful than black powder. However, this kind of explosive is particularly sensitive, easy to explode and dangerous to manufacture, store and transport. People don't know how to use it. 1at the beginning of 862, Nobel's brother tried to make better explosives with nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin, he thought, is a liquid and difficult to control. If mixed with solid black powder, it can be made into a good explosive. After repeated experiments, he found that the power of explosives was greatly weakened after being left for several hours, and it was of no practical value. Old Nobel failed. Nobel continued his research. In the past, people used to ignite the fuse to trigger the explosion of black powder, which was safe and reliable. However, this method cannot make nitroglycerin explode. Nitroglycerin is not only easy to explode by itself, but also difficult to explode according to human requirements. Therefore, in the ten years after its invention, it was not used as an explosive except for treating angina pectoris. 1862 In May and June, Nobel made a very important experiment: put nitroglycerin in a small glass tube and plug the nozzle; Then, put this glass tube into a slightly larger metal tube filled with black powder, plug in the fire tube and plug the metal nozzle tightly; After lighting the fire tube, throw the metal tube into the ditch. As a result, there was a violent explosion, which was obviously much more violent than the explosion of the same amount of black powder. This shows that all nitroglycerin has completely exploded. This situation inspired Nobel to realize that in a sealed container, a small amount of black powder exploded first, which could completely explode the separated nitroglycerin. 1In the autumn of 863, Nobel and his younger brother set up a laboratory in Helenpo, Stockholm, engaged in the manufacture and research of nitroglycerin. After many experiments, at the end of this year, Nobel finally invented an effective method to make nitroglycerin explode. At first, Nobel used black powder as detonator; Later, he invented a detonator to detonate nitroglycerin. In 1864, he obtained a patent for this invention. After the initial success, great setbacks followed. 1On September 3rd, 864, an explosion occurred in Helenpo laboratory while making nitroglycerin, killing five people on the spot, including Nobel's younger brother. After the disaster, the surrounding residents were very frightened and strongly opposed to Nobel's production of nitroglycerin there. As a result, Nobel had to transfer the equipment to Lake Malaren near Stockholm to make nitroglycerin on board. After many twists and turns, in March of 1865, Nobel found a new site in Winterwigan, where he built the world's first nitroglycerin factory. 3. The explosion family is really full of thorns on the road of Nobel's progress. All countries in the world buy nitroglycerin made by him, which often explodes: an American train is blown into a pile of scrap iron because of explosive explosion; A factory in Germany, due to the explosion of explosives, the factory building and nearby houses were all in ruins; The seagoing ship "Europa" was bumped by strong winds in the Atlantic Ocean, causing nitroglycerin to explode and sink. These tragic accidents have made countries around the world lose confidence in nitroglycerin, and some countries even banned the manufacture, storage and transportation of nitroglycerin. In the face of this difficult situation, Nobel did not lose heart. He is convinced that it is entirely possible to solve the problem of unstable nitroglycerin. A year has passed. Nobel found in repeated experiments that the danger of explosion can be reduced by adsorbing nitroglycerin with some porous charcoal powder, sawdust and diatomite. Finally, he used a heavy diatomite to adsorb three nitroglycerin, and made nitroglycerin industrial explosive which was safe to transport and use for the first time. This is a Nobel safety explosive. In order to dispel people's doubts and fears about nitroglycerin explosives,1On July 4, 867, Nobel made a comparative experiment in a mine in England: he first put a box of safe explosives on a pile of firewood and lit it. As a result, the box of explosives did not explode; He dropped another box of safety explosives from a cliff about 20 meters high. As a result, this box of explosives did not explode. Then, he placed safety explosives in caves, iron drums and boreholes and detonated them with detonators. And it all exploded. The experiment was a complete success and left a deep impression on the visitors. Nobel's safety explosives are really safe. Soon, Nobel established the Safe Explosives Trust Company to sell this kind of explosives to the whole world. Since then, people have ended the era of producing black powder in manual workshops and entered the stage of large-scale industrial production of safe explosives. 1873, the Nobel Trust Fund for Safe Explosives has set up a general office in Paris with a laboratory. He did many experiments here to improve the manufacturing method of explosives. Nobel's safety explosives are much more powerful than black powder, and they are safe and reliable, so the sales volume has soared and gradually swept the world. 1867 sold 1 1 ton, 1874 sold 3000 tons. Safety explosives also have disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is that the explosive force is not as great as that of pure nitroglycerin. It is for this reason that nitroglycerin is still used as an explosive in some places. How to find a new explosive with both the explosive power of nitroglycerin and the safety performance of safe explosives has become the goal that many inventors have been trying to find for some time. This time, it was Nobel who succeeded first. One day, while working in the laboratory, Nobel cut his finger and put a nitrocellulose with low nitrogen content on the wound. That night, he couldn't sleep because of the pain in the wound. He lay in bed thinking about the main problem in his work: how to mix nitrocellulose with nitroglycerin. Nitrocellulose is made by the interaction between cellulose and mixed acid of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, and it is a kind of thing that is easy to catch fire. Because of the different mixing ratio of nitric acid and sulfuric acid and different action time, the nitrogen content of nitrocellulose produced is high or low. Nobel has long wanted to mix nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose to make explosives, but it has not been successful. Now, inspired by the fact that dressings can absorb blood, Nobel suddenly thought of whether nitrocellulose with low nitrogen content can be mixed with nitroglycerin. He got up, forgot the pain in his fingers, ran to the laboratory and started the experiment alone. He dissolved about one part of collodion in nine parts of nitroglycerin and got a kind of explosive glue-fried glue. The next day, when Nobel's assistant Warren Bach went to work, a new type of explosive glue had been made. Wallenbach was pleasantly surprised, and he admired his ecstasy. After years of experiments, 1887, Nobel added a small amount of camphor to nitroglycerin and collodion, and invented smokeless gunpowder. Until today, gunpowder widely used in military industry belongs to this type. Smokeless powder is much more explosive than black powder, and it burns fully and has little smoke, so people call it smokeless powder. To make explosives, it is necessary to have powerful explosive power, be safe and reliable, and be able to explode at any time according to people's requirements. Nobel made safe explosives, smokeless powder and detonators, which solved these three problems well. People call Nobel the king of explosives, and he deserves it. Nobel studied explosives and always attached importance to applying the research results to production. He believes that only inventions that achieve practical results in production are useful. Therefore, his invention can be applied to production quickly and get real economic benefits immediately. 1863, Nobel invented nitroglycerin detonator. That autumn, he began to make nitroglycerin and detonators in his laboratory. 1865, just outside Stockholm, the first nitroglycerin factory was built. 1866, Nobel made a safe explosive and put it into production the next year. After three years, the annual sales increased from 1 1 ton to 424 tons, and after seven years, it surged to 3 120 tons. Nobel pioneered the rapid application of scientific research results to production. Nobel, a versatile inventor of explosives, is a versatile with rich knowledge and wide interests. He is quite familiar with electricity, optics, mechanics, biology and physiology, and often associates his research with other disciplines. He said: "All kinds of sciences are interrelated in essence. In order to solve problems in a certain scientific field, we should rely on other related scientific knowledge. "Nobel won 355 patents in his life. In his later years, he experimented with rayon and rubber. Although it didn't succeed, it was of great help to his later inventions. Speaking of Nobel, people praised him as a great inventor. Few people know that he is also a poet and a literary lover. He likes reading various literary masterpieces from Sweden, Britain, France, Germany and Russia. He especially likes the poems of the English poet Shelley. In a lyric poem he wrote, there is such a sentence: "I only know how to concentrate on reading, explore nature and draw knowledge from the vast and profound treasure spring of knowledge." "

[Edit this paragraph] Inventor

Nobel's father is a talented inventor who devoted himself to chemical research, especially explosives. Influenced by his father, Nobel showed a tenacious and brave character from an early age. He often goes to test explosives with his father. The experience of studying explosives with his father for many years also made his interest quickly turn to the application of chemical explosives. 1in the summer of 862, he began to study nitroglycerin. This is a difficult journey full of danger and sacrifice. Death has always been with him. An explosion experiment exploded and the laboratory was blown up without a trace. All five assistants were killed, even his youngest brother. This amazing explosion gave Nobel's father a very heavy blow and died soon. His neighbors, out of fear, also sued Nobel to the government. Since then, the government has not allowed Nobel to conduct experiments in this city. But Nobel is indomitable. He moved his laboratory to a boat in a suburban lake to continue his experiment. After long-term research, he finally found a substance that is very easy to cause explosion-mercury fulminate. He used mercury fulminate to make explosive detonator, which successfully solved the problem of explosive detonation. This is the invention of detonator. This is a major breakthrough on Nobel's scientific road. Mine development, river excavation, railway construction and tunnel excavation all need a large number of high explosives, so the advent of nitroglycerin explosives has been widely welcomed. Nobel built the world's first nitroglycerin factory in Sweden, and then set up a joint venture abroad to produce explosives. However, the explosive itself has many imperfections. It will decompose when stored for a long time, and strong vibration will also cause explosion. Many accidents occurred during transportation and storage. In view of these circumstances, the governments of Sweden and other countries have repeatedly issued bans to prohibit anyone from transporting explosives invented by Nobel, and clearly put forward that Nobel should be investigated for legal responsibility. In the face of these tests, Nobel was not intimidated. On the basis of repeated research, he invented a safe explosive with diatomite as absorbent. This kind of safe explosive, called yellow explosive, shows great safety under the action of fire and hammer. This completely dispelled people's doubts about Nobel explosives, Nobel regained its credibility, and the explosive industry also developed rapidly. On the basis of the successful development of safe explosives, Nobel began to improve old explosives and research and produce new explosives. Two years later, a new colloidal explosive made of gunpowder cotton and nitroglycerin was successfully developed. This new explosive is not only powerful, but also safer. It can be rolled between hot rollers or pressed into rope shape under hot air. The invention of colloidal explosives has been widely concerned by the scientific and technological circles. In the face of his achievements, Nobel did not stop. When he learned the advantages of smokeless powder, he devoted himself to the research and development of mixed smokeless powder and developed a new type of smokeless powder in a short time. Nobel made many inventions in his life and obtained 255 patents, including 129 kinds of explosives. As he lay dying, he was still obsessed with the research of new explosives.

[Edit this paragraph] Industrial Empire

Nobel said before his death that he didn't like doing business, and he hated those shady commercial disputes. He would rather enter his technical laboratory than those commercial arbitration institutes. But he is indeed a wealthy businessman, and the Nobel branch established in various countries before his death can be said to be the pioneer of modern multinational companies. The first step was carried out on a barge abandoned by Lake Meralen. 18631June14th, after Nobel obtained the patent of nitroglycerin detonator in Sweden, he wanted to set up a factory and put it into production immediately. Due to the ban of the municipal authorities, he couldn't find a venue anywhere in the city, so he had to start production in the "Ship Chemical Plant". Since then, four factories have been opened in Nobel, Sweden. 1865, Nobel opened the German Nobel Company in Hamburg, Germany; During the period from 1873 to 189 1 moving to France, there were 7 factories owned by French Nobel Company. The number of factories owned by Nobel Company in Britain has increased to eight; By the 1970s, Nobel had become an industrial tycoon. He entrusted his eldest brother to open chemical plants in Finland and Russia, and also invested in the Nobel Brothers Oil Company, which was once one of the important sources of Nobel's huge assets. Later, companies and factories in various countries were reorganized into two international trusts: Yingde Trust and Latin Trust. From 1886 to 10 in 1896, Nobel multinational companies have spread all over 2 1 countries, with more than 90 factories and 10000 employees. By the end of 1980s and the beginning of 1990s, Nobel Multinational Corporation had actually become a huge industrial empire. During his working and living in Paris, Nobel had many anecdotes about him. One said that he hired a French girl as a cook and told him that she was going to quit her job and get married. Nobel asked the French girl what she wanted him to give her as a wedding present. The clever French girl suggested that she wanted nothing but "Mr. Nobel's money in a day". This requirement stumped Nobel, because Nobel himself didn't know how much money he earned a day. However, Nobel is a man who must keep his word, so after several days of calculation, he calculated that he can earn about 40,000 francs a day. In this way, he gave the girl 40 thousand francs as a wedding gift. It is said that the value of the money at that time, just its interest, can make the girl live comfortably for a lifetime.

[Edit this paragraph] The poet's dream

Nobel was deeply influenced by the English poet Shelley when he was a teenager, so he dreamed of becoming a poet. As an adult, Nobel's love for literature remains the same as his love for science, although he is busy with technological inventions and business development and has little spare time. It can be said that literature and science are the two spiritual pillars of Nobel. For English literature, Nobel not only likes reading the works of Shelley, Byron and Shakespeare, but also is very familiar with the works of even less famous English writers. As for French literature, he not only directly contacted Hugo and read his works, but also widely read the works of Mo Bosang, Balzac, Zola and others. For Russian literature, he likes to read the works of Nikolai Gogol, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Turgenev. He has read the literary works of Ibsen, Bjornsen, Garbo and Kieran about Scandinavian countries, including his native Sweden. He has unique comments on these works. Nobel not only likes reading literary works, but also tries to create literary works. He writes poems, and riddle is one of his autobiographical long poems. In his later years, he began to write novels, such as In the Brightest Africa written by186/kloc-0 and Sisters written by 1862. These two works express his views on social reform. The comedy patent invented by Bacillus written by 1895 is a criticism of reality, and the works are full of satire and sarcasm. His only officially published play is Nemesis, written in 1895. When the tragedy was published in Paris, Nobel had passed away forever. His family thought: "A poor play like this can't bring honor to a great man." So only three copies were kept, and the others were destroyed. The family's decision may be right, because the poet temperament that Nobel showed when he was young has disappeared in the long and unromantic years of inventors and big business owners. Nobel also likes philosophy closely related to literature. For the famous European and American philosophers at that time, he preferred the positivist philosophy of British philosopher Spencer. In philosophy, he listed the contents and outlines of some papers to be written.

[Edit this paragraph] Love

Before and after Nobel's death, people often said that he was the "richest tramp" in Europe. He has no wife, no children and no fixed place to live all his life. He once said, "The place where I work is my home." Three women once came into his life, but one died young, one missed, and one was ignorant and ungrateful. Nobel's love is a tragedy. During his youth trip to Europe and America, Nobel had a brief love affair with a French girl in Paris. Unfortunately, the girl died suddenly soon. 1876, when Nobel was 43 years old, Bertha, the daughter of Austrian Grand Marshal Franz kinski, applied to be his secretary. Nobel fell in love with her at first sight, but Bertha's heart was hers. Although they can't get married, they have established an eternal friendship. Bertha later became a famous woman writer and one of the pioneers of the world peace movement. 1In the autumn of 876, Nobel went to Austria on business and met Sophie, a flower girl, in a flower shop in Vienna. Since then, Nobel and Sophie have maintained a relationship of nearly 15 years (say 18 years). Nobel had hoped that Sophie would be his partner, and bought her a beautiful villa in the sanatorium and a gorgeous mansion in the rich area of Paris. However, because Sophie is uneducated, uneducated, does not listen to Nobel's persuasion, and only knows how to spend money and debauchery, which makes Nobel feel sad and disappointed. 189 1 In the spring of, she wrote to tell Nobel that she was going to give birth to a child whose father was a Hungarian officer. Nobel was completely disappointed when he saw the news. He still wrote to comfort her and give her advice. From then on, Nobel decided not to associate with her, and provided her with a pension of 300,000 Hungarian kroner through a lawyer, which was a large sum of money at that time. After Nobel died, Sophie went to ragnar Sohlman. She threatened to sell the original 2 16 letters that Nobel gave her, if she got no more than what was stipulated in her will. At this point, Solman has been besieged. In order to avoid possible scandals, the executors bought these letters conditionally, so as to ensure that they will not suffer any mistakes in the future. Nobel once called Sophie "Madame Sophie Nobel" in these letters. After Nobel's death, those letters were locked in the storage room in Stockholm. It was not published with Nobel autobiography until 1955.

[Edit this paragraph] will

In the last few years of his life, Nobel made three wills with very similar contents. The first one is written in 1889, the second one in 1893 and the third one in 1895. Finally, it was deposited in a bank in Stockholm, which was the last will under its control. This will cancelled the part that was distributed to relatives and friends, and set up an award fund with all my property, which was made public in Sweden, beginning with 1897. After mature consideration, alfred nobel, the signer, announced the following final will on the property I may leave: "All the property I left can be converted into cash and treated as follows: this capital will be invested in safe securities by my executor and will constitute a fund; Its interest will be distributed in the form of annual bonus to those who brought the greatest benefits to mankind in the previous year. The above interest will be divided into five parts equally, and the distribution method is as follows: one part will be given to the person who made the most important discovery or invention in physics; One prize is given to those who have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; One for those who have made the most important discoveries in physiology and medicine; A person who creates the best works with idealistic tendencies in literature; One is a person who has done his best to promote friendship between countries, abolish or reduce the standing army and convene a peace conference. Physics and chemistry prizes will be awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; The physiology and medicine prize is awarded by Caroline Medical College in Stockholm; The literature prize is awarded by the Swedish Academy Literature Prize in Stockholm; The Peace Prize is awarded by a five-member committee elected by the Norwegian Parliament. My clear wish is that when awarding these bonuses, regardless of the nationality of the winning candidate and whether he is Scandinavian or not, as long as he is well-deserved, he should be awarded bonuses. I hereby declare that it is my urgent desire to distribute bonuses in this way. This is my only valid will. After my death, if I find any wills about the disposal of property before, these wills will be invalid. Alfred Berhard Nobel1895165438+1October 27th, after the publication of Nobel's will, the voice of criticism and condemnation from Swedish public opinion prevailed. The press openly encourages relatives to appeal, and the main reasons for opposition are "legal defects" and "unpatriotic". The press believes that a Swede doesn't care about Sweden's interests, doesn't donate this huge legacy to Sweden, doesn't give the Swedes or even Scandinavians the priority of winning prizes, and asks Sweden to undertake these extra tasks, thus causing them trouble without any benefits, and it is unpatriotic for Swedish award-winning institutions to successfully complete the tasks assigned to them. The will also awarded the Peace Prize to a committee appointed by the Norwegian Parliament. At that time, the relationship between Sweden and Norway was already very tense, which would seriously damage Sweden's interests. Some social Democrats accused Nobel of setting up bonuses to support individual outstanding figures, which did not help social progress. They believe that Nobel's property comes from labor and nature and should benefit every member of society. Criticism of legal defects was once thought to invalidate the whole will. The first fault picked out by the clever lawyer is that the will does not clearly state which country the testator is a citizen. In this way, it is difficult to determine which country's law enforcement agency should judge the legality of the will, let alone which government should organize the Nobel Fund Committee. This accusation is not unreasonable, because Nobel was born in Sweden and grew up in Russia, and his entrepreneurial activities spread all over Europe, and he did not become a citizen of any European country in his later years. The second problem they picked out was that the will did not clearly indicate who would be responsible for keeping all the property. They said that although the will said that a foundation would be set up, it did not specify who would organize the foundation. Therefore, it can be considered that the person subjected to execution has no right to inherit the inheritance, and the basis for inheriting the inheritance does not exist. The most frustrating thing is that in his will, Nobel entrusted the Swedish Academy of Sciences to evaluate the physics prize and the chemistry prize, while Hans Faucheur, president of the Academy of Sciences, advocated donating Nobel's property to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, and Faucheur refused to attend the meeting to study the award details. Executor Surman and others made unremitting efforts. On May 2 1 day, the King of Sweden declared Nobel's will valid. 1900 On June 29th, the Swedish Parliament adopted the articles of association of the Nobel Foundation. 19011February 10, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death, the first Nobel Prize was awarded.

Edit this paragraph property

How many assets does Nobel have? This is a question that even Nobel himself is not quite clear about. According to Nobel's will, turning all his assets into cash is a huge project in itself, involving the economy and laws of many countries. After traveling back and forth between Surman and other countries for many years, a preliminary outline for cleaning up the Nobel legacy was finally reached in 1900. The main list of Nobel's assets converted into cash in various countries is as follows (this is a list that has been greatly depreciated and discounted in the process of converting Nobel's assets into cash): Sweden 5,796,140.00; Norway 94,472.28; Germany 6,152,250.95; Austria 228,754.20; France 7,280,865,438+07.23; Scotland 3913938.67; England 3,904,235.32; Italy 630,465,438+00.10; Russia 5,232,773.45; Total: SEK 33,233,792.20. The total amount of this inheritance converted into cash is 33,233,792 Swedish kronor, which is about 9.2 million US dollars. Not only then, but now, this legacy of Nobel is indeed a huge legacy. According to the articles of association of the Nobel Foundation, a fund can be completely obtained by one person or divided equally by two or more people. Among them, the peace prize can be awarded not only to individuals, two or more people, but also to an organization and institution. According to the articles of association, in addition to the considerable bonus awarded that year, the winner can also get a gold medal and an award certificate. Because the main fund of the Nobel Fund changes every year, the net income of the fund will be different every year, so the amount of each bonus will be different every year. For example, when 190 1 wins the first prize, the amount of each prize is about150,000 Swedish kronor, which is about 42,000 US dollars. Since then, due to the investment in bonds, stocks, real estate and other profits. The Nobel Fund keeps increasing in value and the amount of prize money is increasing year by year. After 1980s, the amount of each bonus increased to more than 6,543.8+0,000 Swedish kronor. By the 1990s, the amount of each bonus had greatly increased. For example, 1993, each bonus is 6.7 million Swedish kronor, which is about $840,000 that year. For another example, each bonus in 1996 has been increased to 7.4 million Swedish kronor, which was about1120,000 dollars that year. The gold medal weighs about half a pound, contains 23K gold, is about 6.5cm in diameter, and has a Nobel relief image on the front. Different awards and medals have different back decorations. The design of each award certificate also has its own style. The award ceremony is grand and simple, and the number of people attending the ceremony is limited to1.5000 to1.8000 every year. Among them, men should wear tuxedos or national costumes, and women should wear serious evening dresses. The flowers used in the ceremony were flown in from all over the world to show respect for knowledge.