Ma's distant father, Qin Shan, was born in Linjiang (now Yongji, Shaanxi) and grew up in Qiantang (now Hangzhou). His date of birth and death and detailed experience are difficult to verify. He was a painting academy in South Song Guangzong and Ningzong period (about 1 190- 1224). Ma Yuan's great-grandfather, grandfather, father, uncle, brother and son were all painters in the Academy for five generations. Zuma is good at painting flowers, birds, figures and Buddha statues. After forming the "Majia" style, he wrote letters for the Huizong Dynasty Xuanhe Painting Academy in the Northern Song Dynasty. Grandfather Ma Xingzu was a painter during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. He is good at identifying ancient cultural relics, flowers and birds, and also good at drawing figures. Uncle Ma Gongxian and his father Ma both worked hard on figures, landscapes and flower-and-bird paintings. In Shaoxing, they worked for a letter and were awarded the "golden belt". His brother Ma Kui is also good at landscapes and figures, especially flower-and-bird paintings, and has made great achievements. His son Marin painted figures, landscapes and flowers, and was once a painter in the college.
Ma Yuan was born in a painting family with a family history. Influenced by art since childhood, he inherited his family history and absorbed Li Tang's painting techniques, thus forming his own unique style.
Ma Yuan's artistic achievement is the most outstanding in landscape painting. He studied under Li Tang and used ink and wash. His brushwork was gorgeous and concise. Painting is characterized by simple layout, tough lines, or "chopping with one axe", vigorous ink painting and profound artistic conception, which marks the characteristics of landscape painting in the Southern Song Dynasty. In composition, Ma Yuan changed the "panoramic style" since the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. On the contrary, he is good at summarizing the whole, seeing the big from the small, and painting only a corner or half of the scene to show the vast space. Therefore, it is called "the corner of the horse", and most critics regard Ma Yuan's paintings as "residual water" and praise his unique painting style. Its style is characterized by bees going straight up without seeing the top; Or you can't see the straight cliff at your feet, or the nearby mountains are towering, but the distant mountains are very low, or the surroundings are empty, which makes the picture feel very spatial and highlights the artistic effect of close-up. For example, the existing "Alone Fishing in the Cold River" is one of the most successful examples of Ma Yuan's composition skills: a leaf floats on the river, and the fisherman sits fishing alone. Except for a few microwaves, it is all blank; Effectively set off the cold weather in the empty river. The rivers and lakes are vividly painted on paper, which is really a treasure in the world and cherished by connoisseurs of calligraphy and painting in past dynasties. Most of Ma Yuan's figure flower-and-bird paintings are closely combined with landscapes, which strengthens the vividness of the theme, omits details as much as possible, and focuses on depicting the expressions and psychological activities of figures and flowers, which has poetic artistic conception. For example, "Looking at Mei Tu" is a masterpiece of psychological description with the most emotional color in Ma Yuan's figure painting. The framework is small, but the connotation is extremely rich.
Ma Yuan's artistic achievement is the most outstanding in landscape painting. He studied under Li Tang and used ink and wash. His brushwork was gorgeous and concise. Painting is characterized by simple layout, tough lines, or "chopping with one axe", vigorous ink painting and profound artistic conception, which marks the characteristics of landscape painting in the Southern Song Dynasty. In composition, Ma Yuan changed the "panoramic style" since the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. On the contrary, he is good at summarizing the whole, seeing the big from the small, and painting only a corner or half of the scene to show the vast space. Therefore, it is called "the corner of the horse", and most critics regard Ma Yuan's paintings as "residual water" and praise his unique painting style. Its style is characterized by bees going straight up without seeing the top; Or you can't see the straight cliff at your feet, or the nearby mountains are towering, but the distant mountains are very low, or the surroundings are empty, which makes the picture feel very spatial and highlights the artistic effect of close-up. For example, the existing "Alone Fishing in the Cold River" is one of the most successful examples of Ma Yuan's composition skills: a leaf floats on the river, and the fisherman sits fishing alone. Except for a few microwaves, it is all blank; Effectively set off the cold weather in the empty river. The rivers and lakes are vividly painted on paper, which is really a treasure in the world and cherished by connoisseurs of calligraphy and painting in past dynasties. Most of Ma Yuan's figure flower-and-bird paintings are closely combined with landscapes, which strengthens the vividness of the theme, omits details as much as possible, and focuses on depicting the expressions and psychological activities of figures and flowers, which has poetic artistic conception. For example, "Looking at Mei Tu" is a masterpiece of psychological description with the most emotional color in Ma Yuan's figure painting. The framework is small, but the connotation is extremely rich.
Shen Zhou
Famous painter in the middle of Ming Dynasty, founder of Wu Pai. Shen (Qi) was born in the south, whose real name was Bai Shi Weng, also known as Yutian Weng. He is called Mr. Baishi. He was born in 1427 and died in 1509. He is from Suzhou. The Shen family lived in seclusion in Wumen for generations and lived in Xiangcheng, Suzhou. Shen Zhou's great-grandfather was a good friend of Wang Meng, and his father Henderson was also a student. Calligraphy and painting come from the family. My father and uncle are famous for their poems, calligraphy and paintings. Shen Zhou spent his whole life studying at home, reciting poems and painting, wandering among nymphs, pursuing spiritual freedom and despising filthy political reality. He never took the imperial examination and has been engaged in painting and calligraphy. He is knowledgeable and has a rich collection. He has a wide range of friends and is very popular with the audience. He is usually peaceful and approachable. People who want books and paintings are "all outdoors", and "hustlers and pawns" ask him for paintings and never refuse. Someone even impersonated him and asked for an inscription, and he readily agreed. And Cao Taishou, looking for a painter when the new house is completed. Shen Zhou was among them and was sent to take photos. Shen Zhou said, "Don't surprise my mother, I won't dare to draw in the future." The guest was quite unhappy and said, "I don't know Mr. Taishou. Is Mr. He Jian here? Don't go if you are thirsty. " Shen Zhou replied, "It's just a service, but isn't it cheap? It is shameful to ask for immunity. " Shen Zhou's paintings and calligraphy are widely circulated, and the authenticity is mixed, so it is difficult to tell the authenticity. Wen Zhiming therefore called him a "fairy middleman" floating on earth.
Most of Shen Zhou's representative works are now hidden in the Grand Museum, and the Palace Museum has exquisite works, including Imitation of Dong Ju's Landscape Axis (nine-year Chenghua system, AD 1473), Interesting Picture of Cangzhou, Dying Picture, Ink and Vegetable Picture (these two were originally picture books, but later assembled into a book) and Sleeping Picture. There are several masterpieces of Shen Zhou in the Nanjing Museum, including the Peony Map of Dongzhuang, which was painted in 1506, when Shen Zhou was 8 1 year old. There are two masterpieces by Shen Zhou in Liaoning Museum. One is a picture of potted chrysanthemums enjoying flowers in seclusion. There are three people drinking and enjoying chrysanthemums in the pavilion. They are laid back and the scenery is pleasant. The other is a winding smoke river, written in the second year of Zheng De (1507). The use of pen and ink, at will, is Shen Zhou's 82-year-old masterpiece.
In addition, the National Palace Museum in Taiwan also has a famous "Lushan Mountain High Map" Shenzhou Axis. If we can see these works with our own eyes, we can not only appreciate the art, but also understand the characteristics of Shen Zhou's paintings, which is helpful to distinguish the authenticity.
Shen Zhou has played a connecting role in the field of literati painting since Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Calligrapher Huang Tingjian is particularly accomplished in painting. He also painted landscapes, flowers and birds, and also painted figures, with outstanding achievements in landscapes and flowers and birds. Some of his landscape paintings describe mountains and rivers and show the three-dimensional view of traditional landscape paintings. However, most of the works describe the southern landscape and garden scenery, showing the leisure and interest of the literati life at that time.
In painting methods, Shen Zhou inherited his family studies in his early years and studied under Du Qiong. Later, he studied other painting schools in Song and Yuan Dynasties, mainly inheriting the pale red ink painting system of Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Huang, Wang Meng and Zhenwu. In addition, he also participated in the pen and ink of Li, Liu, Ma and Xia Jinjian in the Southern Song Dynasty, and integrated them, using both rigidity and softness, forming a new style of rough ink and wash, and forming his own family. Shen Zhou painted small paintings in his early years, and began to exhibit them after he was 40. When people reach middle age, his paintings are rigorous and delicate, and he exercises calmly with his pen to win by strength. In his later years, his pen and ink were simple, bold and magnificent.
Shen Zhou's paintings, with comprehensive and simple techniques, have their own creations on the basis of imitating the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and developed the expressive techniques of literati's freehand brushwork of landscapes, flowers and birds, becoming a leader in Wu Pai.
Tang Yin
Tang Yin, one of the "Four Masters of Ming Dynasty", was known as the first gifted scholar in Ye Jiangnan in the middle of Ming Dynasty. He is knowledgeable and versatile, recites poems and composes music, is good at writing and painting, and has experienced ups and downs. He is an outstanding great painter in the history of painting in China.
Tang Yin, with the word Bohu and Gengzi, is the master of the Peach Blossom Temple, an immortal who escaped from Zen, became attached to Nanjing, and was the first romantic talent in Jiangnan. In his later years, he believed in Buddhism and had six nicknames, such as lay man. Wuxian (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) people. He was born in Chenghua, Ming Xianzong for six years (1470) and died in Jiajing, Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty for two years (1523).
Tang Yin was born in a merchant family, and his status was relatively low. Under the guidance of "making a name for himself", he studied hard and reached the age of 1 1, with excellent literary talent and good handwriting. 16 years old, scholar. At the age of 29, he participated in Yingtian Township Examination and won the first prize of "Xie Yuan". The following year, he went to Beijing to take the exam, and "fame and fortune" was just around the corner. Xu Jing, the landlord of Jiangyin who was driving the exam with him, secretly bribed the examiner's family and got the exam questions in advance. After the story was revealed, Tang Yin was also implicated in prison and was tortured and humiliated. From then on, conceited Tang Yin had a strong antipathy to the "perversion" of officialdom. Personality and behavior are unrestrained. Tang Yin made friends with fellow countryman "Crazy Life" Zhang Ling, and indulged in drinking regardless of various undertakings. Persuaded by his good friend Zhu Yunming, he studied hard and decided to take poetry and calligraphy as his career all his life.
Tang Yin's personality is wild and uninhibited, but he is unique in painting. His brushwork is delicate and meticulous, with a chic charm. Most of his landscape paintings show majestic and steep mountains and rivers, pavilions and small bridges, beautiful mountains and rivers all the time, and some describe pavilions, gardens and the leisure life of literati. Landscape figure painting is magnificent, slightly beautiful and unique, with rich and diverse themes. Figure painting mostly describes the life and historical stories of ancient and modern ladies.
Tang Yin's personality is wild and uninhibited, but he is unique in painting. His brushwork is delicate and meticulous, with a chic charm. Most of his landscape paintings show majestic and steep mountains and rivers, pavilions and small bridges, beautiful mountains and rivers all the time, and some describe pavilions, gardens and the leisure life of literati. Landscape figure painting is magnificent, slightly beautiful and unique, with rich and diverse themes. Figure painting mostly describes the life and historical stories of ancient and modern ladies.
Tang Yin's works have been handed down from generation to generation. In the past, they were scattered among the people. After liberation, major museums paid more attention to their collections, but they also flowed overseas. Since the end of 1980s, two major auction houses in the world began to sell their works. Because of his high popularity in people's hearts, many people are willing to spend a lot of money to collect his works.
1June 1989 10, Christie's auction house held an "auction of important ancient paintings of China" in new york, and the first one was a "Quiet Day" by Tang Yin. This picture album has twelve pages * * * with the words of Tang written by Wang Yangming. This painting was once recorded in Mo Guan, which is extremely rare. Each page of the picture is exquisite, with profound brushwork and excellent charm, which fully shows Tang Yin's painting style and exquisite achievements evolved from famous artists in the Song Dynasty. At the beginning, the valuation of this atlas was very high, reaching $65,438 +0.5-0.2 million, but it still caused fierce competition from buyers, and finally it was sold for $660,000, more than three times higher than the valuation. Although this is a good start, many of his paintings have appeared in auction houses because of their wide circulation. For example,1May 30, 990, Christie's in new york auctioned Tang Yin's "Yue Quan Map", which was signed by Wu Yin and made by Yue Quan, accompanied by the author's own font size, Liu Ruju's seal sample and a collector's seal. After the painting, the inscription was written by Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhiming and other two Ming painters. The painting is valued at $250,000 to $300,000. It also shot more than twice as much as 56 10000. These treasures, which have been circulating in an orderly way, are hard to see in future auctions. Because it is usually performed in auction houses many times, the price has dropped a lot. Such as:1990165438+1October 28th. Christie's auction house auctioned three of his works, "The Axis of Ge Changgeng's Map" and "Colored Paper", which fetched $65,000. "Ancient Wood and Bamboo Stone" fan, ink and cold gold letterhead, priced at $65,438+0,000; "Bamboo in the Rain" fan, ink gold letterhead, priced at $28,000.
199 1 year1kloc-0/month, works similar to the book "Days are Longer in Quiet Mountains" appeared again. Christie's in new york has released a picture of a spring breeze wine lamp, which has attracted buyers' attention. After fierce competition, it was finally sold for $720,000.
One reason that affects the price of Tang Yin's works is that there are too many fakes. It is said that when he was alive, he had to find someone to write for him in order to cope with the painter. Even his teacher Zhou Chen often ghostwrites for him. Ancient imitation paintings are now forged, and it is difficult to distinguish between true and false, and people dare not throw money at them easily. Although the auction house has its own expert appraisal, it is difficult to solve the problem of authenticity because of incomplete information.