/kloc-at the age of 0/2, according to the social atmosphere of serving celebrities at that time, Moore was sent by his father to the Archbishop of Canterbury, John. Morton's family served as attendants. Morton is not only a knowledgeable scholar, lawyer and architect, but also an experienced politician and diplomat.
Moore was very impressed, and he was smart, diligent and eager to learn, and made rapid progress. Morton once said to his friend, "The child who serves at our table will be an outstanding person."
At that time, Latin was a passport to high society, so at the age of 14, Moore was sent to St. Anthony's School in London to study Latin. 1492, Moore entered Oxford University to study classical literature.
He extensively read many works of ancient Greek philosophers and contemporary humanists here, among which Plato's thought had a great influence on Moore, making him a humanist. Later, Moore switched to law, became an upright lawyer, gained high prestige and was elected as a member of parliament.
Since then, Moore has been promoted step by step, knighted and served as the speaker of the House of Commons, becoming an important figure after the king of England. Later, Moore was executed for opposing King Henry VIII of England to become a British religious leader.
Under the rule of Henry VIII in Moore's England, the royal family was insatiable and invaded and expanded abroad. Officials bully their superiors and deceive their subordinates, and * * * has become a common practice; The nobles colluded with the big businessmen to oppress the people. At that time, nobles and big businessmen drove away thousands of farmers and occupied their land in order to raise sheep and get high profits.
The driven people wandered around, either starving to death or becoming robbers. Moore was extremely dissatisfied with the current social situation, so he wrote Utopia to satirize the dark reality and pin his ideal on it.
Utopia, whose full names are Perfect State System and Utopia Island, is a useful and interesting encyclopedia. The word utopia comes from Greek, which means "a place without a place". In the form of a dialogue between Moore and a sailor, this book tells the vivid and interesting experiences of sailors in a strange island country-Utopia.
Utopia is a big island. There are 54 cities on the island, and each city is divided into 4 districts. Each district elects a junior official for every 30 households, and then elects a junior official from 10. Yamurotti, the capital of Utopia, is in the center of the island, which is convenient for representatives of various cities to meet.
The highest institution of the ideal country is the Senate, and its representatives are composed of three experienced citizens from 54 cities on the island, who are replaced once a year to discuss matters related to the interests of the whole island. The Senate elected a man as king. The king is lifelong, but if he mistreats people, he can be impeached.
* * * Except occasionally organizing people to resist foreign aggression, other functions are to organize social productive labor and arrange people's lives. In addition to mediating civil disputes, officials at all levels should also take part in labor.
Utopia's land, production tools, houses and property are all owned by the whole people, and daily necessities are distributed according to their needs. On the basis of equality, we will implement public ownership of production and public ownership of consumption.
In utopia, men and women are equal, women enjoy the right to education and marriage, participate in social labor like men, and enjoy the same political rights as men. In Utopia, agriculture is highly valued, but agriculture is not a profession, but a kind of voluntary labor.
Every citizen of Utopia must engage in voluntary labor for two years, and then return to the city to engage in a craft. Only those who are particularly fond of and good at agricultural labor can apply for extended working hours.
But if farming is busy, people from the city must be arranged to work in the countryside. They work six hours a day, and the rest time is at their own disposal.
People's clothing styles are basically the same, only men and women are married and unmarried. Citizens eat in public canteens and go to public hospitals.
Utopia is rich in materials, clean and rich, and there are no thieves and beggars here. Utopians are diligent and dedicated, simple in life, law-abiding, ready to help others, and despise laziness, extravagance and corruption.
Utopia forbids gambling, alcoholism, deception, conspiracy, abuse and other evils. Utopia has no money or goods. People regard gold and silver as dung, and make it into dung barrels and drowning basins.
In terms of faith, utopia believes in freedom. Utopia also attaches great importance to education and scientific research, and every child must go to school, not only to cultivate children intellectually, but also to cultivate children morally.
People engaged in scientific research may not take part in labor, but if they are incompetent, they will be arranged to work. On the contrary, if people who work have special skills, they can also take part in scientific research.
Utopia is the first representative work of utopian socialism in the world, which influenced later utopian socialists such as Fourier, Saint-Simon and Owen. Utopian socialism is also one of the theoretical sources of Marxist scientific socialism.
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Second, the historical significance of Utopia Utopia is a kind of social theory, which tries to promote it by presenting some desirable values and practices to an ideal country or society.
Generally speaking, the author of Utopia does not think that such a country can be realized, at least in its perfectly described form. But they are not just playing an imaginary or illusory trick, as the popular usage of Utopianism refers to.
As Plato's Republic (the earliest real utopia) shows, usually a certain purpose is to express some fundamental properties of a concept by expanding the description of a concept (justice or freedom) in the form of an ideal community based on this concept. On other occasions, such as Sir Thomas More's Utopia (15 16), its goal is mainly to criticize and satirize: to make a clever contrast between the good man in Utopia and the evil of the author's society at that time, so as to condemn the latter.
Only a few utopian authors-Edward Bellamy's Looking Back (1888) is a good example-try to transform society according to the blueprint carefully planned in their utopia. Essentially, the function of Utopia is enlightening.
Third, the origin and meaning of utopia should be detailed. Utopia is mankind's longing for a better society, the most beautiful society in human ideology, just like the early "utopian socialism" in the West.
The utopian socialist society put forward by a western scholar is beautiful, everyone is equal and there is no oppression, just like a paradise. Utopian love is also beautiful.
Utopianism is a social theory, which tries to promote some desirable values and practices by presenting them to an ideal country or society. Generally speaking, the author of Utopia does not think that such a country can be realized, at least in its perfectly described form.
But they are not just playing an imaginary or illusory trick, as the popular usage of Utopianism refers to. As Plato's Republic (the earliest real utopia) shows, usually a certain purpose is to express some fundamental properties of a concept by expanding the description of a concept (justice or freedom) in the form of an ideal community based on this concept.
On other occasions, such as Sir Thomas More's Utopia (15 16), its goal is mainly to criticize and satirize: to make a clever contrast between the good man in Utopia and the evil of the author's society at that time, so as to condemn the latter. Only a few utopian authors-Edward Bellamy's Looking Back (1888) is a good example-try to transform society according to the blueprint carefully planned in their utopia.
Essentially, the function of Utopia is enlightening. Until17th century, Utopia was generally placed in a geographically distant country; 16, 17 The discovery of European navigation made people familiar with the world, thus making this useful design disappear.
Since then, the utopian space has either gone to outer space (there was a trip to the moon in the17th century), or to the seabed (as the legendary continental civilization sunk in the Atlantic Ocean is often found), or to the depths under the crust. However, utopia gradually changed from the transposition of space to the transposition of time. This progress was initially inspired by the concept of17th century progress, and then by Lyle's New Geology and Darwin's greatly expanded concept of time in New Biology.
Utopia is no longer a better space, but a better time. H.G. Wells took his time traveler to the future billions of years later, and Olaf Stapleton wrote in The Last &; First Men, 1930), expressed human's climbing to a complete utopia in the proportion of two billion years.
The transformation from space to time also produced a new sociological realism in Utopia. Utopia is now placed in history. However, no matter how far it is from the extreme of utopia, it can at least show that human beings may be inevitably developing towards it.
/kloc-the connection of science and technology in the 0/7th century strengthened this trend, such as Bacon's New Atlantic (1627) and campanella's City of the Sun (1637). With the rise of socialism in the19th century, Utopianism gradually turned into a debate about the possibility of realizing socialism.
Bellamy and Wells' Utopia (Modern Utopia, 1905) is a powerful work to defend orthodox socialism. However, william morris put forward another attractive litigation method in "News Forms Everywhere" (1890). This heterogeneous substitution is due to the invention of dystopia, which is a reversal and fierce criticism of dystopia hope.
This concept was predicted by samuel butler's anti-Darwinism book Erew Han (1872), and reached its peak in the 1930 and1940s, especially in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) and Kyrgyzstan. In this bleak year, only B.F. Skinner's Walden II (1948) kept the torch of utopia burning, but many people still felt a more terrible nightmare than the darkest dystopia in this behavioral engineering utopia.
However, Utopianism revived strongly in 1960' s, for example, Marcuse's On Liberation (1969); Its vigorous vitality can also be seen in the movements of futurology and ecology. Maybe Utopianism is inherent in the human situation, or maybe it only exists in those cultures influenced by classical and Christian traditions. But we can agree with Oscar Wilde that a map of the world without utopia is not worth seeing at all.
4. The three historical forms and three modern forms of utopian thought. Sociology of knowledge proves that there are two forms of "ideology" and "utopia" in human society. "The function of the former is to maintain the existing order, and the latter is to oppose this order. The change and evolution of human history can be manifested as the oscillation of ideology and utopia in the conceptual dimension. After utopia replaced ideology, it also became ideology and created its own opposite. "
The so-called ideology refers to "those ideological systems that maintain the current order activities", and the so-called utopia refers to "those ideological systems that produce activities that change the current order". According to Mannheim's thinking, that is, to explore the basic factors and processes of human ideological confusion. Therefore, Mannheim first discussed how the basic problem of epistemology became a problem.
The emergence of a major node in the history of human thought stems from the collapse of people's values of the "objective world order" established by the church. After the contradiction with the objective world order, the exploration of the relationship between existence and consciousness goes to the other pole of the objective world, that is, the pole biased towards the subject, that is, to the human cognitive action starting from the subject.
From then on, mankind began to have a strong sense of initiative and rest, and also began the journey of discovering the world. The emergence of this subject consciousness eventually became the source of rationalism.
After that, human beings seem to overcorrect the mode of leaning towards the subject, so they return to the road of leaning towards the object. This time, the deviation from the subject pole to the object pole witnessed the gradual rise of natural science.
The reason why "The Road to the Object" is widely praised makes people realize that the subject is not the starting point of security. [1] After experiencing the deviation from object to subject, and then from subject to object, another important node in the history of thought began to take shape: whether the starting point of human understanding of the world and itself should be biased towards the objective world or whether subjective understanding began to blur.
To a great extent, this ambiguity can be reflected in the emergence of psychological branches with completely different cognitive orientations. In this profound fracture, Mannheim believes that the premise of getting out of this cognitive dilemma is to realize such a practical situation: "The world of external things and the world of psychological experience are constantly flowing."
It is impossible to analyze this flowing world by focusing on individual psychology. In this context, sociology has emerged as a discipline.
Its advantage lies in that it can be embedded in the group life background as an individual, so as to understand the flowing events. That is to say, the reason for the birth of sociology and the direction of its efforts are to add a third method to the cognitive relationship between subjective prejudice and objective prejudice. This method seems to be a compromise, but it is actually a major invention in the history of thought. It marks a new way to explore society and human beings, and ends the habit of human beings as individuals in thinking. Based on the causes of sociology, Mannheim put forward an important point: the problem to be solved in the history of thought is not to rely on different prejudices against objects, but to find out why there are different views on objects.
Therefore, the research orientation of Mannheim's social science is purely based on external measurable relations. On this basis, Mannheim gave an understanding of the basic proposition of social science: "The interdependence of various factors that make up a thing is easier to understand in essence than the interdependence of completely external formalized factors."
This not only denies the accusation that some people think his view is relativism, but also shows that Mannheim himself believes that it is possible to understand the source of the world with the intervention of personal attitude and will in the research. [1] Mannheim believes that any concept has its birth soil, not just personalized creation.
It is under this logic that Mannheim began his analysis of the course of human thought for centuries in the next chapter. In the analysis of Ideology and Utopia in the second chapter, he advocates avoiding analyzing the special ideological theory as a deliberate lie from the psychological level, but examining the concept of ideology as a general concept from the perspective of epistemology.
Here, Mannheim tries to show the research path of sociology of knowledge that he advocates. Any researcher, when entering this road, must realize that his position with value presupposition is not necessarily better than his opposing value position.
Therefore, Mannheim regards sociology of knowledge as "the systematization of doubt". When Manheim sorted out why ideology became ideology, he also traced it back to the Enlightenment when "consciousness itself" sprouted.
The embryonic form of this general concept of ideology is the first stage of its development. The second stage of the development of ideological concept was completed by Hegel.
He injected the national spirit into this universal concept, so there began to be a divided consciousness in the history of thought. So the concept of "national spirit" began to enter history.
The formation of the concept of ideology in the third stage is due to the transition of consciousness itself to a more specific subject during the French Revolution. The concept of national spirit is deeply rooted in people's hearts.
The fourth stage is the familiarization stage. At this time, "class" replaced "nation" and became a more important basic unit to determine the social structure.
This process clearly shows how "ideology", as a general concept, entered history and was perceived by different people in different historical stages. It is the basis and premise to understand all ideological disputes today to show this origin.
[1] In the third chapter of the book, Mannheim made a detailed case study on the prospect of scientific politics in order to clarify the relationship between social theory and political practice. He believes that under the premise of the birth of behavioral science, the motivation and interests behind the views of political science researchers cannot be divorced from the research object, which leads to the impossibility of specialized political science, because its establishment violates the basic assumption that the different structures of researchers' thoughts should be independent of the behaviors they study.
He analyzed the five most important ideal types in the19th century and the plus century, and analyzed the political and social determinants behind them.
Five, my ideal utopia 800-word composition title: 33 Nobel Prize winners and 7 American presidents have monopolized the top spot of world universities for many years, recording the glory of a pioneer university.
-Inscription In the economic crisis from 1929 to 1933, Hoover's regime was in jeopardy, Roosevelt and other doers carried forward the past and the United States became the most powerful country in the world for decades. During World War II, Japanese warships returned to Japan after Japan announced its unconditional surrender.
Has America forgotten the memory of Pearl Harbor? Did the pile of scrap iron in the enterprise sell for hundreds of millions? "The greatest glory is to make the losers feel ashamed and have the courage to make a comeback. Is this country sick? No, they didn't.
Science and technology are the primary productive forces, and education provides sufficient reserve forces for the development of science and technology. It is precisely because of this that China's strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and strengthening the country through talents was conceived.
Through this branch line, they are ahead. There will be no pie in the sky, and opportunities will not fall from the sky.
Opportunity thieves come quietly and always like to make you suffer heavy losses when you leave. History waits for no man, we can only make history.
When the opportunity comes, we should also be able to take advantage of it. The weak miss opportunities; Winners bide their time; The strong seize opportunities and create them at the same time.
The doctoral student at Harvard told us about his experience. He chewed on the next book in three days, each with hundreds of pages, and had to hand in a book report. Only when he has suffered can he become a master. To this end, we should change our thinking about the windfall of the United States from the war.
At least, we should look at it from another angle. (article reading network: three smells) Mr. Lu Xun once said that I am smarter than others, but I just spend all the time when others drink coffee at work.
There are many aphorisms about time in China culture, but we ... Alas, time always comes minute by minute, but we always like to squander this minute by minute. If we build a towering building, if we squander every brick, sand and steel bar at will, will there be a tall building? The long dike broken by the ant nest seems to be telling me something about you. Those who invest in the future are loyal to reality, and those who put their hands in their pockets cannot climb the ladder of success. At Harvard Hospital, even though many people are waiting for treatment, they don't talk. They are either reading or recording. They are dream catchers. On campus, no one smokes, doesn't wear gorgeous clothes, doesn't make up, and doesn't wander around. They only have hurried steps.
Because they know that engineering cannot create a beautiful society. Chinese dream, whose dream? What is a dream and how to turn it into reality? I sincerely hope that you can hear the cry of the border town, and no one wants to be confused.