Due to the huge scale and persistence of inaccuracy, there are few wrong stories in history that can be compared with Christopher Columbus' story.
The mainstream description describes Columbus as an incompetent, sailing and Genoese farmer's wool weaver. He was robbed off the coast of Portugal in 1476, and started his career as a rag. Getting rich is an understatement.
But a quarter of a century's research has changed the role and identity of the most outstanding explorer, and their relationship has long since disappeared, hidden in people's sight: new york's elegant central park commemorates two people from distant and prominent fields.
A new biography of Columbus points out that Polish/Lithuanian King W? Addis? A World War II Jaguar? O (left) was the winner of one of the biggest and most decisive battles in medieval Europe and the grandfather of Christopher Columbus (right).
(Photo Manuel Rosa, 2009), Christopher Columbus himself misinterpreted the pseudonym cristobal Cologne.
How mistranslation takes root is a complicated story in itself.
As early as1May 493, the materials printed in Rome corrupted the surname.
A century later, several Genoese posing as admiral's legacy forged documents. Although the Spanish court ruled that these documents were forged, they later gained a reputation that is still valid today. However, the lofty and irresistible love for truth has been passed down from generation to generation like a torch. Coupled with the amazing power provided by computer research, the miracle of modern evidence collection methods and travel and communication technology, a large amount of data has been produced, which supports a seemingly irrefutable argument.
How will the world view the real person behind this fictional, false and credulous relationship? It has long been mistaken for Columbus of Italy, and now it is ready for this mode change.
Now it can be proved that the birthplace and parents of Cologne and cristobal have been reliably determined.
Enough background has been established, at least it can be proved that Cologne is undoubtedly a Portuguese aristocrat with high status.
Apart from their historical background, his real role and identity are incomprehensible-first of all, because his role in that background is so important, this is certain: the man who is called "Columbus" by the whole world is not a Genoese farmer.
The long-standing popular views of biographers like Taviani and Pulitzer Prize winner Morrison have been excavated.
They will soon be untenable.
Sebastian Del Pi Wengbo's portrait of Columbus is universally acknowledged.
However, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York has reduced its status from Columbus to a portrait of a man, and its authority has not diminished.
On the left is the portrait of Columbus that any pupil can recognize. This painting was created by Sebastian Nodel Piombo in Italy in 15 19. Now, Pedro Bellugou Ette's portrait of cristobal Cologne (almost certainly known through face-to-face contact) is questioned as the representative of Cologne. This portrait was painted in Spain 1504 years ago. Bellugou Ette was a court painter in that country.
(Left, Sebastian Del Pi Wengbo.
Yes, the works of the artist pedro berruguete.
), the DNA test conducted by the University of Granada from 2003 to 2006 found that the DNA of nearly 500 subjects in Cologne, cristobal and Colombo in the Mediterranean region (extending westward from Genoa to half of the Spanish coast) did not match, and people thought that the admiral must have been born there.
DNA samples from Colombo were collected by the international team of Professor Jose Lorant and compared with those from Cologne.
Manuel Rosa tested two Portuguese samples from Duke Braganza and Count Ribeira Grande.
(Manuel Rosa's image creation) The new material combines the re-examination of old data, including a strange Nord view so far, and persistent and difficult reasoning to determine that the person behind the illusion of "Columbus" is a well-educated Portuguese native speaker, a skilled pilot and navigator. He secretly defected to Spain in 1484, and kept a close secret relationship with Portugal for a long time.
A large amount of indirect evidence-extracted from a series of amazing sources, periods and places-is overwhelming.
Trevor Hall, a professor of history, also thinks Cologne is a double agent, representing King Joao II of Portugal against the Spanish monarch.
Jose Carazan of the University of Lucerne supports Rosa's conclusion about Cologne's high birth rate and his relationship with the European royal family.
In 20 12, the president of the Portuguese Institute of History publicly confirmed that Cologne was a Portuguese-born aristocrat, King Joao II of Portugal.
(Public domain), running and cross-referencing hundreds of files hundreds of years ago is an incredible feat in various ancient languages (not to mention knowing what to look for).
However, this is only the basic work of analyzing and interpreting these data, and deception exists in large numbers from the beginning, which makes this task more difficult.
Even if we are limited to Cologne's own works, we must filter the reality behind his records by appreciating who Cologne lied to and conveyed the basic truth to in a mysterious way.
Similarly, Rui de Pina, a chronicler who served a Portuguese monarch on the other side of the ledger, has now left some very false clues in his works, in the pocket of the Spanish throne. A correct interpretation of these clues shows that cristobal Cologne's identity and role are being examined by the highest level of the country.
This paradigm shift-recognizing Cologne as a double agent and emphasizing his hitherto neglected Portuguese background-makes all relevant data suddenly coherent, while "Columbus" has always been mysterious, although the (inaccurate) * * * knowledge built around his false identity and the consistent support clues from another dimension exist in the form of cultural relics.
Many people who played some roles in the original plot of Cologne and some capable conspirators left hidden information for future generations to interpret-I hope that the important events of their time will be correctly understood one day, when the political requirements for confidentiality have passed.
So the inscription on the tombstone, the particularity of the signature, the details in the painted portrait or the figures in the mural on the ceiling of the chapel-all of which need to be analyzed-add more neat pieces of the puzzle. This painting depicts the scene of Christopher Columbus in Santa Maria in 1492.
(Public domain), other evidence cultural relics appeared without prior planning.
We know that Cologne is lying to the Spanish monarch, for example, through his description of how the Virgin Mary was lost.
The anchor of the ship now on display in Port-au-Prince, Haiti is a concrete proof of his duplicity, because if Cologne's description of the sinking of the ship is true, then the huge anchor of the Santa Maria in the Haitian National Church in Port-au-Prince, Haiti (1493 was recovered by the locals) is impossible.
1493165438+1October 22nd, Europeans returned and anchored on the shore.
(The picture shows Manuel Rosa, 20 15). In the process of triangulating all uncertain factors, there is still one layer to be absorbed. * * * at war with Christianity.
Constantinople fell in 1453.
The extremely lucrative spice trade between Europe and India is controlled and utilized by * *, and they have expanded to the Indian Ocean.
Portugal seeks another way to get rich in this era.
Therefore, the art of navigation and cutting-edge technology are sought after in Portugal and protected as state secrets. These sciences are unparalleled in Portugal.
With the disintegration of the old "Columbus" myth, a big sub-myth disappeared, that is, before the first voyage in Cologne, Europeans knew little or nothing about public relations in America.
If the sailors had never left this land, the Portuguese could not have discovered the Azores a generation before Cologne.
In fact, before their first voyage, the Portuguese knew the east longitude of Antilles, South America and even Brazil, and sometimes there were various ways to prove these facts.
In this case, the Treaty of Todd Silas (1494) may be instructive, and the original text is from the Treaty of Todd Silas.
(public domain), whoever gets what is not allowed to sail in a place that is completely consistent with other evidence.
In fact, King Joao II of Portugal manages a splendid international network of spies and agents. The study of this network shows that the terms of this immortal treaty, which divides the known world into two superpowers, have long been skillfully realized in advance by the most anti-Spanish king of Portugal.
In his short career, Joao II suffered from waves of betrayal and betrayal.
He skillfully used this opportunity of treason to infiltrate his small army of double agents into the inner circle of Spain.
The most important ones are Cologne and cristobal. Another Asian myth about collapse is Cologne's hatred for King Joao II.
Cologne sacrificed his past 22 years, gave up the happiness of his family and the life of the little prince, played a high-risk betrayal game with the most powerful ruler of his time, lied and committed atrocities for the loyal service of his beloved king Joao II, and Cologne was never lost at sea or sent to a safe port in Lisbon at will in a storm.
Every time he goes back and forth, he goes straight to his destination.
The records in his diary and letters can be explained according to this statement.
Cologne concealed from his own people (with a few exceptions) how he found his way at sea. The American "discoverer" has a copy of Ptolemy's Geography, which was published in Rome in 1478, including this map, representing half the world known at that time.
Notice the white label added. Here we refer to the mouth of the Indus River, in the west and east of the Ganges.
The territory between these two rivers has been called India for thousands of years.
(From New York Public Library, DigitalCollections.nypl.org) Among the personal belongings left by Cologne is a Ptolemaic map showing half the world.
After they were marked 1300 years, the boundaries of these known worlds did not expand significantly.
However, as early as Ptolemy's time, the circumference of the earth has been calculated quite accurately, and the most advanced navigation technology in Cologne is at least so advanced. So Cologne clearly knew that he had sailed westward for the first time, arrived at the land outside five time zones, and sailed westward for ten times. There are many areas between the New World and India.
Calling the residents of Cologne Indians is just another pebble in his scam.
The whole purpose of his trick is to surprise the Spanish and make Portugal the undisputed master of spice trade with real India.
The landmark 1507 Waldsimmuller map depicts the earth as a sphere for the first time.
It coincides with Ptolemy's known half of the world, just like a glove slipping into a hand-the mouth of the Ganges (black arrow) is still only nine time zones east of the Canary Islands and west of Ptolemy's eastern border (white arrow).
(This picture is from the james ford Bell Library of the University of Minnesota, supplemented by Manuel Rosa). Simple arithmetic proves that Cologne knows what he is doing.
The top secret science of his time guaranteed that he would land in five time zones in western Portugal.
This leaves seven other time zones for the Sinai line (the easternmost part of Ptolemy's known world) and three other time zones for the Ganges estuary.
(This picture is from the james ford Bell Library of the University of Minnesota, supplemented by Manuel Rosa). No one can better illustrate this great change with evidence and keen analysis. Now it is preparing to destroy the old "Columbus" and build a more concentrated, credible and even amazing number in his position. The last big question in the whole picture is: Who left the motherland in his twenties? A major suspect has been identified, and DNA analysis will definitely confirm this. Cologne must have married an elite resident of the Military Monastery in San Diego. Therefore, it may not be convincing to assume that his mother is a member of the Portuguese nobility.
However, it sounds even more incredible to claim that Cologne's father is a young Polish king. He has always been thought to have died fighting against * * * in Varna, Bulgaria in 1444, which is even more incredible than positioning the world's most famous admiral as the unrestrained son of an Italian farmer.
But this is exactly what is clearly pointed out by a large number of reliable data. The plot to hide cristobal of Portuguese descent in Cologne is international, even including (surprisingly) the Spanish monarch he betrayed.
His password signature itself is a mystery and needs to be completely deciphered.
The next line is his pen name: XpoFERENS
//[colon (:) Christopher semicolon (.
) ](La Real academy de La Historia, Biblioteca San Rom A n), 2065438+On May 20th, 2006, in order to commemorate the anniversary of 5 10, a special * * edition was released, which contained a lot of new materials. Now Death of Cologne appeared in English for the first time.
When the supply continues, Columbus: Unknown story, Manuel Rosa.
Above: The inspiration of Columbus, created by jose maria aubrey Gong, 1856.
Journal of the national academy of sciences (CC BY-SA 3.
0), Portuguese-American, investigative historian and writer, 1973 immigrated to Boston from Azores.
He currently lives in North Carolina and works at Duke University Cancer Institute. Mr Rosa accepted the Boston Globe Art Institute. Read Mor.