Shakespeare (W. william shakespeare; ; 1564 ~ 16 16) was a great playwright and poet in the English Renaissance and a master of humanistic literature in the European Renaissance. Shakespeare was born in Stratford, Warwickshire, England on April 23rd, 564. His masterpieces are Hamlet (English), Othello (English), King Lear (English) and Macbeth (English). Four comedies: Twelfth Night, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Merchant of Venice, Much ado about nothing (called Happiness in the textbook of People's Education Edition), Historical Drama, Henry IV, Henry V and Richard II. He also wrote 154 sonnets and two long poems. He is the "father of English drama", Ben Jonson called him "the soul of the times" and Marx called him "one of the greatest geniuses of mankind". Known as "Zeus on Mount Olympus in human literature". Although Shakespeare writes only in English, he is a world-famous writer. Most of his works have been translated into many languages, and his plays have been staged in many countries. 16 16 died on May 3rd. Shakespeare was born in the same year as Galileo, a famous Italian mathematician, physicist, astronomer and philosopher, and a pioneer of modern experimental science. [Edit this paragraph] william shakespeare, a great playwright and poet in the English Renaissance, once lived in Shakespeare's former residence and was born in a wealthy citizen's family in Stratford-upon-Avon, Wavyk, in central England. His father, Jone Shakespeare, is a grocer, engaged in wool, leather manufacturing and grain business. From 65438 to 0565, he served as the town civil affairs director and was elected mayor three years later. As a teenager, he studied in a local "literature school" which mainly taught Latin, and mastered the basic skills and rich knowledge of writing. However, due to his father's bankruptcy, he failed to graduate and embarked on his own way of making a living. He was an apprentice in a butcher shop, taught in a rural school and engaged in various other occupations, which made him gain a lot of social experience. Historian George Stevenson said that later generations roughly outlined Shakespeare's life track from these written materials: after the age of 20, he went to London, first as a groom, working as a handyman in the theater, and later as an actor, director and screenwriter, becoming a shareholder in the theater; He started writing around 1588, first adapting the third play of his predecessors, and soon began to write independently. At that time, the theater was full of "university talents" with Oxford and Cambridge backgrounds. A famous playwright once wrote an article scornfully mocking Shakespeare, a "vulgar cloth" and a "nouveau riche crow", who dared to be compared with a "noble genius"! But Shakespeare later won the support and love of the audience, including college students' groups. The students performed some Shakespeare's plays at school after school, such as Hamlet and Wrong Comedy. 1597 Go back to your hometown to buy real estate and spend the last time of your life. Although he received a good basic education, he didn't go to college. At the age of 1582 and 18, Shakespeare's plays before the age of 35 were listed, praising his comedies and tragedies as "unparalleled" and comparable to the first-class drama poets in ancient times. But he never published his own play before his death. The success of writing made Shakespeare win the favor of Lord Southampton, who became his protector. In the early 1990s, Shakespeare dedicated his two long poems Venus and adonis and the Shame of Lucretius to the Lord, and wrote some sonnets for the Lord. With the help of the Lord, Shakespeare entered the aristocratic culture salon, giving him an opportunity to observe and understand the upper class, expanding his life vision and providing a rich source for his later creation. Since 1594, the troupe to which he belongs has been sheltered by the palace minister and is called "the palace minister troupe". 1596, he applied for the title of "gentleman" and the right to own the coat of arms in the name of his father, and bought considerable real estate in three times. 1603, James I succeeded to the throne, and his troupe was renamed "King Sacrifice Troupe". He and the actors in the troupe were appointed as attendants of the court. Therefore, in addition to frequent tours, the troupe often performs in the court, and Shakespeare's plays are famous in all walks of life. Shakespeare has lived in London for more than twenty years, while his wife has been living in Stratford. He retired and returned to his hometown of Stratford when he was close to his fate (about 16 12). 1665438+On April 23rd, 2006, Shakespeare died unfortunately around his 52nd birthday and was buried in Trinity Church. Leave a will before death. His two portraits, which are said to be reliable, are busts in the church and portraits of Droshute. His handwriting has six signatures and a three-page manuscript of Sir Thomas More. 1623, actors J Hamming and H Candel printed his plays in folio, and collected 36 plays (20 of which were printed for the first time), which was called "first folio". Since 1772, people have been questioning the authors of Shakespeare's plays, trying to prove that the authors are Bacon, C Marlowe, Earl of Lightland, Earl of Oxford, Earl of Derby, etc., but they all lack evidence. Shakespeare was a famous homosexual, and all his sonnets were written to his homosexual lover. According to British media reports, a British collector recently reconfirmed the identity of the person in a family oil painting. It turns out that this beautiful "woman" is none other than the legendary gay couple in Shakespeare's works-Henry Riotsley III, Earl of Southampton. Alec Cobb, who discovered this "amazing" oil painting and inherited all the art collections, said in an interview that he always thought that the person in the painting was a lady named Norton since he was a child, because the words Mrs. Norton were written on the back of the oil painting. But a few years ago, an accidental art collector told Cobb that he thought the people in the painting were not women, but men disguised as women. It was not until the beginning of this year that Cobb began to re-examine his true identity. The history of this painting can be traced back to the end of 16. The Earl of Southampton in the painting is painted with makeup, lipstick on his lips, exquisite earrings on his left ear and long hair hanging down to his chest, which looks very feminine. The National Trusteeship Association, the authoritative organization of British historical relics, has confirmed that the painting is authentic. This painting was completed from 1590 to 1593, when Shakespeare was living in the house of Earl III of Southampton. Although Shakespeare, a great literary master, married Anna Hathaway, his true sexual orientation has always been a controversial topic in literary critics. The legend that the Earl of Southampton is gay has a long history, and his relationship with Shakespeare is even more confusing. The count once hosted Shakespeare in his apartment, and Shakespeare's famous sonnets were dedicated to a handsome young man who was "as beautiful as a woman". Students think that the first ten capitals of the sonnet set are devoted to the family line and cannot be understood as written for boyfriends. Many historians have verified that the admiration in Shakespeare's poems is probably directed at this handsome boyfriend who pretends to be a woman. Generally speaking, Shakespeare's drama creation can be divided into the following three periods: the first period (1590 ~ 1600) is mainly about writing historical dramas and comedies, 9 historical dramas, 10 comedies and 2 tragedies. Of the nine historical dramas, except King John, which is about English history at the beginning of the 65438+3rd century, the other eight are all two tetralogy: the first, middle and last three of Henry VI and Charles III; Charles ii, Henry IV (known as the most successful historical drama) and Henry V, these historical dramas summed up the turmoil in British history for more than 100 years, shaped a series of positive and negative monarchies, and reflected Shakespeare's humanistic political and moral ideals of opposing feudal separatism, supporting centralization, condemning tyrants and tyranny, demanding enlightened monarchies to carry out top-down reforms and establishing harmonious social relations. 10 Most comedies, The Wrong Comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, Two Gentlemen of Verona, The futility of love, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much ado about nothing, All Happy and Twelfth Night, are all about it. Praise progress and beautiful new features, but also gently expose and ridicule the decay and ugliness of old things, such as the wrong correction of asceticism, the hypocrisy of Puritans and the greed of usurers. The basic tone of Shakespeare's drama creation in this period is optimistic and clear, full of confidence in solving social contradictions with humanistic ideals, so that the tragicomedy Romeo and Juliet written in this period is also full of comedy atmosphere. Although the hero died of double suicide, the ideal of love overcame death and got the reconciliation of feudal feud. However, the mature comedy The Merchant of Venice in the later period of this period contains melancholy and tragic factors. While advocating kindness, friendship and sincere love, it reflects the class oppression and racial discrimination of the law of the jungle in Christian society, which shows that the author has gradually realized that there is an intractable contradiction between ideal and reality. The second issue (160 1 ~ 1607) is mainly about tragedies, with three Roman plays, five tragedies and three "black comedies" or "problem plays". The Roman plays Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra and Cory Ollanu are historical plays adapted from Plutarch's biographies of Greek and Roman heroes. These four tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth and Timon of Athens, mark the author's deep thinking about the times and life, and strive to shape some tragic protagonists in the new era: they woke up from the imprisonment and ignorance of the Middle Ages and developed or improved themselves ambitiously under the dawn of modern times, but they could not overcome the limitations of the times and themselves, and finally found themselves in the same environment and inner hostile forces. In order to avenge his father, Hamlet found that "the whole era was out of tenon" and decided to take on the responsibility of "rectifying Gankun". As a result, he was too ambitious to return to heaven. Othello is honest and simple, and people hate him. He killed his wife at the mercy of traitors, and was punished for pursuing perfection. King Lear lost his nature and reason in the honor, pride and self-confidence brought by power. He fantasized that by dividing power into different countries to prove that he was not a king, he could be as great as ordinary people, so he suffered painful hardships. Macbeth is a hero with meritorious service, and there are goodness and beauty in his character. Driven by the temptation and ambition of the throne, he degenerated into a "bloody to bloody" sinner and regretted the world. The tragedies of these characters profoundly reveal all kinds of social ugliness and bourgeois egoism that began to appear in primitive accumulation of capital period, and show the irreconcilable contradiction between humanistic ideal and cruel reality, which has a high degree of generalization significance. Due to the enhancement of the ideological depth and realism depth of dramas in this period, comedies such as troilus, Cressida, All ends well, and Tit for Tit also showed a dark side, shrouded in the evil shadow of treachery and conspiracy, so they were called "problem dramas" or "black comedies". The tragicomedy or legendary drama in the third issue (1608 ~ 16 13) tends to compromise and fantasy. His major works are four tragicomedy or legendary dramas Prince Ricci of Tyre, cymbeline, Winter's Tale and The Tempest. Most of these works are about separation, reunion, framing and revenge. Although we still adhere to the ideal of humanism and expose the dark reality, the solution of contradictions mainly depends on magic, fantasy, coincidence and accidental events, and ends with preaching forgiveness, tolerance, compromise and reconciliation. Shakespeare also collaborated with Fletcher to write the historical drama Henry VIII and the legendary drama Two Noble Relatives, which has been included in the existing Shakespeare plays in recent years.