The historical relationship between Israel and Arab countries! You’ll know why after reading this!
In 70 AD, the ancient Roman army occupied Jerusalem and destroyed the Jewish temple. In 135 AD, the Jews were expelled from Palestine, beginning a wandering career that lasted for more than 1,800 years. From the day they were expelled from their homeland, the Jews never forgot to return to their homeland.
At the end of the 19th century, a large-scale wave of anti-Semitism appeared in Europe, and the Zionist trend of thought and movement also emerged accordingly. In 1881, the Russian Jewish doctor Pinsker published the book "Self-Liberation" and proposed the idea of ??establishing a Jewish nation-state. This book is considered the beginning of Zionism. In 1896, Herzl, a Hungarian Jewish lawyer, published another book, "The Jewish State," which fully proposed the idea of ??Zionism. In response to the slogan "Jews get out" that could be heard everywhere in Europe at that time, he wrote: "I will now raise this question in its simplest form: Do we want to 'get out' now? Where to go?" "Should we go out?" Grant us sovereignty over a certain part of the earth, an area sufficient to meet the normal needs of a nation; we will do the rest ourselves." Herzl's work caused great resonance among the Jews, but what exactly is this national homeland? There were also disagreements among the Jews about where to build it. They envisioned South Africa and Argentina, and seriously considered and voted for Uganda. It was not until the First World Zionist Congress held in Basel, Switzerland, on August 29, 1897, that it was finally settled on Palestine, the cultural root of the Jewish people.
This conference proposed that the Jews should establish "a home (or country) that is publicly recognized and protected by law." At the same time, the "World Zionist Organization" was established and began its activities. They organized Jewish immigration to Palestine, which had been inhabited by Arabs for many centuries, and established corresponding institutions such as the "Jewish National Fund" and the "Palestinian Land Development Company." The year 1897, when this conference was held, is considered to be the year when Jews began to put their dream of a homeland into practice, and it is also considered to be the year when the Palestinian-Israeli conflict began.
From the "Balfour Declaration" to the "Palestine White Paper"
During World War I, Palestine was occupied by the British army and became a British "mandate" after the war. On November 2, 1917, British Foreign Secretary Balfour wrote to Rothschild, Vice Chairman of the Zionist Union, claiming that "His Majesty's Government favors the establishment of a Jewish nation-state in Palestine and will do its best to promote it." Its realization”. This letter became known as the Balfour Declaration. As a result, Jews began to immigrate to Palestine in large numbers. However, this move was strongly opposed by the local Arabs in Palestine, who used riots and strikes to put pressure on Britain to restrict Jewish immigration. This turmoil lasted for three years. At the same time, Jews who had no livelihood due to Nazi persecution continued to immigrate to Palestine in large numbers. By 1939, the total number of Jews immigrating to Palestine had increased to 445,000.
Between 1936 and 1939, Britain proposed to establish a Jewish state in Palestine (an area far smaller than that later designated by the United Nations) and an Arab state, but the Arabs rejected it. In May 1939, the British government was afraid of further arousing resistance from Arab countries, so it took the initiative to show goodwill to Arab countries and proposed the so-called "Palestine White Paper." The white paper proposes: In the next five years, only 15,000 Jews will be immigrated each year; Jews will be restricted from purchasing Arab land, and Palestine will be gradually transferred to a local government with a majority Arab population. Jews can implement high-level policies under the jurisdiction of this government. autonomy. The Arab unrest was subsided, but it was obviously not an easy task to establish trust between the Jews and Arabs, who had strong antagonistic sentiments.
When the "Palestine White Paper" was released, it was the day when European Jews were struggling to find an oasis to settle down and live in order to escape the Nazi Holocaust. In the brutal Nazi Holocaust, one-third of the world's Jews were killed, with the total number of victims reaching 6 million. There were very few Jews left in Europe. Before Britain declared war on Germany, it insisted on its position in the White Paper and refused to allow persecuted German and Austrian Jews to enter Palestine, which put the local Jews and the Mandatory authorities on the verge of war. It was only the homogeneous hatred of German fascists that limited violent activities. However, during the war, Jewish commandos never stopped destroying British military facilities that intercepted illegal immigrants.
United Nations Resolution 181 and the Establishment of the State of Israel
After the end of World War II, hundreds of thousands of Polish Jewish prisoners liberated from Nazi concentration camps became homeless. They could not return to their homeland because at this time, incidents of killing returning Jews occurred one after another across Poland; except for a few Nordic countries, the war-torn Western European countries were unable to accommodate them; even the United States, which is known as a country of immigrants, was unable to accommodate them. May the door be opened. At this time, the only one who welcomed them with open arms was the Jewish community in Palestine. As Britain continued to adhere to the policies of the White Paper, the conflict between the Jewish commandos and the British Mandate authorities continued to escalate. Jews blew up roads and bridges, attacked camps where illegal immigrants were detained, and assassinated British officials.
For Britain, this would be an unpopular war. At this time, Hitler's crime of killing 6 million Jews was gradually being exposed, and international public opinion was overwhelmingly sympathetic to the Jews. It was unjustifiable to allow those liberated Polish Jews to continue to live in concentration camps. With the exposure of secret documents of the Axis powers, Britain's decision to reject Italy's proposal and disagree with the transfer of German and Austrian Jews to Palestine through Italy became known to the world. Public opinion regarded Britain as an accomplice in the murder of the Jews. Under pressure from international public opinion, Britain decided to withdraw from Palestine. On February 15, 1947, Britain announced that it would transfer the hot potato of Palestine to the United Nations.
On November 29, 1947, the Second United Nations General Assembly voted to adopt the resolution of partitioning Palestine with 33 votes in favor, 13 votes against (of which 10 were Islamic countries), and 10 abstentions. , namely United Nations Resolution 181. The resolution stipulated that Britain would end its mandate in Palestine and withdraw its troops before August 1, 1948; two months later, two states, the Arab state and the Jewish state, would be established on Palestinian land. According to the blueprint of the partition resolution, the Arab State's territory reached 11,203 square kilometers, accounting for approximately 43% of the total area of ??Palestine at that time. The population was 725,000 Arabs and 10,000 Jews; the Jewish State's territory was 14,942 square kilometers, accounting for approximately Palestine accounts for 57% of the total area, with a population of 497,000 Arabs and 598,000 Jews. The resolution also stipulates: The establishment of a special international regime for the city of Jerusalem to be managed by the United Nations. In order to win over Israel's ruling Labor Party, the Soviet Union changed its inherent anti-Semitic attitude from the imperial period, made great efforts for the establishment of the State of Israel, and provided diplomatic and military support for the establishment and consolidation of the State of Israel. Gromyko, Permanent Representative of the Soviet Union to the United Nations, gave a touching speech at the UN General Assembly, which played an important role in the smooth adoption of Resolution 181. The United Kingdom, which had vowed to support the restoration of the Jewish state in the Balfour Declaration, abstained from the vote at this time.
At that time, there were more than 1.2 million Arabs in Palestine, accounting for more than two-thirds of the total population. However, the Arab territory included in the partition resolution only accounts for 43% of the total area of ??Palestine. What is even more intolerable to the Arabs is that the territory of the Arab state is fragmented and disconnected, and most of it is hilly and barren areas. This is not the case in the Jewish State. Although there are only 600,000 Jews, less than 1/3 of the total population, its territory accounts for 57% of the total area of ??Palestine, and most of it is located in the coastal zone with fertile land.
On the afternoon of May 14, 1948, the square in front of the Tel Aviv Museum of Modern Art was crowded with Jews. At 4 p.m., Ben-Gurion, the 1.6-meter-tall "Father of the Founding of Israel", announced the "Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel." Ben-Gurion becomes Israel's first Prime Minister.
The news of the establishment of the state of Israel spread throughout the world through radio waves, and most countries responded positively. Seventeen minutes after Ben-Gurion announced the establishment of the state, White House Press Secretary Charlie Rose announced to reporters that the United States recognized Israel. The proclamation recognizing Israel was drafted by Americans before they even knew what the new country would be called. When he learned that this country was named "Israel," President Truman crossed out the words "Jewish State" on the proclamation with a pen and changed it to "Israel." On May 17, the Soviet Union announced its recognition of Israel.
The war broke out the day after the founding of the state.
On May 15, 1948, the day after Israel announced the founding of the state, Britain announced the end of its mandate in Palestine. On the same day, troops from the Arab League countries Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1950) entered Palestine one after another. At the same time, the Arab League issued a statement declaring a state of war against Israel, and the first Middle East War broke out. The history of this war is called the "Palestinian War".
Unlike several subsequent Middle East wars, Britain and the United States sided with the Arabs in the Palestinian War out of long-term strategic considerations in the Arab world. On the contrary, the Soviet Union gave full support to Israel in order to win over this new country. Czechoslovakia, which was under the control of the Soviet Union at the time, not only provided Israel with a large amount of arms, but also provided Israel with dedicated airports, established air corridors, and trained Israel's air force and paratroopers. When the war was going on, several Jewish soldiers of the U.S. Air Force stationed in Europe risked court-martial and stole three heavy bombers. After loading them with bombs at the airport in Czechoslovakia, they took off to bomb Cairo and Damascus.
Because the Arab countries participating in the war were suspicious of each other and had internal discord, King Abdullah of Transjordan and King Farouk of Egypt had their own plans, allowing Israel, which only had guerrilla strength, to win the war. initiative. In mid-July, at the urging of Britain and the United States, Israel declared a ceasefire, but sporadic fighting continued until 1949. After this war, Palestine was divided into three parts: Israel occupied 78% of the total area of ??Palestine, exceeding the area stipulated in the "Partition Resolution" by more than 5,700 square kilometers; the West Bank was under the jurisdiction of Jordan; and the Gaza Strip was under the jurisdiction of Egypt. Nearly one million Palestinians have been driven from their homes and become refugees.
The failure of the first Middle East War made the surrounding Arab countries feel humiliated, and the atmosphere of revolution was everywhere.
There were three coups in Syria in March, August and December 1949. In July 1951, King Abdullah of Jordan and his son were assassinated by Palestinian refugees. King Abdullah's 18-year-old grandson Hussein survived because a bullet hit a medal pinned to his chest by his grandfather's hand. He succeeded to the throne as King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1953. In July 1952, Egyptian soldiers overthrew the Farouk dynasty, and Nasser, the leader of the Free Officers Organization, became president in June 1956.
The First Middle East War broke out when the armies of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq jointly launched an attack. The Arab army has more than 40,000 people, with only 30,000 guerrilla armed forces and no regular army. However, the people's full efforts to protect the new country and the excellent guerrilla warfare also undermined the unified operations of the Arab coalition, forcing them to fight independently. In addition, the Arab countries had the selfish intention of seizing territory, making it difficult to coordinate command. The United States urgently proposed a truce to the United Nations Security Council, and the Soviet Union was also dissatisfied with the Arab countries' rash attack. On June 11, both Arab and Israeli sides agreed to a four-week ceasefire. With the timely help of Jews around the world, it quickly restored its combat effectiveness and established a regular force, the "Israel Defense Forces." Arab countries launched another attack on July 9, but the Israel Defense Forces had expanded to more than 60,000 people and had sophisticated weapons. to ultimately win the war. After the war, Israel not only regained the territory assigned to it by the United Nations "Partition" resolution, but also occupied most of the territory assigned to the Palestinians by the United Nations, accounting for 80% of the total area of ??Palestine.
The Second Middle East War, also called the Suez Canal War. Since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Britain has long controlled it, and most of the huge profits have fallen into the hands of British and French monopoly capital. On July 26, 1956, on the fourth anniversary of the victory of the Egyptian revolution led by Nasser, Nasser announced that he would take back sovereignty over the canal and nationalize it. Britain and France were unwilling to accept this, and became angry and secretly planned to unite with Israel to regain control of the Suez Canal by force. The war broke out at the end of October 1956, but both the United States and the Soviet Union were strongly dissatisfied with the actions of Britain and France. Under tremendous pressure, Britain and France had no choice but to declare a ceasefire on November 6 and withdraw all their troops from Egypt in December, returning to the position before the ceasefire line of the first Middle East War. Egypt ultimately won the war.
The Third Middle East War is also called the "June-Fifth War." On June 5, 1967, Israel launched a large-scale surprise attack on Egypt, Syria and Jordan. After careful calculation, reconnaissance and preparation, all 196 Israeli aircraft available for combat took off. Using superb technologies such as ultra-low-altitude flight, they quickly destroyed nearly 200 Egyptian aircraft. Egypt lost air superiority and allowed its army to attack. The war lasted for six days and ended quickly. It was also called the "Six-Day War" in history. Due to the confusing tactics and the strategic and tactical errors of the Egyptian and other countries' armies, Afghanistan suffered heavy losses, losing more than 560 aircraft, 820 tanks, 60,000 casualties, and more than 400,000 people fleeing their homes. Only 61 tanks were lost and more than 3,100 casualties were suffered. It seized a total of 65,000 square kilometers of land in the Gaza Strip, Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, Syria's Golan Heights, and the West Bank, tripling its territory. In 1967, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 242, requiring Israel to withdraw its troops from the occupied lands, but Israel refused to implement the United Nations resolution. Although Israel has achieved military victory, the confrontation between Israel and Arab countries has deepened, and the hope of peaceful coexistence between the two sides has become even slimmer.
The Fourth Middle East War is also called the "October War", "Yom Kippur War", and "Ramadan War". After Sadat came to power, he was deeply aware of the power of a surprise attack and decided to fight back in the same way. In order to confuse Israel, Afghanistan successfully implemented deceptive tactics. On October 6, 1973, Egypt and Syria, with the support of Palestine and other Arab countries, launched a war against Israel to counterattack and regain lost territory. During the war, the Egyptian army crossed the Suez Canal and successfully destroyed the famously strong defense line-the "Barlev Line". The Egyptian Air Force, which took the lead, simultaneously dispatched 240 aircraft from 30 airports to attack the Israeli military positions on the opposite bank. Within 20 minutes, more than 90% of the Israeli military targets in the Sinai Peninsula were destroyed. Egypt only lost 5 aircraft. This result effectively supported the ground troops and destroyed more than 400 Israeli tanks and armored vehicles. The Syrian army also once reached the Lake of Galilee, an important fresh water supply in the north. However, the current Prime Minister Ariel Sharon was appointed at the critical moment and showed outstanding commanding ability. He led a part of the army to storm and cross the Suez Canal, commanded his troops to continue advancing, cut off the Egyptian army's connection with the rear, and opened the door to Cairo in one fell swoop. Win the war proactively. At the same time, due to the intervention of superpowers and the strong assistance of the United States, Afghanistan was forced to cease the war on October 25. Afghanistan achieved partial victory, but most of the occupied territory was still in Israeli hands. In 1974, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 338, reiterating that it should comply with Resolution 242 and withdraw troops from occupied lands, but it refused to implement the resolution. However, the Fourth Middle East War made both Arab and Israeli sides fully realize that it is impossible to eliminate each other through war. The Arab leaders turned to realist ideas and began to consider the path of peaceful coexistence with Israel. Israeli leaders also began to consider the idea of ??giving up part of the occupied land in exchange for peace. This paved the way for Egypt and Israel's resolute decision to formally sign a peace agreement and establish diplomatic relations in March 1979.
It should be pointed out that in 1982, in order to combat the Palestine Liberation Organization operating in Lebanon and eradicate its base of operations, Israel mobilized a large number of troops to launch a large-scale attack on Lebanon, severely damaging the PLO led by Arafat. , causing it to disperse to other Arab countries. Israel occupied southern Lebanon and established the so-called "safe zone" (the United Nations later passed Resolution 425, requiring Israel to withdraw its troops from southern Lebanon. In May 2005, the Israeli Barak government implemented the resolution and withdrew its troops from the safe zone in southern Lebanon). It is known in history as the Lebanon War. , and some people call it the "Fifth Middle East War." However, the overall scale and scope of this war were far smaller than the previous four Middle East wars.
Five rounds of peace talks, progressing with difficulty
The Camp David talks between Egypt, Israel and the United States opened the first peace talks in the Middle East. In August 1978, with the direct participation of US President Carter, Egyptian President Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Begin held talks on the peaceful settlement of the Middle East issue at Camp David, the US presidential retreat near Washington. After the talks, Egypt and Israel signed two documents, the "Outline for Realizing Peace in the Middle East" and the "Outline for Signing a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel", known as the Camp David Accords. The agreement confirmed that the basic document for resolving the Middle East issue is Security Council Resolution 242. The main contents of the former include: within a five-year transition period, the Palestinian residents of the West Bank and Gaza Strip will implement autonomy and establish an autonomous government to be responsible for security; allow the army to be retained in specified places; within five years, Egypt, Israel, and Jordan will jointly Local Pakistani people's representatives discussed and decided on the ownership of these two places. The latter stipulates that the sovereignty of the Sinai will be transferred to Egypt, and Egypt and Israel will sign a peace treaty within 3 months; within 3 to 9 months after the signing of the peace treaty, Egypt will withdraw from parts of the Sinai, and Egypt and Israel will establish diplomatic relations; the peace treaty will be signed within 2 to 9 months. Within 3 years, we will completely withdraw from Sinai and so on. After the signing of the agreement, Egypt will withdraw from Sinai in stages and Egypt and Israel will establish diplomatic relations. However, due to its stubborn stance, the "Outline for Achieving Peace in the Middle East" failed to be implemented. Most Arab countries opposed the Camp David Accords, Egypt fell into isolation for a while, and Sadat was assassinated on October 1, 1981.
From the Madrid Peace Talks to the Oslo Accords. In October 1991, under the auspices of the United States and the Soviet Union, the Arab-Israeli Middle East Peace Conference was held in Madrid and later moved to the Norwegian capital Oslo for 14 rounds of secret talks. After the efforts of US President Clinton to mediate, in September 1993, Palestine and Israel secretly reached a reconciliation agreement in Oslo, the capital of Norway, known as the "Oslo Accords." In order to accommodate the mediating role of the United States, Prime Minister Rabin and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization Arafat signed the "Declaration of Principles of Autonomy in Gaza and Jericho" in Washington, stipulating that Palestine will first implement autonomy in Gaza and Jericho, and both Palestine and Israel will Mutual recognition is a major breakthrough in the peace talks. On May 5, 1994, Pakistan began to implement the expected five-year autonomy. Although the "Oslo Accords" only outlined a rough framework for comprehensive reconciliation between Palestine and Israel, it opened a new starting point for peace talks, and the atmosphere for subsequent negotiations was generally good. In 1995, Palestine and Israel signed the "Taba Agreement" to implement the second phase of the "Oslo Accords", also known as the West Bank and Gaza Transition Agreement. However, in November 1995, Prime Minister Rabin was assassinated at a critical moment in the Palestinian-Israeli peace talks, and the Middle East peace process suffered a heavy setback. After the hard-line leader of the Likud Party Netanyahu came to power in the June 1996 election, the Middle East peace process came to a stalemate.
2000 US-Israel-Palestine Camp David Talks. In May 1999, Barak was elected prime minister. He expressed his commitment to fully launching the Middle East peace process. In September of the same year, Palestine and Israel signed the Sharm el-Sheikh Agreement, but the contents of the agreement were not implemented. In order to promote a breakthrough in the peace talks at a critical moment, in July 2000, Clinton, who was nearing the end of his term, summoned Prime Minister Barak and Chairman of the Palestinian Autonomous Government Arafat to Camp David, trying to follow President Carter and promote a package solution to the Palestinian-Israeli issue. It is prepared to make unprecedented huge concessions, promising to return all of the Gaza Strip and 96% of the land in the West Bank, and provide corresponding compensation for the remaining 4%. At this important juncture, Egypt warned Arafat that he had no right to make independent decisions on major issues involving the interests of the Arab nation such as Jerusalem. Arafat was frightened by the warning and hoped to make greater concessions, and ultimately did not agree to the agreement. signature. The meeting did not reach any written agreement, but during the meeting, all parties further clarified their respective bottom lines on several major issues such as the status of Jerusalem, the return of Palestinian refugees, and the border, which was conducive to the continued advancement of negotiations. Just as the negotiations entered a critical moment, on September 28, 2000, Sharon, the leader of the Likud Group, forcibly "visited" the Islamic holy sites in Jerusalem, triggering large-scale bloody conflicts. In early 2001, Bush and Sharon came to power one after another, and the Middle East peace process took a turn.
Peace talks on the "Roadmap" plan. When the United States, Russia, Europe and the United Nations held an international conference on the Middle East in December 2002, they finalized the "Roadmap" plan for Middle East peace. In April 2003, Yumei officially announced the contents of the plan. On June 4, 2003, the leaders of Palestine, Israel and the United States held a tripartite meeting in Aqaba, Jordan, and officially launched the "Road Map" plan. The "road map" is mainly divided into three stages: in the first stage (from the date of announcement to May of that year), Palestine and Israel will achieve a ceasefire; Palestine will combat terrorist activities and carry out comprehensive political reforms; Israel will withdraw from September 2000 We will freeze the construction of settlements in the Palestinian territories occupied later, dismantle the settlements established after March 2001, and take all necessary measures to restore the lives of the Pakistani people to normal.
The second phase (June to December 2003) is a transitional period, focusing on establishing a Palestinian state with temporary borders and symbols of sovereignty by the end of 2003. The third stage is to complete the final status negotiations between Palestine and Israel in 2005 and reach an agreement to establish a Palestinian state. The Palestinian and Israeli Prime Ministers have also held bilateral meetings on many occasions. However, multiple serious bloody conflicts between Palestine and Israel put the "Road Map" plan on hold. In 2004, with efforts to implement the "unilateral action" plan and the "targeted killing" operation, a power struggle also occurred within Pakistan. After Arafat's death in November, the transfer of power in Palestine was basically smooth.
The top Palestinian-Israeli summit meetings since 2001. In January 2005, Abbas won the Pakistani general election with a high vote. On February 8, 2005, with the help of the United States behind the scenes and the direct mediation of Egypt and Jordan, Palestinian Authority Chairman Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Sharon held their first historic meeting in four years in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. The two sides reached a ceasefire agreement, officially ending the violent conflict between Palestine and Israel. The ceasefire agreement was immediately widely welcomed because most people are fully aware that violence cannot solve the problem. Since September 2000, more than 1,000 Israelis and more than 3,300 Palestinians have died. On March 1, an international conference in London to support Palestinian reforms was held. In June, the Israeli-Palestinian leaders met for the second time, but no results were achieved and neither side was willing to compromise.
Six types of reasons hinder peace talks
Involving a series of key issues such as refugee return, border demarcation, Jerusalem’s final status, settlement dismantling, water distribution, etc., Palestine and Israel have always attributed The baht must be compared, and these are all thorny flaws that prevent a complete breakthrough in the Palestinian-Israeli peace talks. There are strong opposition and containment forces on both sides, including the United States and the Arab world. Affected by the hard-line forces on both sides, it is difficult for Sharon and Abbas to make substantive compromises. The situation between Palestine and Israel may become tense again at any time.
First, boundary demarcation and water resource allocation. Palestine insists on following United Nations Resolutions 242 and 338, requiring the Palestinian-Israeli border line before the 1967 war to be used as the standard, and requiring Israel to strictly implement the Oslo Accords and the "Road Map" plan. Unilateral plans can only be "Road Map plans." and the Oslo Accords as a process and component, not as a whole. From Sharon's point of view, Israel hopes at most to successfully implement the "unilateral action plan", that is, to return all of Gaza and about 50% of the land in the West Bank, which is about half less than the territory actually requested by Palestine. Looking back at the Camp David negotiations in 2000, then-Israeli Prime Minister Barak promised to transfer 96% of the land in the West Bank. Arafat was afraid of domestic pressure and the opposition of some major Arab countries and did not sign at that time; and now Israel has passed the separation wall. Basically, the scope delineated by the "unilateral plan" was actually controlled, creating a fait accompli. Therefore, it is even more impossible for Abbas to sign and pledge the territory return ratio currently promised by Sharon. Abbas has repeatedly stated that he will not make more concessions and compromises than Arafat. In addition, fresh water in the Palestinian area is as expensive as oil, so they strive to ensure future fresh water supply during negotiations. Both Palestine and Syria have always demanded their due rights to fresh water supply.
Second, the issue of the return of Palestinian refugees. The return of more than 4 million Palestinian refugees has almost always been an insurmountable key in the Palestinian-Israeli peace talks. Israel fears that the population ratios of Jews and Palestinians will undergo subversive changes when Palestinian refugees return to the occupied territories, so it insists on resettling Palestinian refugees in their host countries to compensate them, effectively depriving them of their right to return. This is something Pakistan has always rejected.
Third, the issue of Jewish settlements. The "unilateral action plan" will withdraw from all settlements in the Gaza Strip and some minor settlements in the West Bank, but it will not withdraw from many important settlements in the West Bank, but will continue to build settlements in the West Bank. Allowing Jews evacuated from the Gaza Strip to live has aroused strong dissatisfaction in Palestine.
Fourth, the issue of Jerusalem. The city is a religious holy place for Jews and Arabs, and both sides have their own hard-line stances. Although the city is under de facto control, Palestinians and Arabs have been demanding territorial and religious rights to which they are entitled.
Fifth, both Palestine and Israel are facing internal opposition forces. The fighting methods and strategies of Hamas and other radical organizations in Pakistan have changed, but the national liberation goal they have set will not change much. They may continue to attack in the future at any time, and once attacks occur continuously, they may As for sabotaging the peace talks, Israel has repeatedly asked Pakistan to intensify its crackdown. There are also powerful political factions and people in the Israeli cabinet and parliament who are anti-peace talks and anti-concession. In the coalition government, the Jewish Bible Union strongly opposes concessions to Palestine, while the Likud Group advocates conditional negotiations. There are also many anti-peace factions in the parliament, such as the Immigration Party and the Shas Party. Most of the more than 200,000 settlers oppose the demolition of settlements, and their mobility is very large. Sharon himself is also very tough, and the peace he seeks must be conducive to maintaining vested interests and security. But even so, there are still far-right elements in Israel who threaten to kill Sharon.
Sixth, there are limitations to the influence of external factors. The Bush administration began to increase its efforts to broker peace talks between Palestine and Israel and promised to provide substantial financial assistance to Palestine. However, these US measures are conditional, requiring Pakistan to vigorously promote democratic reforms and crack down on radical anti-Israel forces. The US policy of pro-Israel will not fundamentally change.
Faced with the complex situation in the Middle East, there is still suspense to what extent and how long the Bush administration will continue to pay attention to the Palestinian-Israeli issue in the future. On the surface, Arab countries are deeply anxious about the tension between Palestine and Israel. However, out of considerations such as seeking U.S. aid and demonstrating their influence in the Middle East, some countries are unwilling to resolve the issue as soon as possible. In recent years, Europe and the United Nations have become more and more powerful and influential in promoting peace on the Palestinian-Israeli issue, but their influence on the Palestinian-Israeli peace talks is still limited, and the United States does not allow its intervention to affect the performance of the United States' role.
Although the Palestinian-Israeli peace talks will still face endless ups and downs, in any case, people hope that the relevant parties will increase their efforts and take concrete measures to overcome difficulties and resistance as soon as possible and promote peace in the Middle East to achieve substantive results as much as possible progress.
The Middle East has experienced 5 wars, 4 of which were direct wars between Arab countries and Israel. The results were all defeats by the Arabs. Not only did they not regain an inch of the lost land, but they also lost a large area of ??fertile land in the West Bank. , the hatred of losing a teacher and humiliating the country must be engraved in the heart of every Arab. From this we can see that the sharp conflicts between Israel and Arab countries are caused by land and have nothing to do with religion. Now, because the United States and other Western countries strongly support Israel, some Arab extremists regard it as a religious conflict, but in the final analysis it is an issue of occupied Arab land, so there is a "land for peace" plan.