What are the characteristics:
Euro is the name of the single currency of European Monetary Union (EMU) countries and the unified legal tender of EMU countries. Euro (? ; Code EUR) is the currency of EU 16 countries. The sixteen countries are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Malta, Cyprus and Slovakia. They are collectively referred to as the euro zone. The euro is generally called the euro in Hong Kong.
1 99965438+1October1officially started in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Finland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain 1 1 countries (hereinafter referred to as "countries in the euro zone")
Greece joined the euro zone in 2000 and became the 12 member of the euro zone.
Slovenia joined the euro zone on June 65438+ 10/day, 2007, and became a member of 1 3.
At 0: 00 on June 65438+1 October1day, Cyprus joined the euro zone together with Malta.
Slovakia reached the standard in 2008 and joined the euro zone in June 2009 with 65438+1 October1. As a result, the membership of the euro zone has increased from the previous 13 to the present 16.
At present, the euro zone has 16 member countries with a population of over 380 million.
The national standard code of the euro is EUR. It's called euro in Hong Kong.
1 euro = 100 cents
Euro is the basic monetary unit of Europe 16 countries. In 2002, 65438+1 month1was officially used in Europe. The ISO 42 17 standard code of the international organization for standardization is EUR. What is a customary symbol? .
The 16 members of the euro are Ireland, Austria, Belgium, Germany, France, Finland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta and Slovakia. Are all members of the European Union.
According to EU regulations, euro cash officially entered circulation on June 65438+1 October 1 2002, and the original currency circulating in euro zone member countries stopped circulating on March12002. Today, more than half of the 27 member States of the European Union have joined the euro zone.
As the bell of the New Year is about to ring in 2009, the single European currency, the Euro, will celebrate its 10 birthday, and Slovakia will become the 16 member of the euro zone.
[Edit this paragraph] Development history
The euro is the most significant achievement of European monetary reform since the Roman Empire. The euro not only makes the European single market more perfect, but also facilitates the free trade among the countries in the euro zone, which is an important part of the EU integration process.
Although Monaco, San Marino and Vatican are not EU countries, because they used to use French francs or Italian lira as their currencies, they now use euros and are authorized to mint a small number of their own euro coins. Some non-EU countries and regions, such as Montenegro, Kosovo and Andorra, also use the euro as a payment tool.
The euro is managed by the European Central Bank (ECB) and the european system of central banks (ESCB), which is composed of the central banks of the euro zone countries. The European Central Bank, headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, has the power to independently formulate monetary policy. The central banks of euro zone countries participate in the printing, casting and distribution of euro banknotes and coins, and are responsible for the operation of the euro zone payment system.
Monetary characteristics:
The front of all euro coins is the same, marked with the face value of the coin, which is called "* * * coplanar", while the pattern on the back of the coin is designed by the issuing country. Constitutional monarchy countries usually use the head of their monarch, while other countries usually use their national symbols. All different coins can be used in all areas. For example, coins with the head of the King of Spain are legal tender in countries that use the euro except Spain. There are eight kinds of euro coins. Although Finland and the Netherlands generally do not use coins of 1 euro and 2 euro cents, they are still legal tender.
The design of each denomination of euro notes is the same in all countries. There are seven kinds of euro notes. Although some countries do not issue large denomination banknotes, they are still legal tender.
Trans-European automatic real-time settlement express transfer system (TARGET) is a European large-value transaction settlement system established before the issuance of Euro. The general rules of micropayment are as follows: transfer within the euro zone is regarded as domestic transfer, the handling fees for credit card payment and ATM withdrawal within the euro zone are the same as those in China, and bill payment such as cheque is also the same as that in China.
The euro pattern was publicly collected by the European Monetary Bureau and finally determined at 1996 12 13. The scheme of Austrian banknote designer Robert Callina was adopted. According to Karina's plan, the larger the face value, the larger the paper money area. The main components of the front patterns of various banknotes are doors and windows, which symbolize the spirit of cooperation and frankness. 12 stars form a circle, which symbolizes the harmonious coexistence of EU countries in Europe. On the reverse side of the paper money is the design of the bridge, which symbolizes the close ties between European countries. The patterns of doors, windows and bridges respectively represent the architectural styles of various periods in Europe. The monetary value from small to large is classical, romantic, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo, iron and glass, modern architectural style, and the colors are gray, red, blue, orange, green, tawny and lavender. Euro banknotes printed by countries in this region have the same pattern on the front and back, and there is no national symbol on the banknotes.
Coins are minted by euro-zone countries. All coins have the symbol of European Economic and Monetary Union on the front and the designs of various countries on the back.
Euro banknotes are made of tissue paper, which has a special feel, some of them will be uneven, and there are anti-counterfeiting lines. The face value figures at the top of the banknotes are printed with color-changing ink.
Euro banknotes (pictured) * * * are divided into seven denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros, with different sizes and colors. Each denomination of banknotes shows a European architectural period, a map of Europe and a European flag.
For these seven denominations of banknotes, without exception, the design methods of front doors and windows and back bridges are adopted, which show different architectural styles in different periods in Europe and represent the cultural history of seven different periods in Europe. Arches and windows symbolize the spirit of openness and cooperation, and the EU's 12 stars represent the strength and unity of European countries. The bridge-shaped building on the back of paper money represents the cooperation and exchange between European countries and between Europe and the world. The amount of money is printed on paper money followed by Latin and Greek letters. The abbreviation of the European Central Bank is marked by five language variants of the official languages of EU countries. Arches and windows symbolize the spirit of openness and cooperation, and the EU's 12 stars represent the strength and unity of European countries. The bridge-shaped building on the back of paper money represents the cooperation and exchange between European countries and between Europe and the world. The banknotes are printed with the flag and map of the European Union. The abbreviation of the European Central Bank and the signature of the governor of the central bank are expressed in five official languages used in the European Union, such as BCE, ECB, EZB, EKT and EKP.
5 euro
Size: 120×62mm color: gray pattern: classical architecture
10 euro
Size: 127×67mm color: red pattern: Roman architecture
20 euros
Size: 133×72mm Color: blue pattern: Gothic architecture
50 euros
Size: 140×77mm color: orange pattern: Renaissance architecture
100 euro
Size: 147×82mm Color: green pattern: Baroque and Rococo architecture
200 euros
Size: 153×82mm color: tan pattern: steel and glass building
500 euros
Size: 160×82mm color: purple pattern: 20th century modern architecture.
There are eight denominations of coins, including 1, 2,5,10,20,50. Coins from euro zone 12 countries have the same pattern on one side and different patterns on the other. The different aspects of each country are as follows:
Austrian art, architecture or flower design
Portrait of King Albert II of Belgium
Flowers, swans and lions in Finland
German eagle, Brandenburg gate
French tree, sower
Greek mythology, history, politics and shipping representative patterns
Beatrice, Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard
Irish Celtic harp
An Italian masterpiece of Italian art
Luxemburg Grand Duke Henri
Royal seal of Portugal 1 144, 1 142, 1 134.
King Carlos I of Spain
Give an example of an application scenario:
Euro was determined by the Treaty on European Union signed in Maastricht in 1992, aiming at establishing the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Member States need to meet a series of strict standards, such as the budget deficit should not exceed 3% of GDP, the debt ratio should not exceed 60% of GDP, and the inflation rate and interest rate are close to the average level of EU countries.
Euro currency Because of the different rounding habits of numbers in different countries, the conversion between currencies in different countries needs to be carried out in euros. The fixed conversion rate between the euro and the original currency is as follows:
13.7603 Austrian schilling
40.3399 Belgian franc
2.207 1 shield (NLG)
Finnish Mark (FIM)
6.55957 FRF franc
1.95583 Deutsche Mark
0.77564 Irish pound (IEP)
1936.27 ITL lira
40.3399 Luxembourg franc
200.482 escudo
166.386 peseta, Spain
340.750 Greek drachma
239.640 Tolal, Slovenia
0.585274 CYP pound
0.429300 lira
30. 1260 SKK krona
These exchange rates are determined by the European Parliament on the basis of Council of Europe's proposal and the market exchange rate 1998 12 3 1, and 1 European Monetary Unit is equal to 1 Euro. Because the value of the European currency unit depends on the closing price of non-euro currencies (mainly pounds), the exchange rate was not determined earlier.
Greece did not meet the standard of using the euro at first, so it did not join the euro zone in June 1999+ 10/. It was not until two years later that Greece joined the euro zone at 200 1, 1, and its currency conversion ratio was: 340.750 Greek drachma (GRD) pairs 1 Euro.
From 0: 00 on June 1 99965438+1October1day, the euro was introduced into intangible currency fields (traveler's checks, electronic payment, banks, etc.). ); On June 65438+1 October1day, 2002, new euro banknotes and euro coins were put into use, which were called legal tender in the euro zone countries.
The initial conversion period of banknotes and coins lasted for 2 months until February 28, 2002. The official date to stop using the original currency as legal tender varies from country to country. The earliest date is Germany. The Deutsche Mark ceased to be legal tender in Germany on February 28th, 2006, but it can be converted into euros before February 28th, 2002. By February 28th, 2002, all countries stopped using the original currency as legal tender. However, after this date, central banks will still accept the original currency in a few years, and the central banks of Austria, Ireland and Spain will accept the original currency permanently. The earliest coin that stopped using was the Portuguese escudo, which no longer had monetary value on February 3, 20021day, and the paper money was still convertible until 2022.
Finland decided not to coin 1 euro cent and 2 euro cents except collectors, so when Finland exchanges euros, those ending in 1 euro cent or 2 euro cents will be discarded, and those ending in 3 euro cents or 4 euro cents will be rounded to 5 euro cents. However, 1 euro cents and 2 euro cents are still legal tender in Finland.
Slovenia adopted the euro on June 65438+1October 65438+1October 2007. The exchange ratio is: 239.640 Slovenian Toral (SIT) exchange 1 Euro.
Give an example of an application scenario:
Currency pegged to the euro
At present, the currencies linked to the euro are Cape Verde, escudo, Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, Bulgarian lev, French overseas franc, Central African franc, West African franc and Comoros franc. Euro is the official currency of 15 countries and regions outside the EU. Moreover, the currencies of 22 countries and regions are directly linked to the euro, including 14 West African countries, 3 French Pacific regions, 2 African island countries and 3 Borgen Peninsula countries.