By the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the houses of descendants of Confucius had expanded to dozens. Until the Jin Dynasty, descendants of Confucius were in the east of Confucius Temple. With the promotion of Confucius' official position and title, Confucius' architecture continued to expand during the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, reaching its present scale. At present, Confucius House covers an area of about 7.4 hectares, with 480 ancient buildings, which are divided into nine courtyards, and the layout is middle, east and west roads. There are famous Confucius archives and a large number of cultural relics in the house. Confucius House is located in the center of Qufu, with its gate facing south and facing a huge white shadow wall. There are a pair of male and female stone lions more than 2 meters high on the left and right sides of the gate.
The red and black door is inlaid with the door of a shop, and the Fu Sheng plaque with gold on the blue background hangs in the center of the door. On the bright pillars on both sides of the gate, there is a pair of gold couplets on a blue background: the same day as Zhou Xianxiu Anfu Ronggong Mansion and the same day as the old moral sage. According to legend, this couplet was written by Ji Yun in Qing Dynasty. The kind words of literati vividly illustrate the prominent position of Confucius in feudal society. The second gate, commonly known as the second gate, passes through the narrow courtyard of the first entrance and is the second gate of Confucius Middle Road. This gate was built in the Ming Dynasty. On the lintel hung a plaque inscribed by Li Dongyang, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, an official minister and a university student in Wen Yuan Pavilion.
There is a valve reading bracket under the plaque, and the doorpost is supported by a stone drum. The left and right front doors each have an axillary door and a wing. In feudal society, the underarm door was usually used instead of the front door to show solemnity. The light door enters the door of the sage, facing it is a small, exquisite and unique screen door. This gate was built in the 16th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty. It is made of wood and is not connected with the surrounding walls.
It is in an independent yard, similar to a rolling door. The top of the screen is covered with gray tiles. Because there is a plaque on the lintel, the light door is weighed. Because the front yard and backyard are isolated from each other in an independent yard, the heavy door is also called the plug door. It is said that such a lawsuit against general Simon is not qualified, and only the monarch who has been knighted can enjoy this honor. The lobby passes through the Shigemitsu Gate, and there is a terrace in the yard with the original sundial. Behind it is the spacious main hall, Confucius Temple. This is the local language for the Duke of Banquet to read the imperial edict, meet officials, apply family laws, hear major cases, and hold festivals and birthday ceremonies. There are five halls and three meditation rooms, and gray tiles are hung on the top of the mountain.
Under the eaves, a bucket of two liters of hemp leaves is used to cross the arch, and the head of hemp leaves is on the front, so it has the style of Ming Dynasty. In the middle of the lobby, there are colorful clouds and fragrant pavilions. There is a tiger skin in the middle of the plush chair. In front of the chair, there are Four Treasures of the Study, Yin He and a long, narrow and tall signature box on the red paint case. The second hall, also known as the back hall, is the place where the banquet public meets the bureaucrats above level 4 and is entrusted by the emperor to take the imperial examination in the first year of rites and music. In the center of the room hung Qin Sheng and a large plaque with poems, books, ceremonies and music, and several stone tablets stood on both sides. Among them, the Empress Dowager Cixi inscribed the inscriptions of Shou, Jiu Tao Tu and ROY Song Tu, which were presented by the Duke's Kong Lingyi. This is the living room where Confucius receives his relatives, and it is also the main place where they hold family banquets, weddings and funerals.
There is a lush thyme tree on the east and west sides of the courtyard. At the turn of spring and summer, white flowers give off bursts of fragrance. There is a big platform in front of the house, and there are four stone drums with noses at the four corners, which are the footstones for the local troupe to set up tents. At the end of the Qing dynasty, Confucius raised a troupe of dozens of people. When the master gave the order, he immediately began to sound gongs. In the front room, the room is bright and bright, and in the middle is the big plaque of Hongkai Ciyu. Above the nave, there is a birthday map inscribed by Cixi.
The front building goes through the front building, through a low door, and then enters the front building. The pine trees in the yard are tall and straight, and the fish pond is opposite. Quiet and elegant, there is a feeling of changing scenery. The lobby building consists of seven two-story pavilions, and the interior furnishings remain the same. There is a copper heater in the middle, which was the heater at that time. In the Duobaoge in the east, there are rockhopper, ginseng, coral, ganoderma lucidum, jade carving, tooth carving and so on. This suite is the bedroom of Confucius' 76th grandson and Kong Lingyi, the Duke of Banquet, and the bedroom of Kong Lingyi's two daughters is in the back. /kloc-At the age of 0/4, Sun and the Duke of the 77th generation wrote: The heart of a saint is like a pearl in deep water, and the heart of a mortal is like a flag scooping water, hanging intact on the wall.
The patio passes through the mansion and enters the patio. The back hall building consists of seven two-story front porch buildings, with three two-story front porch ancillary buildings on both sides. The back hall building is the residence of Kong Decheng, the 77th grandson of Confucius, and the feast of the Duke. Kong's wedding supplies were displayed in the hall, as well as calligraphy and paintings and gifts presented by friends at that time. The back room was the reception room at that time, equipped with Chinese and western furniture. The back room was the bedroom of Kong Decheng and his wife Sun Qifang. The garden behind Confucius Garden, also known as Tieshan Garden, is located in the backyard of Confucius' inner hall. In fact, there is no iron mountain in Tieshan Garden, only a few iron mines shaped like mountain peaks in the northwest corner of the garden. This stone system was moved by Kong when he rebuilt the garden in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty.
Ask the Third Ring Road of Tiangong to help him repair the garden, and he will call himself the owner of Tieshan Garden from now on. The park was built in the 16th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty. It was built at the same time as Confucius rebuilt and expanded. It was designed by Changsha director Li Dongyang. At that time, Li Dongyang was a prince, an official, a university student in Huagaidian and the president of national history. Why did he design it himself? Because Li Dongyang's daughter married Kong Wenshao, the 62nd grandson of Confucius, and became a wife, he worked hard to build a garden for her. After the completion of Confucius Temple, Li Dongyang wrote poems and inscriptions four times, bearing in mind this grand occasion. After this construction, in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Yan Song took over the position of Li Dongyang.
He was also the Prince of Taifu, the official minister, the university student of Huagaidian, the president of national history, and the prime minister at that time. He also took a fancy to Confucius, married his granddaughter to Confucius' 64th grandson, Confucius Shangxian, and became his first wife. Yan Song also helped Yan Gong to expand and rebuild Confucius' House, renovated the garden, moved strange stones from famous mountains all over the country, and transplanted famous flowers and grasses in gardens all over the country, making Confucius' Garden even more amazing. Ao's song. 60 yuan in peak season and 50 yuan in low season. Joint tickets for Confucius House, Confucius Temple and Confucius Forest: peak season 150 yuan, off season 130 yuan. Tickets for students, third-level disabled people and elderly people aged 60-70 are half-price, and tickets for elderly people over 70 years old, active servicemen and disabled people above level 2 are free. There are nine courtyards in the Children's Temple, which are divided into left, middle and right roads with the north-south axis as the central axis, with a length of 630m and a width of140m. There are more than 460 temples, halls, altars and pavilions, 54 gatehouses and 13 imperial tablet pavilions.
It is a building with more than 460 buildings, covering an area of about 95,000 square meters. A large number of steles and stone carvings are displayed in the temple sanctuary, Thirteen Monuments Pavilion, East and West Pavilion of Dacheng Hall, especially the Han Monument preserved here, which is the highest in the country. There are many treasures of stone inscriptions in past dynasties, second only to Xi 'an Forest of Steles, which is called the second forest of steles in China. Confucius Temple is an ancient architectural complex in China, second only to the Forbidden City in scale.
It can be regarded as a model of large ancestral halls in ancient China. The overall design of Confucius Temple is very successful. For the former Shinto, Sabina vulgaris is planted on both sides to create a solemn atmosphere and cultivate the reverence of worshippers; The main body of the temple runs through a central axis, which is symmetrical and rigorous in layout. The front and rear courtyards and the first three courtyards are all guide courtyards, and only a few small-scale gatehouse squares and high plaques on the gatehouse squares give people a strong impression. The courtyard behind the fourth entrance is resplendent and magnificent, with yellow tiles, red walls and green trees, which not only shows the profoundness of Confucius' thought, but also shows Confucius' great achievements.
The main buildings of Confucius Temple include the stele pavilion in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Kuiwen Pavilion in Ming Dynasty, Xingtan, Fangde Tiandi Square, Dacheng Hall and Bedroom Hall rebuilt in Qing Dynasty. Confucius Temple has preserved 1044 inscriptions since the Han Dynasty, including records of feudal emperors chasing seals, offering sacrifices to Confucius and building Confucius Temple, as well as poems and inscriptions of emperors, generals and literati. It is the place with the largest number of inscriptions in Han Dynasty in China. Temple inscriptions are the treasure house of ancient calligraphy art in China. Xingtan is located in the middle of the tunnel in front of Dacheng Hall, where Confucius gave lectures. There is a cypress tree next to the altar, which is planted by the teacher.
Chengdian is the core of Confucius Temple, the tallest building in the temple and one of the three ancient temples in China. Confucius Temple has the largest number of Han steles in China, second only to Xi 'an stele forest in previous dynasties. The famous stone carvings of Confucius Temple include Han stone reliefs, Ming and Qing stone pillars, and Ming and Qing sacred sites. There are more than 90 stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty, with a wide range of subjects, which not only record people's social life, but also reflect historical stories, myths and legends. There are various carving techniques, including line carving and relief. The 74-pound stone pillars were carved in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, including 56 underground monuments and 18 high relief monuments. Most of the patterns carved on the floor are Xiaoyun, Longfeng and Peony, which were carved in Yong Zhengdi in the seventh year of Qing Dynasty. There are peony, pomegranate, lotus and other flowers carved in Chongsheng Temple, which is the relic of Hongzhi in the 17th year of Ming Dynasty.
The best stone carving is the relief dragon column. There are ten pillars in front of Dacheng's eaves, each of which is six meters high, which is the tallest. The two pillars of Chongsheng Temple are vigorous and lively, with the highest level. In addition, the Yunlong stone bas-reliefs in Shengshimen, Dachengmen and Dachengdian also have high artistic value. For more than 2,000 years, the Confucius Temple in Qufu has been continuously destroyed and repaired, and it has never been abandoned. Under the protection of the state, Confucius' private residence has developed into a huge building complex with the same size and shape as the palace. The long delay time and rich records can be said to be an isolated case in the history of human architecture. Tickets are in 90 yuan in the peak season and in 80 yuan in the off-season; Joint tickets for Confucius House, Confucius Temple and Confucius Forest: peak season 150 yuan, off season 130 yuan.
Half-price tickets are available for students, third-level disabled people and senior citizens aged 60-70. Tickets are free for people over 70 years old, active servicemen, and disabled people above level 2, and children under 1.4 meters are free. Traffic A Konglin, located 2 kilometers north of Qufu County, Shandong Province, is the largest, oldest and most well-preserved family cemetery and artificial garden in China. The city walls are all made of blue bricks, three or four meters high and 7.3 kilometers long, covering an area of 3,000 mu. The ancient trees in the wall are towering, and the Maolin is deep. According to legend, Confucius disciples planted trees from Confucius' hometown, so there are many kinds of trees. There are countless graves, numerous stone tablets and swarms of stone ants in the forest. In addition to the tombs and buildings of Confucius, Kong and these three generations, there are also the tombs of Kong Yugu, Kong Wenshao and Kong. In addition to some famous Han Dynasty stone tablets being moved into the Confucius Temple, there are also inscriptions written by great calligraphers such as Li Dongyang, Yan Song, Weng Fanggang, He and Kang Youwei.
Therefore, Konglin has the reputation of forest of steles, which is a treasure house of calligraphy art, with a forest length of 1000 meters, standing cypresses in the road and long branches, mostly planted in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. At the end of the road is a straight wooden archway, which is the gate of Kong Lin. From here to the north is Erlinmen, a castle-like building, also called Guanlou. Surrounded by city walls, it is 4 meters high and 7,000 meters long. There is a river within the city wall, which is the famous Shui Sheng-Zhushui River. Not far from the north of the water bridge is the amusement hall. It is the place where the incense table is placed during the cave sacrifice. There are stone beasts in front of the temple, such as Weng Zhong, Wang Zhu, Wenbao and Jiaoduan. After enjoying the temple, the tomb in the middle is the tomb of Confucius.
There is a huge Ming Dynasty monument in front of the tomb, engraved with the tomb of Dacheng. On the east is Kong Li's tomb, and his son Surabaya Hou; Think about the mausoleum of Guo Yishu's grandson Confucius in Gong Sheng. According to legend, this special tomb layout is called holding children and grandchildren. On the east side of the tomb of Confucius, there are three pavilions, where Song Zhenzong, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, and Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty lived when they came here to worship Confucius. They are called living pavilions. Behind the pavilion 200 meters south of the tomb is the Kaishu site and the Zigong Lu tomb planted by Zigong itself. In addition to Confucius' tomb, Yushifang, the tomb of the wife of the 72nd generation Sun Kong Xianpei, is a large-scale tomb with high decorations in the forest.
Mrs. Yu's wife turned out to be the daughter of Emperor Qianlong. Because Manchu and Han were unmarried at that time, the emperor betrothed his daughter to Yipin Minister and married the duke in the name of his children, so it was called Yushifang. There is also the tomb of a famous man, Kong, a dramatist in Qing Dynasty who is famous for his book Peach Blossom Fan. His grave is located in the northeast corner outside the inner ring. The tombstone reads: the tomb of Dr. Dong Tang Feng Zhi, Minister of Qing Dynasty in Guangdong.
Kong once showed Emperor Kangxi around Confucius Temple and Confucius Forest. Because of his profound knowledge, his vivid explanation won the appreciation of the emperor. Tickets are in 40 yuan in the peak season and in 30 yuan in the off-season; Joint tickets for Confucius House, Confucius Temple and Confucius Forest: peak season 150 yuan, off season 130 yuan. Half-price tickets are available for students, third-level disabled people and senior citizens aged 60-70. Tickets are free for people over 70 years old, active servicemen, and disabled people above level 2, and children under 1.4 meters are free. Transportation: Take bus 1 to the terminal. Ticket price 1.5 yuan.