In ancient times, sea shells were used as currency, called shellfish (goods). It has been found that seashells used as currency in our country include large ones such as tiger-spotted shellfish and Awen's ribbon shell; small ones include currency shellfish and pseudo-date shellfish, among which currency is the most common. Lingweasel and seashells are often unearthed from the same tomb in Yinxu, Anyang, Henan. Beihua occupies an important position in the history of ancient currency development in my country. It was an important item currency in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. Peng is the unit of measurement. Ten pieces of Xiaobei make a peng.
Pre-Qin currency
Due to the different living environments of each tribe (country), its coinage began after an indefinite period, and its main production tools were used as prototypes. According to research, there are four main origins: imitation coins based on sharp tools such as knives, axes, and swords mixed with forest farmers living in forest areas. Depending on the region, these coins have more or less characters based on place names. Or characters, this practice of marking names and places continued until the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Another major type is the gradually mature trajectory of shovel and cloth profiling casting that lives in agricultural areas. Tribes living in areas with more water on the lake are engaged in hunting and fishing. Their coins are like totems, place names, weights, and so on. In some areas with developed handicraft industries, the currency of the same period showed round coins with square holes or round coins with round holes that were consistent with their level of civilization.
Qin and Han currency
After Qin Shihuang unified China. On the basis of the unified balance system, Qin Heng was used as the basis to unify the Qin Banliang. However, soon after the coinage was launched, due to tyranny and huge military expenditures, the minted currency continued to lose weight.
When Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty started his army, he minted his own money in order to raise money for the army. Qian Wen adopted Qin Banliang's old name. But the actual weight is only about three baht. And the people are allowed to cast it by themselves. Therefore, most of the small seal script banliang, which are thin, small, and have flat characters, are Han banliang. In 18 AD, five baht coins were first minted. By the fourth year of Emperor Wude of the Tang Dynasty (AD 621), five baht coins had lasted for nearly seven to eight hundred years. It is the currency with the longest minting period in our country. The number left in the world is huge and the categories are diverse.
Currency in Wang Mang's period
Wang Mang has implemented three currency system reforms since the second year of Jushe (7 AD). The currency system was chaotic, but he minted exquisite coins that are world-famous. The quality of its coinage is at its peak. Wang Mang's money calligraphy uses hanging money seal script. No matter whether it is round coins, cloth coins or knife coins, the outer outline is high and straight, so the characters are well protected.
Currency of the Three Kingdoms
Wei, Shu, and Wu were known as the Three Kingdoms in history. The currency system during this period was complex, coupled with the raging wars and unknown historical records, it is now classified as the currency of the Three Kingdoms period. The place where it was minted When cast together, it is difficult to decompose. During the Three Kingdoms period, different regions had different money systems: Wei got five baht; Shu cast five baht, and another one hundred and five baht; Wu had Daquan five hundred, Daquan equivalent to one thousand, Daquan two thousand, Daquan five thousand, etc.
Currency of the Two Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties
Historical books do not mention anything about coinage in the Western Jin Dynasty. Five baht coins were mainly used at that time. When the Western Jin Dynasty unified China, the treasury was abundant and the national power was strong. Therefore, in addition to using the old money of the Han Dynasty, it was necessary to mint its own money. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, after the Eight Kings Rebellion, each ethnic minority group went their own way, and many even minted their own money. The leaders of the Ba tribe, Li Te and Li Liu, founded the Han Dynasty in Sichuan and cast "Han Xing", which was the first currency named after an era name in the history of our country.
Currency of the Sui and Tang Dynasties
After Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty defeated Chen, the five baht in the Sui Dynasty became the unified legal currency. The five baht in the Sui Dynasty had an extra vertical character "fierce" on the left side of the character "五".
In the early Tang Dynasty, the old money of the Sui Dynasty was still used. In the fourth year of Wude (621 AD), Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty ordered that the five baht be abolished and Yuan Tongbao be minted. This ended the history of the two baht currencies in our country and entered the Baowen currency. The four-character money inscription "Kaiyuan Tongbao" was composed and written by the calligrapher Ouyang Xun. The text is dignified and dignified, showing the prosperous and peaceful style of the Tang Dynasty.
Currencies of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries
Looking at the currencies of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, lead and iron were the main ones, with more bad coins and rare fine ones, reflecting the political turmoil and economic depression at that time. The people are in dire straits.
Currency of the Two Song Dynasties
The currency system of the Two Song Dynasties was mainly copper coins, but also made of iron and lead. Silver and silver coins were more important in payments and purchases than in previous dynasties. Paper money began to be formally produced and implemented, which was the biggest feature of the currency system during the Song Dynasty.
The copper and iron coins of the Southern and Northern Song Dynasties are obviously different. The Northern Song Dynasty has more copper coins and less iron coins, while the Southern Song Dynasty has more iron coins and less copper coins. The copper coins of the Northern Song Dynasty had more small coins and fewer large coins. The copper coins of the Southern Song Dynasty had fewer small coins and more large coins. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the era name was used as the coin text, while in the Southern Song Dynasty, the year name was not only used as the coin text, but also the year and discipline were included. The biggest difference between the coins of the two Song Dynasties and the previous ones is the money calligraphy, many of which were written by emperors of various dynasties or by calligraphers. Zhenxing, Li, Zhuan, Zhuan and Cao are all available. It is the pinnacle of my country's currency calligraphy art.
Currency of the Yuan Dynasty
When the Mongols ruled China, they brought about a basic change in China's currency system, which caused China to use white money as the measure of value. If China's currency system is divided by quality, the Tang Dynasty was the dividing line for copper coins, and the currency after the Tang Dynasty was baht. In the past nomadic period, the Mongols mainly used barter methods. The adoption of the white money system was mainly influenced by foreign ethnic groups in neighboring Central Asia and was also a product of foreign trade. Before the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolia had begun to mint Chinese currency, such as "Da Chao Tong Bao" and copper coins. After gaining control of China, paper money was the main currency, but many copper and silver auxiliary coins were also minted.
Ming Dynasty Currency
The currency system of the Ming Dynasty was mainly paper money, but many copper coins were also minted, and the categories were complex. Zhu's coinage began in Dazhong and began to memorize cultural and geographical values. This was a feature of copper coins in the Ming Dynasty and continued to influence coinage in the late Qing Dynasty. Moreover, the coins of the Ming Dynasty, contrary to those of the previous dynasty, were all Tongbao and not Yuanbao, mainly to avoid Zhu Yuanzhang's taboo of the word "Yuan".
Qing Dynasty Currency
The currency system of the Qing Dynasty was generally based on the parallel standard of silver coins, and the price ratio between silver and copper was generally maintained at around one thousand yuan and one tael.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, due to the corruption of the Qing court, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising broke out. The distinctive features of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom coins are (1) the money is called "sacred treasure", which is different from the coins of previous dynasties. (2) There are no markings of place, value and weight on the coins. (3) Qian's text is divided into two sides: front and back.
Silver Currencies of the Past Dynasties
In Chinese history, since gold and silver were discovered and used by humans, they have been used as wealth, stored and exchanged. The first silver coin of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period can be called the earliest monetary currency in my country. In the future, silver coins with different names and uses were minted in each dynasty and generation. But it is mainly used for large-scale payments and rewards, as well as for burials and offerings. The period of real folk use and use as the main currency was not long. Except for the silver coins and silver ingots that can be seen in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, other silver coins are difficult to see. In addition to the small number of mints, Chinese women have long loved silver jewelry, so they were sold in large quantities. This is also a reason that cannot be ignored. .
In addition to being issued by the state, many of China's silver currencies are issued by local and even banks, banks, and independent castings. Credit is maintained based on the status and weight of precious metals. This is also the core of China's silver currency. A major characteristic of physical currency.
Chinese silver currency had different names according to different shapes in different periods. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was called cake, wat, collar (flat shape) or tie (stick shape). In the Song Dynasty, it was renamed silver ingot, and in the Yuan Dynasty, it was called ingot. The shape of silver ingots in Ming and Qing Dynasties was changed to horseshoe shape. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the inflow of foreign silver coins caused a large outflow of silver from China, so the Qing court followed the trend and minted its own silver coins. According to their different patterns, they have different names such as "Guangyang", "lace", "Longyang", "big head", "small head", "ship version" and so on. Many types of silver commemorative coins were also minted in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Some were made by braggarts to please their bosses, some were made by local warlords, and some were set to commemorate birthdays and major events. Most of these silver coins were small in quantity and had patterns. Beautifully unique and well made.
Chinese copper coins
Chinese machine-made copper coins were first cast in Guangdong. From April 26, the 14th year of Guangxu's reign, to the Guizhou Guizhou half-cent copper coin in the 38th year of the Republic of China. , which lasted for half a century. Its emergence not only ended the history of square-hole round coins that China had followed for thousands of years, but also integrated with foreign currency systems, bringing about revolutionary changes in China's monetary economy. Chinese copper coins have experienced the decline of the Qing Dynasty, warlords' melee, national revolution, foreign invasion, the birth of People's China and the demise of the Chiang Dynasty. It can be said that the history of China's Bronze Yuan Dynasty is the most poignant page in the history of the Chinese nation.
Chinese banknotes
China is the first country in the world to use banknotes. In the 11th century AD, the world's first banknote - "Jiaozi" from the Northern Song Dynasty - was discovered in Sichuan, China. After that, paper money was followed through all dynasties in China. The ones issued in the Southern Song Dynasty were "Huizi" and "Guanzi", those issued in the Jin Dynasty were "Jiaobao" and "Gem Coupon", those issued in the Yuan Dynasty were "Yuanbao Jiaobao" and "Tongxingbao", and those issued in the Ming Dynasty were "Da Ming" "Bao Chao", "Qing Bao Chao", etc. were issued in the Qing Dynasty. After the Opium War, the modern banking industry gradually emerged, bank exchange notes became popular, and banknotes gradually became the main currency. Beginning in 1935, the Kuomintang government carried out currency reform, promoted legal currency, replaced silver dollar circulation with banknotes, and successively issued legal currency, gold yuan certificates, silver dollar certificates and other banknotes. The "Da Ming Bao Banknote" of the Ming Dynasty is the largest banknote in the world to date, with a currency face of 209 mm and 320 mm.
The earliest Western banknotes were influenced by Chinese banknotes. They were issued by Sweden in 1661, France in 1720, the United States in 1797, and France successively issued their own banknotes in 1806. Chinese banknotes and Compared with the earliest Sweden in the West, it is more than 900 years earlier.
Introduction to the "UnionPay" logo card
The "UnionPay" logo card uses the parallel arrangement of bank cards in three different colors of red, green and blue as the background, setting off the white "UnionPay" "The Chinese character shape highlights the theme of bank card network connection. Three colors, red symbolizes cooperation and integrity; blue symbolizes smoothness and efficiency; green symbolizes safety. The close arrangement of three bank cards of different colors symbolizes the union of bank cards.
The meaning of "UnionPay" logo card: "UnionPay" logo card is approved by the People's Bank of China and issued by domestic card-issuing financial institutions. It adopts unified business specifications and technical standards and can be used across banks and regions. Bank cards with the "UnionPay" logo.
The main features of the "UnionPay" logo card:?
The unified "UnionPay" logo pattern is printed on the lower right corner of the front of the bank card; the "UnionPay" logo pattern is printed on the front of the credit card A unified holographic anti-counterfeiting mark is affixed above; a unified signature strip is used on the back of the card.
The relationship between the "UnionPay" logo card and other existing bank cards: For bank cards applied before December 31, 2003, cardholders can use them in accordance with the regulations of the original card-issuing bank, or they can go to the bank Replace it with a "UnionPay" logo card. After January 1, 2004, the "UnionPay" logo card will become the only RMB bank card used nationwide. Various non-"UnionPay" logo cards can only be used as local special cards and cannot be used in different places or across banks.
Advantages of "UnionPay" logo cards:
Convenient for users - merchants that can accept "UnionPay" logo cards, for bank cards with the "UnionPay" logo, It can be accepted directly without identifying the card issuer;
Convenient for cardholders--cardholders can use the card at any ATM or POS with the "UnionPay" logo.
The time, scope and financial institutions of issuance of "UnionPay" logo cards:
On January 10, 2002, the first phase was issued in five cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hangzhou and Shenzhen. Financial institutions with "UnionPay" logo cards are: Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Bank of Communications, CITIC Industrial Bank, China Everbright Bank, Hua Xia Bank, China Minsheng Bank, China Merchants Bank, Fujian Industrial Bank, Financial institutions such as Guangdong Development Bank, Shenzhen Development Bank, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, State Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau, some urban commercial banks, some rural credit unions and other financial institutions that meet the conditions for issuance, other card-issuing financial institutions and other cities will successively issue "UnionPay" "Identification card.
How to apply for a "UnionPay" logo card:
Applicants can go to various business outlets of the "UnionPay" logo card issuer and apply for it in accordance with the relevant regulations of each card issuer. Use procedures.
The scope of use of "UnionPay" logo cards:
On January 10, 2002, the first phase of "UnionPay" was issued in five cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hangzhou and Shenzhen. The identification card can temporarily withdraw cash and make inquiries at ATMs with the "UnionPay" logo in these five cities, as well as make purchases at POS machines with the "UnionPay" logo in various shopping malls, hotels, airports and other places in the above cities. . In the future, the scope of use will gradually be expanded to all ATMs and POS machines with the "UnionPay" logo in other cities across the country.
How to charge for using the "UnionPay" logo card:
ATM withdrawal transactions. When cardholders withdraw money from inter-bank ATMs in the city where they apply for the "UnionPay" logo card, whether to pay a handling fee is stipulated by each card issuer, but the maximum cannot be higher than 2 yuan; when withdrawing money from ATMs in other cities, they are required to pay a handling fee , the standard is no more than 2 yuan, the handling fee for withdrawals from different places within each bank;
POS transactions. Cardholders are free of charge when making purchases at all POS with the "UnionPay" logo across the country.
Precautions when using the "UnionPay" logo card:
Do not provide or disclose your personal password to anyone; when the bank card is lost or stolen, please promptly Go through the loss reporting procedures with the card issuer
How to complain if you encounter problems using a "UnionPay" logo card?
If a cardholder encounters a merchant with the "UnionPay" logo refusing to accept a card with the "UnionPay" logo, the merchant or bank fails to charge fees in accordance with regulations, makes a wrong account, or has a transaction dispute with the bank, he or she can contact the card issuer. Complain to the bank or the relevant China UnionPay branch.
Reference: Maybe it can help you, I wish you good luck!