Xiangma is another name for bandits in the north. They used to shoot arrows as a warning before they acted, so they often rode back and forth. There have been a large number of famous robbers known for their loyalty and righteousness in Shandong history, so there is a saying that Shandong is ringing horses.

"Shandong Xiangma" refers to the second-class heroes such as Qin Qiong and Shuihu in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. This word is not so much a noun as an adjective. "Shandong Xiangma", as an adjective, is a portrayal of these heroes' personalities because of its large content of praise, boldness and frankness.

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Horses are doing great harm in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the government carried out the "people's herding" of horses, that is, in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places, and set the number of ponies. If it is not enough, the horse owners will have to pay compensation, so many horse owners have ruined their families and become "noisy horses" to make a living.

Hebei province is particularly serious, claiming that "Jiangnan has the most grain and Hebei has the most horses." (Gu's Book of Diseases in the World) In the fifth year of Zheng De's reign (15 10), people from Wen 'an County and Bazhou County in Zhili (now Baxian County in Hebei Province) rose up, and people like Liu, Liu Qi and Yang Hu responded with one voice, gathering thousands of refugees, chariots and horses, and repeatedly losing loyalists, which was called by the court.

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Baidu encyclopedia-xiangma