Predicate: generally, verbs act as

objects; Indicating the object of action

Give an example ~ I eat

I am the subject and the predicate and the meal is the object

Attributive: generally, adjectives are used to modify the subject and the object

Adverbial: a restrictive complement to express time, place, state, orientation, etc.

Complement: a complement to explain the object (it seems that I can't remember it clearly)

Give an example.

Last night in the restaurant was an adverbial, I was the subject, eating was the predicate, a hearty meal was the attribute, and dinner was the object.

(that's all I can say, or it's too complicated to explain clearly. I'll try to figure it out more in the future. )

The most important thing in classical Chinese sentence pattern is to understand the meaning of the sentence, and then look at the difference between it and what we are saying now, and judge whether it is attributive postposition or prepositional object postposition or prepositional phrase postposition ~

For example ~

"Don't be self-confident"

Literally speaking, it means "Zou Ji doesn't believe in himself", but in modern words, it means "Zou Ji doesn't believe in himself".

"Earthworms have no claws"

Literally, it means "Earthworms are not as sharp as claws and teeth", but in modern words, it means "Earthworms have no sharp claws and teeth", so putting the attribute behind is attributive postposition and inversion.

"This so-called victory over the imperial court"

Literally, it means "to win over other countries in the imperial court", but in modern words, it means "this is to win over other countries in the imperial court", so the prepositional phrase, that is, the adverbial, is put behind in the old saying, so it is called prepositional phrase postposition, also called adverbial postposition. It's also an inverted sentence.

"The teacher, therefore, is also the one who preaches the truth and is puzzled by the industry."

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Therefore, the last sentence means that a teacher is a person who teaches truth, teaches studies and explains doubts, and shows functions, so it is a judgment sentence.

"Jin Jun Han Ling"

Literally, it means "Jin Jun stationed in Han Ling (place name)", but actually it should be "... stationed in Han Ling", which omits the preposition "zai", so it is an ellipsis.

The above is another person's answer

Knowledge of Chinese grammar

1. Parts of speech: there are two categories: content words and function words.

(1) notional words: express the real meaning, and the components that can be used as phrases or sentences can be independently formed into sentences.

Function words: generally speaking, they do not express real meaning and are not used as components of phrases or sentences (except adverbs). Their basic purpose is to express grammatical relations.

a. nouns: words that indicate the names of people and things. Represents the names of people, such as comrades and writers; Represents specific things, rivers and mountains; Representing abstract things, such as politics and science; Indicates the time name, morning and summer; Name of the indicated place: Shanghai, China; Names indicating locality: Shang and Xia (abbreviated as locality words)

Grammatical features of nouns: ① nouns indicating person can be followed by "men" to indicate that most of them are often used after other nouns to form locality phrases indicating place, scope or time; ③ nouns are generally not modified by adverbs.

B. Verb: a word that indicates actions, development and changes, psychological activities, etc.

indicates action and behavior: sitting and listening; Representing existence, disappearance or development: existence, occurrence; Expressing psychological activities: love and hate; Indicating orders: call and let; Express possibility and will (willing verb): can and will; Express the trend (trend verb): come and go; Express judgment (judgment word): Yes.

Grammatical features of verbs: ① Verbs are generally modified by adverb "bu". ② Verbs can be followed by "zhe, le, guo" to indicate the dynamic. (3) Some verbs can overlap, indicating that time is short or trying. ④ The judgment word "yes" mainly connects the subject and object of the sentence. ⑤ Can-wish verbs can't be followed by nouns. Can-wish verbs can be used as predicate heads together with the verbs that follow, or they can be used as predicate heads alone. ⑥ Directional verbs can be used as predicate heads alone or as complements after the predicate heads.

C. Adjectives: words that express the shape, nature and state of things.

indicating the shape of things: height and height; Representing the nature of things: beautiful and strong; Expressing the state of things: fast and slow;

Grammatical features of adjectives: ① Some adjectives can use overlapping forms to strengthen their semantics. ② Most adjectives can be modified by adverb "hen".

D. Numerals: words that represent numbers.

table exact number (indicating fraction, integer and multiple); Table estimates: a few, many; Table ordinal number: first and third; Grammatical features of numerals: ① The increase of numbers can be expressed by fractions or multiples; ② The decrease of numbers can only be expressed by fractions, not multiples.

E, quantifiers: words that express things, actions and behavior units. Quantifiers that represent units of things are called quantifiers. Quantifiers representing action and behavior units are called momentum words. Representing the unit of things: one, only; Representing action and behavior units: times, times, and sometimes some nouns are borrowed, such as feet and years;

Grammatical features of quantifiers: ① Quantifiers are often used with numerals to form quantitative phrases, also known as quantifiers. (2) Quantifiers representing quantities are often used in front of nouns. (3) Quantifiers expressing momentum Quantifiers are often used after verbs.

F. Pronouns: words that serve as substitutes or indicators.

Pronouns are divided into personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. Grammatical features of pronouns: ① The honorific title "you" in the second person is not used in the plural, but "you several" and "you all" are used if it is necessary to express the plural; ② The third person plural pronoun "they" can refer to both men and women, while "they" refers to women; ③ Pay attention to the difference between "we" and "we". "We" refers to the speaker, sometimes including the listener; "We" must include the speaker and the listener. ④ The demonstrative pronoun "Na" is used for the far reference, and "This" is used for the near reference. ⑤ The pronoun is used inappropriately, and the reference is unclear, which may cause ill sentences.

G, adverb: generally used in front of verbs and adjectives, indicating behavior, action or nature, degree, scope, time, frequency, situation, mood, etc.

indicates the range: all, all; Expressing mood: can, pour; Deny: no, no; Express time: just right; Degree of expression: very, very; Express the situation: as if, gradually.

Grammatical features of adverbs: ① Adverbs are mainly used to modify and restrict verbs or adjectives, and are used as adverbials before verbs and adjectives. (2) Adverbs are sometimes used after adjectives to supplement the degree and result as complements. ③ Adverbs cannot modify nouns and pronouns.

H, conjunctions: words used to connect words, phrases or sentences. General conjunctions: and, and, and, or, and; Related words: mainly used to connect clauses in complex sentences or sentences in sentence groups. Not only but also, though but.

Grammatical features: ① The front and back parts of general conjunctions can be exchanged without changing the basic meaning. ② Related words are mainly used in complex sentences.

I. Prepositions: Prepositions are often used in front of nouns, pronouns, etc. Together with these words, they indicate the beginning and end, direction, place, time, object, way, reason, purpose, comparison, etc. of actions, behaviors and traits.

common prepositions and their usage (jingle)

from, from, to, when, as, according to,

because of, for, for, to

and, with, ba, bi, in, about

except, with, right, direction, toward, toward ...

J. Auxiliary words: words that are attached to content words, phrases or sentences and play an auxiliary role. Auxiliary words can be divided into three categories: structural auxiliary words, dynamic auxiliary words and mood auxiliary words. Structural auxiliary words: de, de; Dynamic auxiliary words: zhe, le and Guo; Modal auxiliary words: de, le, mo, ba, ni, etc.

K, interjection: words that express sounds such as exclamation, call and response. Such as ah, um, etc. Grammatical features: Generally, sentences are formed independently, separated by commas or exclamation points.

L, onomatopoeic words: words that imitate the voice of people or things. Grammatical features: equivalent to an adjective in a sentence.

(2) Identification of parts of speech:

① Distinguish nouns from non-nouns, and do not add "bu" and "hen" before nouns. ② Distinguish between adjectives and verbs. Adjectives can be modified by "hen", and verbs can't be preceded by "hen" (except verbs expressing psychological activities). ③ Distinguish between adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives can modify nouns and can be preceded by "hen". Adverbs can't modify nouns and can't be preceded by "hen". ④ Distinguish conjunctions from prepositions. The conjunctions can be interchanged before and after, and the prepositions cannot be interchanged before and after. ⑤ Distinguish verbs from prepositions. Only verbs can be used as predicate heads, and prepositions are used to modify and supplement verbs and adjectives. ⑥ Distinguish mood auxiliary words from exclamations. Mood auxiliary words are generally used at the end of sentences, and exclamations are often independent sentences, usually at the beginning of sentences. ⑦ Distinguish prepositions from adverbs. Prepositions are followed by nouns and pronouns, and adverbs are followed by verbs or adjectives.

2. Phrases are linguistic units composed of words and words.

(1), coordinate phrase: a phrase composed of two or more nouns, verbs or adjectives in parallel. Its basic structure is name+noun, name+generation, generation+generation, verb+verb, form+shape, quantity+quantity. Features: ① The parts of speech before and after the coordinate phrases are consistent. (Except nouns and pronouns) ② There is an equal relationship between the two parts of the coordinate phrase, and there is no modification or restriction. (3) The words in coordinate phrases are generally reversed with the same meaning. ④ Words in coordinate phrases can be combined directly or by using function words.

(2), radical phrase: See the textbook for the definition. Basic structure: ① When the head is a noun, the modifier is an attribute, which is indicated by (). It has the following structure: form+noun, quantity+noun, noun+noun, generation+noun ② When the head is a verb or adjective, the modifier is an adverbial, which is indicated by []. It has the following structures: shape+verb, vice+verb, quantity+verb, vice+shape.

(3) Verb-object phrase: A verb is followed by a word dominated by the verb to form a phrase, which is called a verb-object phrase. Basic structure: verb+noun, verb+generation. Features: ① The verb in front of the verb-object phrase directly dominates the nouns and pronouns behind it, while the nouns and pronouns behind it are dominated by the verbs in front, and there is a relationship between domination and domination. ② Nouns and pronouns dominated by verbs in verb-object phrases are objects. The object usually answers the questions of "who" and "what" after the verb. ④ When using verb phrases, we should pay attention to the coordination of verb and object, otherwise the verb-object will not match.

(4) Supplementary phrases: including verb-complement phrases and form-complement phrases. Grammatical features: ① The components that complement and explain verbs and adjectives are complements, which are indicated by < >. (2) The head of this kind of phrase comes first, and the front and back parts are complementary and complementary. (3) Complement after verbs or adjectives to explain how, how long, how much, etc. ④ Some complements are usually preceded by the structural auxiliary word "de".

(5) Subject-predicate phrase: See the textbook for the definition. Basic structure: noun (generation)+verb, noun (generation)+form, noun (generation)+interrogative pronoun, special ones are: noun+noun, such as today Monday; Name+quantity, such as three sheets of paper. Features: ① The word in front of the subject-predicate phrase means "who" or "what", and the word behind it means "how", "what" or "what". The front and back parts are the relationship between being stated and being stated. The use of subject-predicate phrases with mood and punctuation in writing is a simple sentence, and the meaning expressed is complete.

(6), object phrase: a phrase consisting of a preposition and its object. Basic structure: preposition+noun, preposition+pronoun. Grammatical features: ① The prepositional phrase acts as a sentence component as a whole. (2) The preposition-object phrase is used as an adverbial before the subject and as a complement after the predicate. (3) prepositional phrases are sometimes used as attributes, and they must be followed by "de".

(7) The word phrase "de" is composed of verbs, adjectives, verb-object phrases and "de". Basic structure: verb+de, adjective+de, verb-object phrase+de. Features: ① The phrase "de" is equivalent to a noun in the sentence. ② The word "de" is usually used as the subject and object.

3. Single sentence:

(1). Single sentence classification: according to sentence structure, it is divided into subject-predicate sentences and non-subject-predicate sentences; According to the purpose or tone of the sentence, it can be divided into declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.

(2) The components of a simple sentence: subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement.

(3), analysis steps: the first step, understanding the meaning of a sentence is divided into subject and predicate. First, the sentence is divided into two parts, namely, the subject comes first and the predicate comes last; The second step is to find the object, some sentences have it, others don't, and the object dominated by verbs is the object; The third step is to compress the sentence to find the head language, which is the main component that is modified, supplemented or can dominate the object; The fourth step is to find the definite, the form and the complement. Find the attribute in front of the subject head and the object head. The adverbial is in front of the predicate head and the complement is behind the predicate head. Commonly used symbols for analyzing single sentence components are shown in the textbook.

(4) Sentence trunk: refers to the part left after the attribute, adverbial and complement are compressed, that is, it consists of the head of the subject, the head of the predicate and the head of the object. When extracting the trunk of the sentence, the sentence with negative words (no, no, no) before the predicate head word should be put in the trunk; When the headword is a coordinate phrase, the whole coordinate structure should be picked out.

4. Complex sentence: A complex sentence is a sentence composed of two or more single sentence forms that are related in meaning but not included in structure.

(1) How to distinguish a simple sentence from a complex sentence: (1) The clauses of a complex sentence are not components of each other, which is the most important point to distinguish a simple sentence from a complex sentence. The clauses of complex sentences do not contain each other in structure, that is to say, they do not make sentence components, and there is no structural relationship between sentence components. This is the essential feature of complex sentences and the most fundamental difference between complex sentences and simple sentences. You can't judge that it is not a complex sentence by looking at only one subject. (3) Where a subject is in charge of several verbs, as long as a comma or semicolon is used in the middle to indicate a pause, and they do not make components with each other, it is a complex sentence. ④ Some related words can be used in different clauses of complex sentences or single sentences. Only those who love work can love life. (single sentence)

(2) Types of complex sentences: there are mainly several types: juxtaposition, progression, choice, turning, causality, hypothesis and condition. To judge the relationship between complex sentences, related words are very important. There is a jingle that puts together the difficult and confusing ones. Please keep it in mind.

"not" and "but" are juxtaposition, "not" and "yes" are choices,

"still" and "not to mention" are progressive, and "although" and "return" are turning points.

"since" and "just" are causal, "even" and "also" are hypothetical,

"whatever" and "unless" and "whatever" are conditional.

(3) Double complex sentence: There are two levels of complex sentence in structure. There are three main situations: single sentence+complex sentence, complex sentence+single sentence, complex sentence+complex sentence. Dividing steps: first look at how many clauses there are, and the key is to see how many subject-predicate structures there are; Find the first layer of the sentence (find