According to the filling method, it can be divided into two types: fixed filling bomb and sub-filling bomb. Fixed loading combines the bullet body and shell casing into one, and the bullet body and shell casing are loaded together when loading. When loading the sub-ammunition, the projectile should be loaded first, and then the shell should be loaded.
Basic introduction Chinese 20mm: shell pinyin: pào dàn Athena Chu: ㄠㄉㄢㄢㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎ1 According to the purpose and occasion of use, there are many kinds of artillery shells: the common ammunition of ground barrel guns (ground guns) includes anti-personnel blasting bombs (also known as high-explosive bombs and grenades), armor-piercing blasting bombs (concrete blasting bombs) and incendiary bombs, and the special ammunition includes submunitions, fuel-air explosives, laser-guided artillery shells, prefabricated fragment bombs, terminal-sensitive bombs, mine-laying bombs, flares and propaganda bombs. Commonly used ammunition for tank guns are: armor-piercing projectiles, armor-piercing projectiles, high-explosive grenades, gun-launched missiles, etc. Traditionally, the structure of shells is basically similar. Take the most conventional barrel shell as an example. The front end is the hood (used to improve the flight characteristics of the projectile, resist the impact of wind and rain on the trajectory, improve the impact angle of the projectile, and increase the reliability), then the fuse, then the projectile (mainly the warhead inside, such as a large amount of TNT charge), followed by the cartridge (generally made of copper or steel, cylindrical, filled with projectile propellant), and the cartridge is the primer at the back. Some shells (such as mortar shells) have wings at the tail to control flight. For large-caliber artillery shells, there are usually elastic belts made of high-purity copper around accessories such as projectiles and centering parts. Usually, there are one or two elastic belts, which will be embedded in the rifling when used, so that the projectile is closely combined with the rifling, and the accuracy of the middle part is very high. The error between the elastic belt and the rifling is generally within 0. 1mm, which is mainly used to control the accuracy. Ammunition information, such as delivery time, specifications, etc. It is often marked on the periphery of the shell, and the periphery of the bullet tip is often painted with color. According to the color, the shell types can be distinguished. Fuzes can also be divided into many types, such as instant fuze (instantaneous explosion when touching the ground), short delay fuze (mostly used for semi-armor-piercing projectiles to attack targets with small cover), delay fuze (mostly used for armor-piercing projectiles and armor-piercing blasting projectiles to attack targets with strong defense), delay fuze (used for anti-aircraft guns) and radio fuze (used for anti-aircraft guns with radio-controlled fuze explosion). Armor-piercing projectile, also known as kinetic energy projectile, is mainly used to attack opponents' armored targets, and its armor-piercing efficiency mainly depends on the mass, hardness, density and speed of the projectile itself. Armor-piercing projectile has gone through the stages of full-caliber pointed armor-piercing projectile, full-caliber blunt armor-piercing projectile, full-caliber hooded armor-piercing projectile and sub-caliber overspeed armor-piercing projectile. Its core material has developed from the initial high carbon steel alloy to tungsten alloy or even depleted uranium alloy, and its initial velocity has increased from only 800 meters per second to more than 1, 800 meters per second. Armor-piercing projectile is an ammunition made by using the principle of "shaped charge effect" (also known as Monroe effect or hollow effect), which is mainly composed of projectile body, hollow charge, metal shaped charge cover and initiating device, and most of them use electric fuze. The process of armor-piercing is as follows: when the ammunition hits the target and causes the charge to explode, the high energy generated by the explosive is concentrated on the metal charge cover, and instantly melts into slender (3-5 mm in diameter, up to several tens of centimeters), high speed (up to 8- 10 km/s), high pressure (1000-2 million atmospheric pressure) and high pressure. This powerful metal jet instantly penetrates the armor and continues to move at high speed. In addition, it will destroy the equipment in the tank, kill passengers, and easily ignite oil and explosive ammunition, resulting in a "secondary killing effect." The advantages of armor-piercing projectile are as follows: first, its armor-piercing power has nothing to do with the speed and flight distance of the projectile; Second, it can effectively break armor when encountering armor with large dip angle. Its disadvantages: first, the armor-piercing caliber is small, and the damage to tanks is not as serious as that of armor-piercing bullets; Second, the power of special armor such as composite armor, reactive armor and forbidden armor will be greatly affected. Therefore, in the ammunition of modern tank guns, the equipment rate of armor-piercing bullets has declined. For example, the T-72 tank ammunition base is 39 rounds, but only 5 rounds are equipped with armor-piercing bullets. Armor-piercing projectile is an anti-tank projectile successfully developed by Britain in the early 1960s. Its structural characteristics are: the thin projectile is wrapped with more plastic explosives, and the short delay fuse is located at the tail of the projectile, which can only be fired by a line gun. The principle of killing is as follows: after the armor-piercing projectile hits the target, it will stick to the armor surface like a plaster after being crushed by the impact force. When the fuse detonates the explosive, the shock wave will act on the armor with a stress of tens of tons per square centimeter, thus causing several kilograms of fragments and dozens of small fragments to collapse on the inner wall of the armor. These high-speed collapsed fragments can kill the passengers in the car and damage the equipment in the car, thus achieving the goal of making the target lose its combat capability. The advantages of armor-piercing projectile are: first, it is simple in structure, low in cost and powerful in explosion, and it can generally crush homogeneous armor with the caliber of 1.3- 1.5 times; Second, the armor-piercing efficiency has little to do with speed and impact angle, even when the armor-piercing angle is large, it is more conducive to the accumulation of plastic explosives; Third, the armor-piercing projectile has a large charge and powerful blasting power, which can replace grenades to deal with various fortifications and cluster personnel. Therefore, tanks equipped with armor-piercing projectiles generally do not need to be equipped with grenades. Disadvantages of sunder armor: First, the ability to deal with prohibited armor and composite armor is limited; Second, the direct distance of armor-piercing projectiles is closer than other kinds of projectiles, usually around 800 meters. Grenade Grenade is a kind of bomb that uses fragments and shock waves produced by projectile explosion to kill targets. Tanks are usually equipped with anti-personnel explosive grenades. It has both blasting and killing effects, and is used to destroy field fortifications, kill enemy soldiers and deal with thin armored targets. Because tank muskets can't fire grenades that are stabilized by rotation, they are equipped with long tails to stabilize armor-piercing and dual-purpose bombs. Gun-launched missile The so-called gun-launched missile is a kind of shell with terminal guidance system installed in the warhead. After being fired by ordinary artillery, it can automatically capture the target and hit it accurately. It is often called a cannonball with long eyes. The idea of equipping tanks with gun-launched missiles is mainly to increase the range of tank firepower on the basis of existing tank guns, but there are few examples used in actual combat at present. In 1970s, the United States was equipped with M60A2 main battle tank and M55 1 light tank equipped with "Oak Stick" anti-tank missile. France has also developed gun-launched missiles. However, this practice was later abandoned. The former Soviet Union began to develop gun-launched missiles in the 1960s. Up to now, there are AT-8, AT- 10, AT- 1 10, which is the only country that uses gun-launched missiles in large quantities. In addition, Lachart laser-guided gun-launched missiles were equipped on Merkava 4 tank to attack armored targets 3000 meters away. Domestic 105 mm gun-launched missiles and shells are high-tech shells recreating "God of War" shells and artillery, and are known as "God of War". "God of War" cannot be resurrected without the strong support of the artillery family. Nowadays, with the development of high technology, the "God of War" is full of new youth and vitality. From simply pursuing hard target killing to soft target killing, from destroying specific targets to destroying weapon systems, a large number of new concept artillery shells stand out and will show their talents in the battlefield of 2 1 century. Guided artillery shells have long eyes and can "think", which can be said to be a "mixture" of artillery shells and missiles. It is fired by artillery like ordinary shells, but it can catch targets like missiles, but there is no missile engine. Its search head is the "eye" of the shell. When the shell flies over the target, it will automatically find the attack target; Its electronic equipment is like the "brain" of a cannonball, which enables the cannonball to accurately track and hit the target. The appearance of guided artillery shells brought about the revolution of artillery, which made howitzers, cannons, rockets and mortars possible. In the past, you could only shoot face-to-face and hit the point target accurately from a long distance. At present, 155mm Bognis, which is being jointly developed by France and Sweden, is a typical example of guided projectile. In the future, with the progress of information guidance technology, guided projectiles will have the ability to attack multiple targets at the same time. Reconnaissance shells can be called "the eye of the battlefield". Reconnaissance cannonball is an informational cannonball, which reconnoiters and detects targets through electronic equipment such as cameras and sensors. As far as the current development is concerned, it mainly includes three kinds of TV reconnaissance bombs, video imaging reconnaissance bombs and eavesdropping reconnaissance bombs. Television reconnaissance artillery shells have the characteristics of safety, reliability and clear images, and are especially suitable for use when aerial reconnaissance conditions are limited. For example, the X M 185 TV reconnaissance bomb being developed in the United States can be launched with a 155 mm howitzer. The cannonball video imaging reconnaissance cannonball was invented and developed by the United States in 1989. It uses the forward flight and rotation of the projectile to dynamically change the field of view of the missile-borne sensor, scan the flying terrain, and can conduct reconnaissance in the air and on the ground and find targets. The fuze is also equipped with a G.P.S. receiver, which can receive signals from three or more G.P.S. satellites and realize accurate tracking of the target. The eavesdropping reconnaissance bomb mainly uses vibration and sound sensors to eavesdrop on battlefield target information. It can not only detect the movement and quantity of people, but also judge the nationality of people by sound. If the target is a vehicle, it can judge the type of the vehicle. Remote sensing bomb "don't care after launching", also known as self-seeking submunition, is a new type of long-range anti-tank bomb. It is not only different from the submunition used in general artillery, but also different from the terminal guided projectile, and it also has the characteristics of both kinds of projectiles. When a large caliber gun fires a remote sensing projectile above the target, the parachute opens and the information sensor inside the projectile starts to work, just like a small radar searching for the target. After the target is found, the small armor-piercing projectile explodes and shoots a high-speed core at the target, which can penetrate the top armor of the armored target. Compared with other artillery shells, remote sensing artillery shells have the outstanding function of "regardless after launching". It can effectively destroy enemy armored targets from dozens of kilometers away, with great power and high hit rate. One shell can attack at the same time. It's hard to tell whether the jamming bomb is true or false. Jamming bomb is a kind of bomb used to interfere with enemy communication and information transmission. At present, there are three kinds of jamming bombs that have been successfully developed in the world: communication jamming bombs, sound jamming bombs and chaff jamming bombs. Cannonball communication jamming projectile is an informational cannonball, which destroys or cuts off enemy radio communication by releasing electromagnetic signals, causing its communication network chaos, especially in bad weather and dark conditions. During the Gulf War, the US military used 155 mm communication jamming bomb to interfere with Iraq's radio communication network, and the effect was good. Sound jamming bomb is a kind of bomb specially used to interfere with the reception of enemy command information. After the bomb is launched, it can receive all kinds of command passwords issued by enemy personnel, and can imitate the enemy's voice through conversion and then transmit it, thus commanding and mobilizing the enemy, which is difficult to distinguish between true and false. The chaff jamming bomb is an information bomb, which contains a large number of chaff blocks, mainly used to jam radar echo signals, and will be widely used in the future information battlefield. Bait bomb "cheat you" Bait bomb is a new type of shell, which radiates powerful infrared energy, thus creating the same infrared radiation source as the protected target, and then luring infrared missiles to be deceived. Bait bombs include pyrotechnic bait, composite bait and fuel bait. Mortar bomb pyrotechnic bait uses burning fireworks to radiate infrared energy; Compound decoy can not only radiate infrared energy for infrared deception jamming, but also implement passive radar electronic jamming by throwing metal chaff. It is a jamming weapon specially aimed at infrared and radar composite guided missiles. Fuel decoy is a kind of jamming ammunition that sprays bait fuel to the threat area and induces errors of infrared guided missiles. For example, the 76mm "hot dog" infrared decoy bomb produced in Germany can form an infrared decoy two seconds after launch. The evaluation shell moves the battlefield to the screen. The evaluation shell is an information shell for evaluating the damage of the target. This shell is equipped with a miniature TV camera. When it is launched over the target area, the commander can see the panoramic view of the target being destroyed on the TV screen. So as to change the tradition and turn blind shooting at the target into visible target attack. Mini small caliber projectile 155 mm target verification and damage assessment projectile was successfully developed in the United States in the late 1980s. After launch, the shell can be suspended in the air for 5 minutes, and can be remotely flown by an operator of the shooting unit with a range of 60 kilometers. It can be seen that the appearance of information-based artillery shells will undoubtedly make the "God of War" even more powerful, and they will undoubtedly re-establish the important position of the "God of War" in the future information battlefield. Flare is also called artillery flare (different from aerial flare dropped by air), which is referred to as flare for short. Usually equipped with mortars or medium and small caliber howitzers and other artillery with large shooting angles. The main charge of projectile warhead is initiating explosive device for burning and lighting, and it is equipped with devices such as hanging parachute. When in use, the artillery fired a flare over the predetermined target. When the trajectory reached the peak, the fuze was delayed, the shell was thrown to expose some powder, the parachute was pulled out, and the powder was ignited. The ignited ignition powder slowly descends under the suspension of the parachute, and the ignition powder burns to emit bright light to illuminate the battlefield or predetermined target. A flare was fired.