Basic knowledge of letters 1

A letter is a letter; an official letter is an official letter. It is a style of writing used by superiors and subordinates and parallel or unrelated agencies to discuss and contact work, ask and answer questions. The characteristic of the letter is that it is not strictly restricted by the regulations on official documents. For example, it does not need a formal document header, does not need to number the document, and sometimes does not need to have a title, so it is extremely easy to use.

Usage of official letters

1. A lower-level agency inquires general matters from a higher-level agency, or the higher-level agency replies or urges the lower-level agency to handle relevant matters.

2. Negotiate relevant matters between parallel agencies or agencies that are not affiliated with each other.

3. Notify general matters by letter. Official letters are also commonly used when notifying a general meeting, requiring lower-level agencies to submit certain materials or statistics, etc.

Fourth, letters are also commonly used to request instructions from higher authorities on minor matters.

Letters can be delivered by writing, copying, printing, faxing, etc.

Official letter format

An official letter consists of three parts: header, body and tail. The format, content and writing requirements of each part are as follows:

(1) Header. It mainly includes two items: title and main delivery mechanism.

1. Title. There are generally two forms of titles for official letters. One is composed of the name of the issuing agency, the subject matter and the language type. The other is composed of subject matter and genre.

2. The main delivery mechanism. That is, the agency unit that receives the letter and handles the matter of the letter, write the full name or standardized abbreviation in the top box of the letter, followed by a colon.

(2) Text. Its structure generally consists of a beginning, a main body, an end, and a conclusion.

1. The beginning. Mainly explain the reason for sending the letter. It is generally required to briefly explain the purpose, basis, reasons, etc. of the letter, and then use transitional words such as "The relevant issues are now explained as follows:" or "The relevant matters are now replied as follows:" to the following. The reason part of the reply letter usually first cites the title of the communication and the issue number, and then provides the basis to explain the reason for the issue.

2. Subject. This is the core content of the letter, which mainly explains the matters addressed to the letter. The content of the matter part of the letter should be simple, one matter per letter, and the writing should state the matter directly. Whether it is negotiating work, asking and answering questions, or requesting approval from relevant authorities, etc., you must use concise and appropriate language to clearly describe the issues and opinions that need to be told to the other party. If it is a reply letter, you should also pay attention to the pertinence and clarity of the reply matters. Basic knowledge of letters 2

1. Overview of official documents

What is an official document? An official document is the abbreviation of an official document. It is a document issued by a first-level agency to handle official business in the administrative management process. Written material produced in a format.

Official documents are the products of party organizations, state agencies, enterprises, institutions, groups, schools, etc. in official activities such as party activities, government activities, technical activities, and economic activities; official documents are also used to announce and convey policies, decrees, A tool for directing work, reporting and negotiating state affairs.

Official documents have a direct and effective guiding role. This guiding role includes command, legal, execution, instruction, propaganda, education, negotiation, etc.

Writing official documents cannot be separated from policies and laws, and must comply with the party and government’s guidelines, policies, regulations, and laws. Only by continuously improving the level of writing official documents can we continuously improve the quality of writing documents and enable official documents to play their special functions.

According to the "Measures for Handling Official Documents of National Administrative Agencies" issued by the General Office of the State Council in November 1993, my country's current official documents of national administrative agencies are divided into 12 categories and 13 types: ① orders (orders); ② bills; ③ Decision; ④ instruction; ⑤ announcement, notice; ⑥ notice; ⑦ notification; ⑧ report; ⑨ request for instructions; 10 approval; 11 letter; 12 meeting minutes. According to the "Regulations on the Handling of Official Documents of Communist Party of China Organs" issued by the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in May 1996, there are 14 types of official documents of Party organs at all levels in my country: ① Resolutions; ② Decisions; ③ Instructions; ④ Opinions; ⑤ notice; ⑥ notification; ⑦ communiqué; ⑧ report; ⑨ request for instructions; 10 approval; 11 regulations; 12 regulations; 13 letters; 14 meeting minutes.

The above two documents are the basis for the preparation and issuance of official documents by party and government agencies. They have also become the basis for enterprises, institutions, social groups, industries, etc. to select common official document types. Of course, some full-time agencies, such as military, diplomatic, economic, legal, etc., also have some special official documents.

The procedures for processing official documents generally include: ① receiving documents; ② separate handling and approval; ③ urging; ④ drafting; ⑤ review and issuance; ⑥ numbering, printing and distribution; ⑦ filing (filing); ⑧ destruction. Directly related to writing is drafting.

2. The format and elements of official documents 〖ht〖kh*3/4 Official documents have a prescribed format, and official documents must be written in the prescribed format. This can ensure the integrity, accuracy and procedural nature of official documents, facilitate the processing of official documents, and improve the efficiency of document processing.

The format elements of official documents generally include:

(1) Issuing authority (front page)

The issuing authority is the author of the official document. The full name of the issuing authority should be written. Or the standardized abbreviation. Governments at the same level, various government departments, higher-level government departments and lower-level governments can jointly draft the document. Governments at all levels and their departments can also jointly draft the document with the standing committees of the same level, the military, people's organizations, and public institutions and companies that perform administrative functions. When several agencies jointly write a document, the sponsoring agency should be listed first.

The header is the mark of the publishing organization. At present, there are three types of official document headers used in our country:

1. It consists of the full name or standardized abbreviation of the issuing agency plus the word "document", with large characters in red in the center, printed on the top of the homepage of the document, commonly known as "big Headline". For example, "Documents of the People's Government of Zhejiang Province" and "Documents of the Personnel Department of Zhejiang Province".

2. The full name or standardized abbreviation of the issuing authority plus the name of the text in parentheses, commonly known as the "small page header". For example, "Zhejiang Provincial People's Government (Notice)", "XX City Education Committee (Letter)".

3. An official letter printed with the full name of the issuing agency as the front page.

As for the joint publication of documents by several agencies, the front page of the official document sponsoring agency can be used, or the front pages of all joint publishing agencies can be used.

(2) Official document number〖htThe official document number is the sequential number of each copy when several copies of the same official document are printed. It is located in the upper left corner of the page and is marked with Arabic numerals. It is used to grasp the identity of each official document. flow direction. Top secret and confidential official documents should be marked with a serial number.

(3) Secret level〖htThe secret level of official documents is divided into three types: "top secret", "confidential" and "secret". The issuing authority shall comply with the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of State Secrets. " and its "Implementation Rules", the regulations on state secrets and the specific scope of their classification formulated by the central and national ministries, commissions, offices and bureaus, etc., are marked in the upper left corner of the page under the "Official Document Number". Its specific identification is "", with the confidentiality level in front of "" and the confidentiality period in the back. If there is no confidentiality period marked, top secret, secret and secret can be recognized as 30 years, 20 years and xx years respectively.

(4) Urgency

Urgency refers to the requirements for the speed of delivery and processing of official documents. Urgent documents are divided into two types: "extremely urgent" and "urgent", which are marked under "Secret Level" in the upper left corner of the page. The telegrams were marked "Urgent" and "Expedited" respectively.

(5) Issuance number 〖htIssuance number refers to the official document code compiled by the issuing authority, referred to as the document number. The issuance number consists of three parts: the code of the issuing authority, the year of issuance, and the serial number of issuance. The year of publication is enclosed in hexagonal brackets. For example, Document No. 12 issued by the State Council in 1998 was issued with the document number "Guofa [1998] No. 12". The text number is located in the middle between the front page and the red line. If it is made on official paper, it is located on the upper right side of the title. When several agencies jointly issue documents, they usually only indicate the document number issued by the sponsoring agency.

(6) The issuer is different from the signer. Signature refers to certain official documents that need to be issued in the name of the administrative head of the agency, and can only be issued after his signature or signature seal. There are two situations for the issuer: first, the person in charge of the agency signs the document after reviewing it to express his approval for issuance; second, when submitting requests and reports to higher-level agencies, the issuer must be indicated. This refers to the latter situation. The name of the issuer is signed on the right side of the text number above the red line on the front of the page: "Issuer: ×××". In order to make the official document appear symmetrical, the text number should be shifted to the left accordingly. If it is important or involves a wide range of matters, it must be signed by the principal or deputy leader who is in charge of daily work.

(7) Title

The title of the official document is located in the center below the page header. Usually, a red line is used as a distinguishing mark between the page header and the title. If an official document does not have a header, the title should be placed slightly below and in the center of the red line under the name of the agency at the beginning of the official document.

The title of the official document consists of three parts: the name of the issuing agency, the subject (matter) of the official document, and the language type. For example, in the "Decision of the State Council on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis", here "State Council" is the issuing authority; "On Strengthening the Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis" is the reason; "Decision" is the language type. The cause of the matter generally uses the preposition "about" and a phrase that expresses the main content to form a prepositional structure.

When writing the title of an official document, special attention should be paid to the following points:

1. The title of a forwarded or forwarded official document generally consists of the name of the forwarding or forwarding agency, the name of the forwarded or forwarded document, and the name of the forwarding or forwarding official document. The forwarded official document consists of three parts: title and language type. For example, the "Notice of the State Council Approving and Transmitting the National Land Administration's Report on the Situation of Land Grants Exceeded by Certain Local Governments". The titles of forwarded and forwarded official documents should avoid overlapping prepositions and language types, such as "about" for "about" and "notice" for "notice". At the same time, it should be noted that, except for adding book title numbers to the forwarded regulatory documents, no title numbers will be added to the original titles.

2. The reason should briefly and clearly summarize the main content of the official document. For example, the people's government of a certain city is cleaning up the normative documents formulated over the years, and there are dozens of documents that should be abolished. It is obviously impossible to list all the titles of these abolished normative documents as reasons when issuing the document. Even if you only write one and add the word "etc." after it, it is too long, but summarizing it as "abolition of some normative documents" is both clear and concise.

3. When writing a title, you must accurately select and indicate the genre, and you cannot create your own genre.

4. The title arrangement should be symmetrical and beautiful. Except for one-line titles with fewer words, those with two or more lines can be arranged in a pagoda shape, or in a double or triple parallel shape with the same length. . When changing careers, do not separate special nouns or even words such as names of people, places, and institutions.

5. Unless the use of book title numbers is clearly stipulated in official document titles, there is generally no punctuation mark. If the title is too long or requires a pause in the middle, it can be expressed with spaces or line breaks. For example:

Decision of the State Council on Relying on Science and Technology to Revitalize Agriculture

(8) Leading Organizations

Strengthening the Promotion of Agricultural Science and Technology Achievements

The primary sending agency is the other agency that the issuing agency requires to process or respond to the official document. Except for official documents issued directly to the public, the name of the sending agency should generally be written in the top left box at the bottom left of the title before the text.

Attention should be paid to determining the main sending agency:

1. Government departments should act in accordance with the authorization and authority regulations of the government at the same level before directly issuing documents to the people's government at the next level.

2. Official documents requesting instructions should adhere to the principle of being sent to one agency, and should not be sent to multiple sources; except under special circumstances, requests for instructions may not be made beyond the level of the agency. When an agency under dual leadership requests for instructions, it should indicate the main sending agency and the copying agency according to the content, and the main sending agency is responsible for replying. Except for matters directly assigned by the leader, requests for instructions may not be sent directly to the leader personally.

3. Approval of requests for instructions from subordinates can only be sent to the original requesting agency (unit), and to relevant agencies (units), a carbon copy is used.

4. For general distribution of official documents, the main sending agency should write a standardized collective name. For example, when the XX Provincial People’s Government distributes documents universally, the main sending agency should be written as “people’s governments of cities and counties, administrative offices of all regions, and provincial governments.” Directly under each unit."

(9) Text

The main text is the main body of the official document and the part that reflects the specific content of the official document. The main text is written immediately after the main text, with two spaces left at the beginning. (See below for writing method)

(10) Attachments

Attachments are official documents or materials attached according to the needs of the main text, which are used to supplement the main text or provide reference materials. Attachments are attached after the main text.

(11) Seal

The seal is a symbol of the power of the agency. The printing of official documents is a certificate for the document-producing agency to confirm the validity of the official document. The seal should be stamped on the lower right end of the official document where the signature is signed. The upper part should not cover the main text, but the lower part should bear the year and month. The seal must be clear and correct. Non-regulatory official documents submitted jointly shall be stamped by the main reporting agency, but the name of the issuer of the countersigning agency must be indicated on the front page. All official documents issued jointly must be stamped. Official documents written in the name of the chief administrative officer shall have a title in the front and a signature seal at the back. Party documents and general documents with specific headers will not be stamped with the seal of the issuing authority. This is a big difference from official documents of state administrative agencies.

(12) Time of writing

Usually it is the date of issuance of the official document, which is marked on the lower right side of the text. The writing time of the joint document shall be subject to the issuance time of the leader of the final issuing authority. Official documents discussed and approved at the meeting should be based on the date of approval at the meeting, and the name and session of the meeting should be written in parentheses and marked under the title of the official document.

(13) Notes 〖ht Notes are used to explain various matters that are inconvenient to explain in other areas of the official document. If there are nouns and terms that need to be explained, or are used to indicate the reading scope, usage methods, etc. of official documents, mark them on a new line with two spaces under the signature. The reading scope is the stipulation of the reading object, which should also be enclosed in hexagonal brackets, such as [issued to the provincial military level], [issued to the county and regiment level], etc.

(14) Subject headings 〖ht subject headings are composed of standard words and language types for the subject mentioned in the content of this official document, so that future searches can be carried out according to the subject and language type of the official document. The purpose of formulating a list of subject headings for official documents is to facilitate the accurate selection of terms in the list and to prevent arbitrariness. The official documents submitted should be marked with the subject headings specified in the subject headings of the official documents of the superior authority. An official document should use at least two subject words, and generally no more than seven. For example, the official document "The State Council's Notice on Deepening the Work of Turning around Enterprises' Losses and Increasing Profits" has four key words: "enterprise", "operation", "efficiency" and "notice". It can also be concluded from this that the subject words must accurately reflect the content characteristics and categories of the official document, must be hierarchical, and must not be confused with the title.

(15) Copying agencies

Migrant workers’ copying agencies refer to relevant agencies that, although they do not host the document, should know the contents of the official document. The name of the copying agency should be written within two parallel thin solid lines of equal length at the end of the document after the "subject heading".

(16) Issuing authority and time

The printing and issuance authority is the office department of the issuing authority; the issuance time is generally the printing time and is placed under the thin solid line of the copy authority.

The above official document format elements must be reasonably arranged according to regulations in an official document to show the seriousness of the official document. With the gradual realization of office automation, format elements and arrangement will be more strictly standardized, and some format elements will be added.

3. How to write the main body of official documents

The drafting of the main text of official documents must meet the following requirements:

(1) Comply with the laws, regulations and rules of the country, and comply with The principles, policies and relevant regulations of the party and the state. If new policies and regulations are proposed, they must be practical and feasible and explained on a separate paper.

(2) The situation is true, the point of view is clear, the organization is clear, the layers are clear, the text is concise, the writing is neat, the punctuation is accurate, and the length is as short as possible.

(3) Names of people, places, numbers, and quotations are accurate. The time should be written in the specific year, month and day. For example, "1994" cannot be written as "94 years".

(4) Numbers in official documents, on the premise of maintaining consistent use of numbers in the same official document, except for the writing time, part of the structure level ordinal and words, phrases, idioms, abbreviations, rhetorical Numbers used as morphemes in color sentences must use Arabic numerals in addition to Chinese characters.

(5) The ordinal number of the structural hierarchy is "one", "(one)", "1", and "(1)".

(6) National legal measurement units should be used in official documents.

(7) When citing official documents, the title should be quoted first, followed by the text number and parentheses.

(8) Use accurate and standardized words. When using an abbreviation, generally use the full name first and indicate the abbreviation.

(9) The official document requesting instructions should be one document and one thing, and the report should not contain the requested instructions.

There are two main ways to write the body of official documents: First, express the purpose through narrative and reasoning.

There are three types of writing in official documents: ascending text, parallel writing, and descending text. Regardless of the type, the main text of the official document is generally written in three aspects: narrative, reasoning, and purpose (or conclusion). Narrative is to present the facts, reasoning is to make sense, and the purpose (or conclusion) refers to what the other party is asked to do, or the conclusion made on a certain matter. The purpose should be expressed through narrative and reasoning. Specifically:

(1) When writing an official document requesting instructions from the superior authority, you usually first describe the situation, then express your own opinions, and finally make a request for approval by the superior authority.

(2) When writing a descriptive official document, you usually state the situation first, then write the approach, and finally ask the leadership agency or superior to give instructions on the next step.

(3) When writing a negotiation document to the peer authority, you usually first state the reason for the matter, then what regulations it is based on, and finally ask for help in solving the problem to be solved.

(4) Issue instructive official documents to lower-level agencies, usually first describing the situation, then how to solve it, and finally proposing specific measures to require lower-level implementation.

(5) When writing a reply (an approval of an official document requested by a subordinate), one usually first resolves the matters required in the communication, then writes down the review opinions, and finally requires the subordinate to implement the reply according to the approval.

To express the purpose through narrative and reasoning is to conduct in-depth investigation, truly grasp the situation, conduct analysis and research, so that the reasons are sufficient and the viewpoints are correct. The proposed purpose takes into account both actual needs and possibilities. sex. Therefore, the materials must be authentic and reliable, with solid arguments, reasoning that is in line with policies and guidelines, and must be targeted and realistic. In this way, the purpose of the official document is both clear and specific.

Second, the written expression is concise, precise, and clear.

Concise means concise and clear. Except for comprehensive reports, official documents adopt a one-document-one-issue system. When writing, you should repeatedly and carefully compress the text and remove dispensable empty words. Longer documents should also be "straight to the point". At the same time, official documents have stricter requirements for clarity than ordinary articles. Its language is based on the principle of style and style, and strives to be popular and able to explain the problem. The use of self-made simplified Chinese characters is not allowed. Its language must be grammatical and punctuation must be used correctly. Exact means accurate and appropriate. Official documents must comply with the principle of accuracy, and the use of concepts, judgments, and reasoning must be logical. In terms of expression, we not only pay attention to the correctness of content, but also do not ignore the accuracy of form. From content to form, from chapter structure to wording and sentence construction, it must be highly balanced and unified with the theme.

Clear organization means that the layout of the official document is as important as other articles. All longer official documents should be straight to the point. The main points should be stated first. That is, at the beginning, a very brief sentence should be used to explain the purpose or conclusion of the full text (called an "introduction" in journalism, which is also what the ancient Chinese called "a brief sentence to start with". "The main point is the warning policy of an article"), which arouses the reader's attention and makes the reader get a general concept in his mind and have to continue reading. Then, make the necessary explanations. When a long official document is divided into several paragraphs, this method should also be adopted for each paragraph. When an official document has several meanings or requirements, you must pay attention to organization, distinguish the levels, and indicate paragraphs and items numerically. In this way, the main text of the official document can be made clear and organized. Basic knowledge of functions 3

Constructor

PHP5 allows developers to define a method as a constructor in a class. Classes with a constructor will call this method every time an object is created, so it is very suitable for doing some initialization work before using the object.

Note:

If a constructor is defined in a subclass, the constructor of its parent class will not be called implicitly.

To execute the parent class's constructor, you need to call parent::__construct() in the child class's constructor. (?Obviously different from other languages?)

Example 10.8. Using the new standard constructor

classBaseClass{

function__construct(){

}

}

classSubClassextendsBaseClass{

function__construct(){

parent::__construct();

print"InSubClassconstructorn";

}

}

$obj=newBaseClass(); < /p>

　$obj=newSubClass();

For backward compatibility, if PHP5 cannot find the __construct() function in the class, it will try to find the old-style constructor , that is, the function with the same name as the class. Therefore, the only situation where compatibility issues will arise is when the class already has a method named __construct(), but it is not a constructor.

Destructor

PHP5 introduced the concept of destructor, which is similar to other object-oriented languages, such as C++. A destructor is executed when all references to an object are removed or when the object is explicitly destroyed.

Example 10.9. Destructor example

classMyDestructableClass{

function__construct(){

print"Inconstructorn";

$this->name="MyDestructableClass";

}

function__destruct(){

print "Destroying".$this->name. "n";

　}

}

$obj=newMyDestructableClass();

Like the constructor, the analysis of the parent class Constructors are not called implicitly by the engine. To execute the parent class's destructor, parent::__destruct() must be explicitly called in the child class's destructor body. (?Obviously different from other languages?)

Note:

The destructor is called when the script is closed, after all header information has been emitted.

NOTE:

Attempting to throw an exception in a destructor will result in a fatal error.