The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) Luo Yinong was killed by the Kuomintang in Shanghai.
The Historical Background of the September 18th Incident
The 9 18 Incident was the prelude of Japan's invasion of China. Looking back at the historical background of the 9 18 incident, we can learn from history and think about the prospects and future of Sino-Japanese relations.
1927 Before the Kuomintang Northern Expedition, Sino-Japanese relations were stable, although they could not be compared with the honeymoon period before Article 21. Japan did not directly intervene in the warlord melee in China, but the economic relations between China and Japan developed rapidly. Before the September 18 incident, Japan was China's largest trading partner.
(A) Sino-Japanese relations on the eve of the September 18th Incident
192 1 After the nine-nation meeting in Washington, Japan began large-scale disarmament. 192 1 year, Japan's military expenditure was 730 million yen, and 1930 was reduced to less than 500 million yen, a decrease of 40%. However, large-scale disarmament caused strong dissatisfaction among soldiers. Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan has always pursued the principle of military priority and trained a large number of professional soldiers. For professional soldiers, there is no other specialty except military affairs, and disarmament is tantamount to smashing rice bowls. In addition, before disarmament, professional soldiers were the most respected people in society, and the army was the most glorious profession. However, after disarmament began, professional soldiers suddenly became redundant people in society, the best students no longer applied for military schools, and some hotels even refused to allow people wearing military uniforms to enter. The sense of loss and anxiety brought by disarmament to professional soldiers can be imagined.
Disgruntled soldiers began to hold secret meetings, and secret military organizations such as Tianjian Party, Cherry Blossom Club and First Party were established one after another. Later, tojo hideki and Okamura Ningji, known to China people, were members of the first party. However, the most famous at that time was Ishihara Smile, who put forward the theory of "Manchu Lifeline". Ishihara was also the mastermind of the 9 18 incident.
At the same time, the political situation in China has also undergone earth-shaking changes. The Kuomintang National Revolutionary Army began its Northern Expedition in 1927. Different from the former warlord regime, the revolutionary goal of the Kuomintang is to recover the concession and abolish all unequal treaties. This is a great challenge for a big country with great interests in China. 1927 65438+ 10, the northern expeditionary army forcibly recovered the British concessions in Hankou and Jiujiang. If it was before World War I, Britain would definitely send troops to "punish" such "illegal atrocities". But times have changed, and Britain has been unable to "punish" China, so it has to acquiesce in China's withdrawal from Wuhan. The retreat of British troops made Japan feel that it was too late for China's troops to recover the concession, and it would fall on Japan sooner or later. But Japan is different from Britain. At that time, Britain had numerous concessions and colonies in the world, while Japan had only one piece of China. Therefore, the Japanese will never easily allow the China army to forcibly recover the concession.
Chiang Kai-shek, commander-in-chief of the Northern Expeditionary Army, knew this very well. 1927 In March, after the Northern Expedition captured Nanjing, Chiang Kai-shek specially invited Japanese journalists, suggesting that the Northern Expedition did not include the Northeast. However, the radical left wing of the Kuomintang made it clear that the Northern Expedition would not exclude the Northeast. At that time, the Japanese ruling cabinet was moderate, and it was still able to adopt a non-interference attitude towards the China Revolution according to the principles of the Washington Nine-Nation Treaty. However, this caused strong dissatisfaction among Japanese hardliners and forced Jojo's cabinet to fall in April 1927.
Prime Minister Tanaka, who succeeded Ruoju, was a hardliner and tried to force the Kuomintang to stop the Northern Expedition by military pressure. In order to stop the northern expedition of the revolutionary army, 1927, Japan sent troops to Shandong to threaten the northern expedition on the grounds of protecting national security, but failed to stop the northern expedition, and then had to take the initiative to withdraw its troops. Similarly, British gunboats also shelled Nanjing to threaten the Northern Expeditionary Army, but it did not produce any effect. In this context, Tanaka considered supporting Zhang to establish a pro-Japanese regime in the northeast to ensure Japan's concession and special interests in the northeast.
However, Tanaka's plan was destroyed by Colonel Kawamoto, a senior staff officer of the Kwantung Army. Colonel Kawamoto naively believes that as long as Zhang is assassinated, the Northeast will fall into a leaderless chaos, and the Kwantung Army can take advantage of the chaos to occupy the Northeast. Zhang's army was defeated by the Northern Expeditionary Army in 1928. On June 3, when Zhang fled from Beiping to the northeast, Kazuo Kawamoto and others blew up Zhang's special train and Zhang died on the spot. However, the generals of the Northeast Army adopted the strategy of not sending mourners, which shattered the strategy of Kazuo Kawamoto. 1928 12. Zhang Xueliang, who succeeded Zhang Zuolin, suddenly announced that the whole Northeast had changed its flag and accepted the leadership of the Kuomintang, completely bankrupt Tanaka's plan to establish a pro-Japanese regime in the Northeast. When Prime Minister Tanaka learned that Colonel Kawamoto had murdered Zhang, he couldn't help sighing: "A boy doesn't know his parents' hearts. "
Tanaka reported to Hirohito: "Unfortunately, imperial soldiers participated in the murder of Zhang. Now under investigation, the perpetrators must be severely punished according to law. " The emperor said, "Please strictly maintain the military discipline of the national army." However, when Tanaka was preparing to punish Colonel Kawamoto, there was a strong opposition in the army, claiming that "the family's dirty linen should not be publicized" and that public punishment of Kawamoto would damage the image of the imperial army in the world. Under the strong pressure of the military, Prime Minister Tanaka could not fulfill his promise to severely punish the perpetrators, so he had to report to the Emperor: "After investigation, this matter has nothing to do with imperial soldiers." The emperor was furious and said, "Why is the Prime Minister's words completely different from last time? You don't need to explain any more, and I don't want to hear any more. " Tanaka was reprimanded by the emperor and broke out in a cold sweat. The next day, Tanaka asked to see the emperor again, but the emperor disappeared, and Tanaka announced his resignation in despair. Tanaka is the only prime minister in Japanese history who resigned because of the emperor's dissatisfaction.
After Tanaka resigned, the army headquarters only suspended Colonel Kawamoto on the grounds that his motive was "selfless patriotic behavior", so he was given a lighter punishment. This connivance of soldiers' illegal behavior on the grounds of "patriotism" led to the violent escape of fanatical soldiers at the lower level and the proliferation of "condescending" behavior. This also planted the seeds of fanatical Japanese militarists breaking into the explosive Pacific War.
Prime Minister Hamaguchi, who succeeded Tanaka, was a moderate and did not take a too tough attitude towards China's national liberation movement, but the tension between China and Japan was escalating. At the beginning of 1929, the All-China Association for Foreign Affairs in Northeast China formally put forward four demands to the Japanese government, such as taking back the sovereignty of Dalian and Lushun and taking back the South Manchuria Railway, which pushed the anti-Japanese independence movement to a new climax. At the same time, there is an anti-China climax in Japan. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 broke out as early as 1929, if it hadn't been for the restraint of the high-level Chinese and Japanese governments at that time.
1930, China protested to the Japanese government that Japan used the discriminatory word "zhina" to address China in official documents, and Japan subsequently agreed to use the official name of the Republic of China instead of "zhina" in official documents and newspapers. However, this symbolic concession did not help to calm the anti-Japanese sentiment of the Japanese people. 1931may, farmers from China and the DPRK clashed in wanbaoshan near Changchun, causing many deaths and injuries. Under the instigation of the Japanese, anti-China sentiment of North Koreans broke out, and thousands of angry North Koreans rushed into China Street in Pyongyang, burning and looting China nationals, causing hundreds of China nationals to die or be injured.
193 1 year, Hiroichi Ishihara was transferred to the staff of the Kwantung Army and began to plan the September18 incident. 193 1 08 September 18, the Kwantung Army suddenly stormed Zhang Xueliang's army in Shenyang on the grounds of forging a railway explosion. Zhang Xueliang's army carried out Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and voluntarily withdrew from Shenyang.
After the 918 incident, the kwantung army, with only more than 10,000 troops, was unable to capture the whole northeast and requested the government to send reinforcements from the troops stationed in Korea and Japan. However, after consulting with the Minister of the Army, then Prime Minister Jojo decided not to escalate the situation and ordered the North Korean Army Commander Ichiro to stand by and watch. If Ichiro Ichiro had obeyed the orders of the government and the army, the 9 18 incident would have been dead. However, Ichiro Ichiro was also a fanatical militarist, sending more than 30,000 troops to reinforce the Kwantung Army at will, which made it possible for the Kwantung Army to occupy the whole Northeast.
After the Kwantung Army provoked the September18 Incident, Chiang Kai-shek's government pursued a policy of non-resistance and tried to solve the problem through diplomatic means. On September 2 1, the government of China filed a lawsuit against the League of Nations. At that time, the Japanese government disapproved of the Kwantung Army's plan to establish an independent "Manchukuo" because it was a flagrant violation of the nine-country treaty with China signed by Japan and the eight countries, which would isolate Japan internationally. Japan was then a permanent member of the League of Nations. On September 25th, the representative of Japan announced the policy of the Japanese government in the League of Nations: 1) Japan has no territorial ambitions for China; 2) Japan's military action is to protect local Japanese residents; 3) The Japanese army will immediately begin to retreat.
At that time, the Japanese Minister of the Army and the Chief of Staff supported the immediate withdrawal, but the officers of the Kwantung Army simply ignored the above instructions and adopted the method of "demotion". But in June 65438+10/October 65438+August stormed Zhang Xueliang's army in Jinzhou. At that time, the Japanese Consul General in Shenyang contacted senior officials of the Kwantung Army to try to explain the government's policy of peaceful settlement, but the officers of the Kwantung Army even pulled out their sabers and threatened, "Do you want to interfere in our affairs?"
Unable to solve the crisis in the three northeastern provinces, the new cabinet of Inukai Tsuyoshi was established on June 5438+093 1, 65438+February 1 1. Inukai Tsuyoshi took care of Sun Yat-sen and others in exile in Japan, and maintained good personal relations with many elites in the National Government. Inukai Tsuyoshi intends to solve the crisis in the three northeastern provinces by peaceful means. 12 On February 20th, Inukai Tsuyoshi secretly sent a special envoy to Nanjing to hold talks with senior officials of the China government. But the prime minister's secret peace talks were exposed, which angered the radicals in the army. March 1932, 1, under the planning of Kwantung Army, "Manchukuo" was proclaimed. However, the ruling Japanese government at that time did not recognize Manchukuo, which angered radical soldiers. 1May 932 15, a group of fanatical soldiers broke into the Prime Minister's residence with guns and killed the Prime Minister who had a dog.
After the murder of Prime Minister Gou Yu, the later civilian cabinet government became a shrinking regime, which made Japan out of control and headed for the road of militarism that blew itself up. 1932 On September 5, the Japanese government officially recognized Manchukuo. 1933 On March 27, Japan announced its withdrawal from the League of Nations. Since then, Japan has embarked on the road of militaristic aggression and expansion.
(B) Thinking about the 918 incident
1927 After the Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang, the patriotic movement of the people of China against colonialism and seeking liberation was aroused. Japan, on the other hand, claims that its concessions and special interests in the northeast were exchanged with the blood of hundreds of thousands of Japanese, so it is impossible for it to give up its concessions and special interests in the northeast. In the face of China's patriotic movement demanding the abolition of all unequal treaties and the recovery of all concessions, Japan's actions will inevitably lead to conflicts between China and Japan. It is not surprising that the 918 incident occurred when anti-Japanese sentiment in China was on the rise and Japan's anti-China sentiment escalated.
Some people think that the 9 18 incident was the first step of Japanese plan to destroy China, which is actually a misunderstanding of history. Japanese top government officials have no plans to destroy China. At that time, the fanatical soldiers who launched the September 18th Incident only wanted to separate the Northeast from China and become a puppet country and colony of Japan, and had no intention of getting their hands on Chinese mainland further.
18 Shintaro Ishihara, the mastermind of the September Incident, resolutely opposed all-out war with China after the Lugouqiao Incident broke out in June 1937. Ishihara believes that Japan does not have the strength to wage a full-scale war with China, and a full-scale war with China will only drag Japan into the quagmire of war. History has proved that Ishihara is indeed a visionary strategist, but fanatical soldiers no longer listen to his advice. After Japan launched a full-scale war, Ishihara resigned as the army chief of staff and went home to farm. It is also for this reason that after the war, the International Tribunal for the Far East ruled that Ishihara had no major responsibility for the war and refused to prosecute. Before and after the 918 Incident, despite the tough attitude of Chinese and Japanese nationals, high-level officials of China and Japan tried to avoid direct military conflicts and try to solve the Northeast issue through diplomatic means. The peaceful settlement of the 9 18 incident was not completely impossible, but unfortunately, the Japanese militarists later took control of the political power and embarked on the road of military aggression against China.
Historical facts tell us that the 918 incident was mainly caused by fanatical soldiers and radical "patriotism". Although there was considerable freedom of speech in Japan at that time, Japanese public opinion was basically on the side of fanatical soldiers. Ichiro Linxi illegally sent North Korean troops into China, winning praise from the press, saying that he was a true patriot, which made it impossible for the central government to investigate his violations. At that time, public opinion even sympathized with the murderer who killed the dog-raising prime minister, believing that the mutiny of fanatical soldiers was out of "noble patriotic dedication" and "patriotic innocence", and launched a nationwide signature campaign to excuse the murderer and reduce his sentence. Even some young girls wrote letters to marry those murderers.
Another reason why Japanese public opinion is biased towards fanatical soldiers is the corruption of politicians. At that time, corruption scandals in Japanese politics continued, which made people feel disgusted with those corrupt politicians. Some people even shouted such a slogan: "I would rather have a clean soldier than a corrupt politician." But later history proved that the administration of "honest soldiers" brought great disasters to Japan.
China's patriotism demands the recovery of Japan's concessions and special interests in Northeast China, while Japan's patriotism demands the defense of Japan's concessions and special interests in Northeast China. In a sense, the 918 incident was the product of the confrontation between China's patriotism and Japanese patriotism. The 9 18 incident and the subsequent Japanese invasion of China were directly related to the "national madness" and "patriotism" frenzy that pervaded Japan at that time. The background of Japan's invasion of China is very different from the colonial aggression against China calmly planned by the top officials of the British and Russian governments, which deserves our attention.
It's a little too much. But it's good for you. O (∩ _ ∩) O。 ...