In February 1945, US President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Churchill and Stalin held a trilateral summit in Yalta. When discussing the war against Japan, Stalin proposed that one of the conditions for the Soviet Union's war against Japan was that "the status quo in Outer Mongolia must be maintained." (Other conditions are: the government manages the China-Changchun Railway, internationalizes Dalian Port and leases Lushun Port, etc.). Stalin's request was agreed to by Roosevelt and Churchill. They also signed a secret agreement, known as the "Yalta Agreement". The "status quo" Stalin referred to was the "Mongolian People's Republic". Stalin knew that this was a very hot issue, so he proposed that the United States notify the Chinese government and obtain its consent.
This is a dirty deal they made behind China's back, seriously damaging China's sovereignty and interests, and blatantly trampling on recognized international norms.
On June 15, 1945, Hurley, the U.S. Ambassador to China, was ordered to formally notify Chiang Kai-shek of the contents of the Yalta Agreement. Chiang Kai-shek felt angry, but had no choice but to agree to send Executive Yuan President Song Ziwen, Foreign Minister Wang Shijie and Chiang Ching-kuo to Moscow for negotiations.
From the end of June to mid-August 1945, China and the Soviet Union held many talks in Moscow, with fierce debates. Stalin almost threatened Song Ziwen and said: Outer Mongolia must be independent. The people of Outer Mongolia "were unwilling to join either China or the Soviet Union, so they had no choice but to let it become independent." If China did not agree, the Soviet Union would not send troops to attack Japan. In fact, China is no longer able to manage Outer Mongolia, not to mention that Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia are currently preparing to join forces to create a Greater Mongolian Republic, which will endanger North China. Song Ziwen argued hard, but to no avail; he also proposed giving Outer Mongolia a "high degree of autonomy" as a compromise, but the Soviet side refused to discuss it. (At that time, the Soviet Red Army had already marched straight into the Northeast and swept away the Japanese army.)
In this way, in the face of the harsh fait accompli and strong international pressure, the helpless Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to instruct Song Ziwen to accept the Soviet conditions and agreed: The Soviet Union After sending troops to defeat Japan, Outer Mongolia was allowed to be "independent" under the three conditions that the Soviet Union respected Northeast China's sovereignty and territorial integrity; did not interfere in Xinjiang's internal affairs; and did not assist China. On August 14, 1945, Song Ziwen and Wang Shijie signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and its annexes. The exchange of letters between the two sides on the Outer Mongolia issue said: "In view of the fact that the people of Outer Mongolia have repeatedly expressed their desire for independence, the Chinese government agrees to hold a referendum to determine the independence of Outer Mongolia after Japan's defeat."
Of course, the so-called "referendum" is just a method adopted by Chiang Kai-shek to get down the stairs. Therefore, before Lei Fazhang, the executive deputy minister of the Ministry of Interior of the National Government who was later ordered to observe the "referendum" in Outer Mongolia, left, Chiang Kai-shek specifically told him: he was only "observing" and not "interfering"; and he was not to make any remarks. On October 20, 1945, the Outer Mongolian authorities single-handedly conducted this "referendum" (registered vote). According to reports from Outer Mongolia: There are 490,000 voters in the country, and "98% of the voters participated in the vote and unanimously approved independence." Lei Fazhang’s subsequent comments on the vote were: “The people who handled the voting were responsible for guiding the people’s vote and actually supervising it very closely.” “This referendum was said to be the return of the people of Outer Mongolia to the world.” The act of expressing a desire for independence is actually an expression of approval or disapproval of independence through public signatures under the supervision of government personnel. It is really difficult for the people to express their free will. ”
On January 5, 1946, the Chinese people. The government officially recognized Outer Mongolia's independence. The People's Republic of China was recognized in 1950.