Mr. Sun Yat-sen stayed at Aili Garden after arriving in Shanghai. On the seventh day of the lunar month, a meeting of the highest cadres was convened, attended by: Huang Xing, Hu Hanmin, Wang Zhaoming, Chen Qimei, Song Jiaoren, Zhang Jingjiang, Ju Zheng, Ma Junwu, etc., to discuss the plan for organizing the provisional government, and unanimously elected Mr. Sun Yat-sen as the provisional leader of the Republic of China. Great President.

Song Jiaoren advocated the implementation of a responsible cabinet system. Mr. Sun believed that a responsible cabinet was not an appropriate system to be implemented during China’s Revolution, but Song insisted. Mr. Sun Yat-sen finally reluctantly agreed and ordered Song to negotiate with Zhang Ji and others. Candidate for Prime Minister of the Cabinet. Zhang Ji advocated the recommendation of Song Jiaoren, but Song Dynasty refused to accept it and proposed to promote Huang Xing. Huang Chu refused to accept, so Song Nai asked Ju Zheng, Tian Tong, Lu Tianmin and others to persuade Huang Xing again, and Huang finally agreed. However, this proposal must be submitted to the provincial representatives in Nanjing for approval, because the provincial representatives had originally approved that the provisional government of the Republic of China was a presidential system, but now it had to be changed to a cabinet-premier system.

On November 8, 1911, Huang Xing and Song Jiaoren took a special car to Nanjing and stayed in Dingjia Garden. In the evening, they went to the Consultative Bureau to attend the provincial congresses to discuss the revision of the Provisional Government Organization Law. However, most representatives from the provinces did not support the cabinet system, so the presidential system was still adopted during the vote. On the tenth day of the lunar month, a formal election meeting was held for revolutionary representatives from 17 provinces. The list of representatives from the 17 provinces present was: Wu Jinglian from Fengtian, Gu Zhongxiu from Zhili, Li Ju from Henan, Xie Hongtao from Shandong, and Jing Yaoyue from Shanxi , Li Su, Liu Maoshang, Shaanxi representatives Zhang Weisen and Ma Buyun, Jiangsu representatives Yuan Xiluo and Chen Taoyi, Anhui representatives Xu Guanyao, Wang Zhuhuai, and Zhao Bin, Jiangxi representatives Lin Zichao, Zhao Shibei, Wang Youlan, Yu Yinglu, and Tang Yi, and Zhejiang representatives Tang Erhe , Huang Qun, Chen Shixia, Chen Yi, Qu Yingguang, Pan Zuyi from Fujian, Wang Chonghui and Hui Xianfu from Guangdong, Ma Junwu and Zhang Qinshi from Guangxi, Tan Renfeng, Zou Daifan, and Liao Mingya from Hunan, Ma Boyuan, Wang Zhengting, Yang Shijie, and Hu Ying from Hubei. , Juzheng, Sichuan representatives Xiao Xiang and Zhou Daiben, Yunnan representatives Lu Zhiyi, Zhang Yipeng and Duan Yuqing. Tang Erhe, representative of Zhejiang, is the speaker, Wang Chonghui, the representative of Guangdong, is the deputy speaker, and Yuan Xiluo, the representative of Jiangsu, is the secretary

. Speaker Tang Erhe opened the meeting and reported that our country's thousands-year autocratic regime has come to an end, and that a democratic and harmonious political system has been achieved. Everyone applauded warmly. Then there was an election, with each province having one vote, and the remaining 17 votes. According to the results, Mr. Sun Yat-sen was elected with 16 votes, and Huang Xing was elected with the other vote. The speaker then solemnly announced that Mr. Sun Yat-sen was elected as the first interim president of the Republic of China. The conference also passed the recommendation of Tang Erhe and Wang Chonghui to go to Shanghai to welcome Dr. Sun Yat-sen to take office in Nanjing. At the meeting on the 12th, Huang Xing temporarily proposed to use the Republic of China as the era and switch to the Gregorian calendar, and the meeting unanimously approved it. After the meeting, Huang Xingnai sent two telegrams, unanimously Chen Qimei: "Chen Dujian: Today the Senate Council decided to switch to the Gregorian calendar and use the era of the Republic of China. Tomorrow is the first day of the first month of the first year of the Republic of China. Please announce it." unanimously "Minlibao" Yu Youren: ""Minli Daily" Yu Jun Youren's Mirror: Today, the Senate decided that tomorrow will be the first day of the first month of the first year of the Republic of China, and President Sun will come to Ning to announce the organization of the provisional government."

< p> At the same time, a telegram was sent: "Today, a provisional presidential election meeting will be held in Ning. Seventeen provinces will be present. Mr. Sun Yat-sen has been elected as the provisional president. This is hereby announced." After Mr. Sun Yat-sen was elected as the provisional president, a telegram was sent to Wuchang. Li Yuanhong: "The righteousness in Wuchang was followed by the people from all over the world, and the public opinions of other countries praised the people and the army for their meticulous care, and especially admired the hardships of the public. Although the article was written in the Chinese revolution, although it has been running for many years, the implementation this time was not even close, which is absurd. The representatives of the provinces were elected as president, and they felt ashamed, so they had to do it reluctantly in order to serve the good wishes of the princes. Wuhan is the hub of the country, and the responsibilities of the princes are difficult, so Fu Wei cherishes it." Li also sent a reply to Mr. Sun Yat-sen: "I will take it soon. Provincial representatives sent telegrams saying: Mr. Hesheng has been elected as the interim president. Congratulations! Mr. Huo has knowledge of the past and has considered the whole world. He will reverse the decadence of the last days, restore the prosperity of Tang and Yu, and restore the majesty of Han officials in the country. Not only are the blessings of our 40 million compatriots, but all countries in the East and West also admire Gao Feng and send you this special congratulations on the National Day of the Republic of China! Long live the President of the Republic of China!"

Then delegations from all provinces also signed up. Called Li Yuanhong: "On January 2, the provincial representative conferences decided to elect an interim vice president. A meeting to elect an interim vice president was held at 10 a.m. on the third day. My father-in-law was elected. In addition to informing the whole country, the special commissioners of this association and representatives from each province will The signed letter is submitted to express welcome! "The Nanjing Provisional Government also sent a message to Li Yuanhong: "Today the Senate elected the vice president, and after a unanimous vote, I was elected. I would like to congratulate you on the future of the Republic of China."

November 13th of the year 1911 became January 1st of the first year of the Republic of China. On this day, Mr. Sun Yat-sen, together with representatives Tang and Wang, and American consultant Homer Lee, arrived in Nanjing by special train at 5 pm and stayed at Baohuaju. Speaking of Baohuaqi, it is a famous place. It was the hotel where the governor of Liangjiang in the Qing Dynasty entertained foreign guests. It later became the West Arrow Road Staff Headquarters.

After Mr. Sun Yat-sen arrived in Beijing, someone asked Mr. Sun: "How much salary did you bring when you returned to China this time? How many guns?" Mr. Sun smiled and replied: "I came back empty-handed. But what I brought back was the revolutionary spirit.”

At 10 p.m. on New Year’s Day of the first year of the Republic of China (the following article uses the Gregorian calendar), Mr. Sun Yat-sen took office as the interim president and declared the founding of the Republic of China. The provisional president's oath states:

"Overthrow the autocratic government of Manchuria, consolidate the Republic of China, and seek people's livelihood and happiness.

This is the general will of the people, and we should abide by it in writing and in order to be loyal to the country. Serve the public. Now that the autocratic government has fallen, there is no domestic chaos, and the Republic of China stands out in the world and is recognized by all countries, at this time, Wen shall be relieved of the post of interim president, and I take this oath to the people. "The interim president proposes a list of cabinets, which is modeled on the American government system. There is no prime minister and it is divided into nine ministries. The president proposes a list of chiefs and deputy chiefs of each department, such as:

Director-General of the Army Department and Chief of Staff: Huang Xing, Deputy Minister: Jiang Zuobin

Chief of the Navy: Huang Zhongying, Deputy Minister: Tang Xiangming

Minister of Justice: Wu Tingfang, Deputy Minister: Lu Zhiyi

Chief of the Ministry of Finance: Chen Jintao , Deputy Minister: Wang Hongyou

Director-General of Foreign Affairs: Wang Chonghui, Deputy Minister: Wei Chenzui

Director-General of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: Cheng Dequan, Deputy Minister: Ju Zheng

Education Director-General of the Department: Cai Yuanpei, Deputy Director: Jing Yaoyue

Director-General of the Industrial Department: Zhang Jian, Deputy Director: Ma Junwu

Director-General of the Ministry of Transportation: Tang Shouqian, Deputy Director: Yu Youren

Secretary-General of the Presidential Office: Hu Hanmin

The Congress also made minor changes to the list of state ministers. It turned out that President Sun nominated Song Jiaoren to be chief of internal affairs and Zhang Binglin to be chief of education, but they were not approved. < /p>

The Provisional Government of the Republic of China was formed, and the list was announced. Among the ministers, only the Army, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Education were members of the Tongmenghui. The other ministers were constitutionalists who sympathized with the revolution. However, almost all the deputy ministers were comrades. Although the government was established, the Director-General of the Ministry of Industry, Zhang Jian, and the Director-General of the Ministry of Transport, Tang Shouqian, both lived in Shanghai. The Director-General of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Cheng Dequan, was ill in the concession. The Director-General of the Ministry of Finance, Chen Jintao, was negotiating loans in Shanghai. The Minister of Justice, Wu Tingfang, was in Shanghai to preside over the peace talks. He could not return to Ning, so the actual chief ministers of the Nanjing government at this time were only three revolutionaries, namely Huang Xing, the chief of the Ministry of War, Wang Chonghui, the chief of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Cai Yuanpei, the chief minister of the Ministry of Education. Acting. After the interim government was approved by the Senate, President Sun held the appointment ceremony of each ministry on January 5. The dates of establishment of each ministry are listed as follows:

The name of the agency, the date of establishment, and the location

The Ministry of the Army’s Supervisory Training Office on January 9

The Ministry of the Navy’s Naval School on January 17

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ original presidential palace on January 11.

Moved to the Lion Bridge in front of the Drum Tower on the 2nd

The Ministry of Justice moved to Jiajia Lane on January 12

The Ministry of Finance moved to the old domain office on January 17

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Jiangnan Government Affairs Department of the Ministry of the Interior on January 17

Negotiation Office of the Ministry of Education on January 19 (Foreign Affairs Department of Beiting Lane)

Industry Ministry on January 2 Quanye Road Department on the 13th

Food and Road Department of the Ministry of Transportation on January 23

Chinese Association Department of Legal Affairs Bureau on January 15 (today's Feihou Mansion)

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Nanjing Garrison Governor's Palace on January 14

Originally the revolutionary comrades in Wuchang and Shanghai were not in harmony. The cause of the incident was Huang Xing, and Huang Xing himself had tried his best to make up for it. This crack, but cracks in world affairs often only widen and are difficult to bridge. When Nanjing was forming the government, it was also Huang Xing's suggestion to elect Li Yuanhong as vice president. The purpose was to reconcile Wuhan, but the ideals of Wuchang's leader were very serious. Many, it is unfair in Wuchang's view to only let Li Yuanhong be the vice president. Among the revolutionary comrades under Li Yuanhong at that time, the most important one was Sun Wu, who made great contributions to planning the uprising. The day before the uprising, Sun Wu tested a bomb, which unfortunately exploded and was injured. After the uprising, Sun Wu became the Minister of Military Affairs, and the Nanjing Provisional Government was established. Some time ago, Sun Wu arrived in Shanghai from Wuchang. Because he was close to Li Yuanhong, he was very unkind to Huang Xing. Since he was not on good terms with Huang, he was naturally also unkind to the revolutionary comrades in Shanghai. Chen Qimei had a very bad impression of Sun Wu. When the provisional government was being formed, Sun Wu wanted to be the deputy minister of the Ministry of War, but the chief of the army was Huang Xing. Since Huang didn't like Sun Wu, he would not make him the deputy minister. So Sun Wu was abandoned, which made the relationship between Wuhan and Ninghu even more alienated.

Provisional Senate The Provisional Senate of the Republic of China was formally established at 8 a.m. on January 28, the first year of the Republic of China. 38 members from 17 provinces attended the meeting. President Sun Da delivered a congratulatory speech, and then Huang Xing, Cai Yuanpei, Ju Zheng, and Ma Junwu delivered speeches one after another. Finally, Lin Sen was elected speaker and Wang Zhengting was elected deputy speaker.

During the Nanjing Provisional Government, there was always a considerable distance between Mr. Sun Yat-sen and the Senate composed of representatives from 17 provinces. In ancient China, there was no national flag at all. It was not until the Western powers invaded China that the Qing Dynasty established a national flag. At that time, it was decided to use the "Yellow Dragon Flag" as the national flag of the Qing Empire. The dragon is an abstract thing. It represented the emperor in the feudal era, and yellow was the representative color of the Qing Dynasty. "I am the country", so it is very reasonable for the yellow dragon to be the national flag of the Qing Dynasty. However, the dragon only has symbolic meaning in China, and has no meaning to Western countries. Foreigners have no idea what kind of animal it is? In addition, the early Huanglong flag was triangular. Triangular flags had not yet appeared in the history of world flags. The animal on the triangular flag was an animal that no one had ever seen before. Foreigners did not know what a dragon was, so they had to call it a "clawed one". snake"!

During the Wuchang Uprising, the flag used by the revolutionary army was the "Iron-Blooded Eighteen-Star Flag" representing the eighteen provinces; later it was changed to represent Han (red), Manchu (yellow), Mongolian (blue) ), Hui (white), and Tibetan (black) five-color flags represent the five ethnic groups. When the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, the Provisional Senate resolved to adopt the five-color flag as the official national flag of the Republic of China.

President Sundar firmly advocated using the blue sky and white sun flag as the national flag. In his message to the Senate for reconsideration, he cited the following reasons: "Your House has decided to use the five-color flag as the national flag. This president believes that it cannot be promulgated hastily." Okay. Under the old system of the Qing Dynasty, the navy used five colors as the flag of the first and second rank officials. Now it would be disrespectful to use the official flag of the Manchu Qing Dynasty. The five-color flag is intended to represent the five major ethnic groups. However, the meaning of the assigned colors is not accurate. For example, Huang Daiman and so on. Moreover, since the five ethnic groups are equal, there are still hierarchies in the upper and lower ranks...The flag of the sky was used by the Han Chinese Communists and the Party (Note: the predecessor of the Tongmenghui) in the Southern Uprising. More than ten years later, Chen Haodong died under this flag in the seventh year of Yi. ...The blue sky and white sun represent the grand beauty: China is a big country in the Far East. The sun rises in the east and is the largest star. The blue sky and white sun show the brightness and the meaning of freedom and equality..."

The Provisional Senate believes that the Blue Sky and White Sun Flag was formulated by only one party of the Tongmenghui and cannot represent the whole country. The five-color flag has been adopted by the Wuchang Revolutionary Army, which is of great historical significance. Therefore, the Senate still decided to use the five-color flag as the national flag. The national flag was changed to the navy flag, and the eighteen-star flag used by the Wuchang Revolutionary Army in the early days was designated as the army flag.

In the early days of the Revive China Association, the three-color flag of red, blue and white was used. Red symbolizes "bloodshed for freedom", blue represents "a fair and equal sky", and white means "people's hearts are pure and love each other" ". The three meanings represent "liberty, equality and fraternity". This tricolor flag was soon replaced by the Blue Sky and White Sun Flag.