Calligraphy in Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasty
In 220 AD, Wang Pi abolished Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty and became independent in Luoyang, with the title of Wei. Liu Bei and Sun Quan proclaimed themselves emperors in Chengdu and Jianye in 22 1 and 222, respectively, with the titles of Shu and Wu respectively. As a result, a tripartite confrontation has formed in the history of China, which is the so-called Three Kingdoms Period. After the Three Kingdoms came the Jin Dynasty, which was divided into the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty. The Western Jin Dynasty began in 265 when Sima Yan abolished Cao Huan of Wang Wei, and ended in 3 16 when Wei Di Sima Ye proclaimed himself emperor.
From the Three Kingdoms to the Western Jin Dynasty, official script was still official script, and most of the inscriptions at that time were written in official script. Cao Wei's famous inscriptions include: Shangzun stele (Figure 15), Zen stele (Figure 16), Kongxian stele, Huang Chu remnant stele, paradigm stele, JI Wang remnant stele, three-body stone sutra, etc.
The tablet of honor and the tablet of awakening were both erected by Cao Pi as emperor. They are typical official official official scripts with a square and solemn style to show the dignity of the inscription. Because they overemphasize the decorative effect of the wave pick, it is very artificial and rarely interesting.
"Huang Chu remnant tablet" is dignified and beautiful.
In addition to the solemn steles, there are some steles written and engraved at will, such as Baodi Shenzuo, Baodi Shenzuo, Li Bao Kaidao Geming, etc., which are similar in style to bamboo slip calligraphy and have natural and unique interests.
The first Three-body Story of the Stone (ICY, King of Qi, 240 ~ 249) was written by Han Danchun.
During this period, the inscriptions of Sun Wu in the south were different from those of Wei Dynasty. Famous inscriptions include Qin tablet, Zen tablet, Gulang tablet, etc.
The Monument Destined by Heaven (Figure 17) is also called Ode to the Celestial Seal or Monument to Wu Jigong. In the first year of Tian Xi of Wu Dong (276), a monument was erected. This monument is intended to be between seal script and official script. It is a calligraphy work with unique shape, round structure and wide potential, and it is called "inverted leek leaves".
Gulangbei (Figure 18) is a font that has changed from official script to regular script. The strokes have been removed, but the brushwork of regular script is not yet mature.
The Monument to the Mountain of Zen (Figure 19) is a seal script with rich brushwork, and the knot method has something in common with the official method. It is also a very distinctive seal script.
Due to the prohibition of erecting monuments in the Western Jin Dynasty, there are few giant monuments. Famous inscriptions, such as Yu Shi Bei, Ren Cheng Tai Shou Sun Fu Bei, Qi Taigong Biao, Knowing Yangyang Que and Dajin Emperor Bei, are all neat official scripts. Because of the late excavation of Lin Sanbi's memorial tablet, the calligraphy and painting are as clear as new, which shows the brushwork of Lishu at that time.
The Western Jin Dynasty banned the erection of monuments, so epitaphs gradually appeared. Unlike the epitaphs of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, they are actually small tombstones placed in graves. The famous epitaphs in the Western Jin Dynasty include Jin Guanluo's Epitaph, Huang Cheng's Epitaph, Jia Chong's Guo Huai's Epitaph, Zuo□' s Epitaph, Xun Yue and his wife Liu Jianxun's Epitaph, ieee fellow's wife's Epitaph and Shi Ding's Epitaph. Their calligraphy style and inscriptions in the Jin Dynasty are both official scripts that emphasize the method of selecting square edges.
Lishu reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Since then, the official script on the tablet has excessively pursued the decoration of wave pick, and changed the natural foot pick into a neat and angular pick. The wave trend tends to be flat, and the pen emphasizes the sameness, and the exquisite and colorful Han Li is heading for the end. This stereotyped official script went from bad to worse in Wei and Jin Dynasties. On the other hand, the rise of simple and convenient regular script makes it an inevitable trend for regular script to replace official script.
During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, most of the ink left today is scriptures, bamboo slips and pieces of paper. The emotional calligrapher's ink was written by Lu Ji in the Western Jin Dynasty.
The font of Ping Fu Tie (Figure 20) belongs to Cao Zhang, which is very similar to the unearthed bamboo slips of Han and Jin Dynasties, Cao Zhang. Although the paper is damaged, you can still see the healthy and simple style of using the pen.
The famous manuscripts of the Western Jin Dynasty include two kinds of manuscripts of the History of the Three Kingdoms unearthed in Xinjiang. Calligraphy is between official script and official script, and its style is simple and clumsy. In addition, for example, in the sixth year of Yuankang (296), the writing style was similar to that of the Three Kingdoms.
A batch of Mo Bao scraps of paper and wooden slips were found at Guloulan site in Lop Nur, Xinjiang. The pieces of paper have the year numbers of the first year of Yongjia (307) and the fourth year of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty. These pieces of paper are considered as relics from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Sixteen Countries. In addition to official documents, there are private letters and drafts of letters, except regular script between official letters and private letters.
Among the wooden slips unearthed in Lop Nur, the earliest is Wei Jingyuan's fourth year (263), and the latest is Jianxing's eighteenth year (330). Bamboo slips, including regular script, cursive script, Cao Zhang and running script, are important materials for studying calligraphy in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Famous calligraphers in Wei and Jin Dynasties were Zhong You, Wei Ji, Wei Guan, Wei Heng, Wei Shuo, Zhao Hu, Dan Wei, Huang Xiang, Su Zhe, Suo Jing and Lu Ji. We mainly introduce Zhong You's A Book Writer.
1. Zhong You (15 1-230) was born in Yingchuan Changshe (now east of Changge County, Henan Province). Wei Mingdi was a teacher, who was called Zhong Taifu in the world.
Zhong You studied the calligraphy of Cao, Cai Yong and He. He is good at official script, regular script and running script. Have a thorough study of the composition and structure of calligraphy. The artistic characteristics of his calligraphy are: cleverness, fineness, density and depth, naturalness and no carving. Its regular script brushwork and structure have a strong sense of official script, and its style is simple, which has been regarded as a model by successive dynasties. Xuanhe Pu Shu in the Northern Song Dynasty called him the father of orthodox books. Zhong You and Zhang Zhi in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty are collectively called the four saints in the book; And Wang Xizhi are also called loyal kings.
The original Zhong You calligraphy has not been handed down to the world, but in ancient times there was a table of seasons recommended (Figure 2 1), which was destroyed in the Republic of China, and now only a photocopy has been handed down. There are registration forms, celebration tables, army life tables, and tomb stickers. According to legend, Wei's Monument to Honor and Monument to Zen were also written by Zhong You.
The Declaration Form is the representative work of Zhong You's calligraphy. The current block print was handed down by Wang Xizhi. This post is slightly flat in shape, rigorous in statutes, and has a calligraphy style after the Jin Dynasty, which may be caused by the temporary writing of Jin people. The declaration form is included in Chunhua Pavilion Post and Daguan Post.
He Jie Biao (Figure 22), also known as Rong and He Ke Jie Biao, is the most distinctive work in Zhong You's calligraphy. Written in the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19). This book retains many strokes of official script, which is a regular script in the process of official script change. He Jiebiao has a copy of Yu Gang Zhai.
"Life Table", 8 lines in regular script, this post was copied by Wang Xizhi in "Fast School Post".
Second, the "Weimen School of Calligraphy"
Weimen Calligraphy School is a calligraphy school founded by Wei Ji in Anyi, Hedong, Shanxi Province in Wei and Jin Dynasties. From Wei to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, from his son Wei Guan, to his grandson Wei Heng, to his sister Wei's wife Sun III, and to Wei Heng, he led the book circle in 1670.
There is a wonderful passage in Yan Zhu Ji written by You Zheng in Yuan Dynasty, which describes the spreading times of calligraphy from Wei Jiwei in Three Kingdoms to 500 to 600 years in the middle Tang Dynasty. His article said: "During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wei III was able to write books. Wei Ji and his son met Zhao Hu, Dan Wei and Zhong You; Xie and both studied under Zhang Zhi; Wei, the sister of Mrs. Hengcong, is personally influenced by Cai Yan. " The origin of Weimen Calligraphy School is the master of the previous generation and the later generation.
Then Zheng Ping described the influence of Weimen calligraphy party on calligraphy later, saying:?
"Wei, in the table, so the father of Xihe is Kuang, and Kuang is awarded to Xihe, and the son of Xihe is offered to the son of Wang Meng, so it is the law. Give it to his nephews Yang Xin, Wang Sengqian and Xiao Ziyun. During the Jin and Song Dynasties, there were many talented people, all of whom flowed from the two kings. With Shi Zhiyong, Sun Ye, the seventh grandson of Xihe, was able to spread knowledge and was influenced by Ziyun. Yu Shinan personally met Yong Shi, so his method was re-disseminated in Tang Yan. Ou Yangxun was born in the south of the city, and Chu Suiliang was Ouyang's teacher, or, Chu studied under Shiling, Fuling and Sui people. Ou Yangxun went to Lu Jianzhi to preach, and Kampuchea met Yong Shi, who was also the nephew of Heather. Lu Chuanzi Yan Yuan, Yan Yuan, Zhang Xu; Yan Yuan, Zhang Zhizhi's uncle. Xu was awarded the posthumous work of Chu Suiliang, which was awarded to more than 20 people, including Yan Zhenqing, Li,,,, Wei, etc. Putting down what Wu Tong heard, Liu Gongquan got it, and his stream came from "Yong Shi". Xu Hao spared Zi Ai and Huang Fuyue. Spreading Zhu and Han were taught by the law. Huangfu Yuechuan Liu Zongyuan Liu Yuxi Yang Guihou. Gui Hou passed on the nephew's latitude, and latitude passed on the judge's power, Zhang Cong and Cui Hongyu. Redjade, the grandson of the imperial seal. Redjade passed, money passed, and money passed. Liu Zongyuan passed down the family directly, and those who had Liu Wei also got a scale and a half. " ?
The pedigree of Wei's calligraphy is clearly visible. Coupled with the two well-known contents of Wang Dao's learning Wei Guan's calligraphy and Wei Ren's teaching Wang Xizhi, we can clearly draw the pedigree map of Wei Men School.
Wei School has both outstanding creative practice and excellent theoretical achievements. Wei Heng's History of Four-body Calligraphy is the first book that systematically summarizes and studies calligraphy in the history of China. Its practice is a link between the past and the future, inclusive of English and Chinese, and a link between the past and the future; His theory is profound and condescending, which is not only a high theoretical summary of the previous generation of calligraphy, but also has far-reaching enlightenment and guiding significance for later generations of calligraphy. No one has ever had such a great influence on the development of China's calligraphy as Anyi Wei's. He crossed time and space to the greatest extent, like a magical giant umbrella, covering the history of calligraphy after more than 1000 years. Even the family in Xi 'an can't help but be eclipsed.
As can be seen from the above, from Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties, almost all famous calligraphers in history were biographies of Wei Men.
Thus established the unshakable historical position of Weimen Calligraphy School.
Jin Dong's calligraphy
In 3 17 AD, Si Marui, the imperial clan of the Jin Dynasty, established its capital as Jiankang, confronting the northern countries. By 420, Emperor Wu of Song abolished the Jin Emperor and established the Song Dynasty, during which *** 104 was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Calligraphy in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a bright pearl in China's art treasure house, and its artistic achievements have reached the peak of history. Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi are outstanding representatives of calligraphy in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Wang Xizhi (303-36 1) was born in Linyi (now Linyi, Shandong Province) and moved to Yin Shan (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province). He was a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was honored as a "book saint" by later generations.
Wang Xizhi learned calligraphy from his uncle at least, and later from Mrs. Wei. He studied with famous calligraphers since the Han and Wei Dynasties, cursive script with Zhang Zhi, and orthography with Zhong You. He is good at learning from others, learning from their strengths and preparing for others. He got rid of the style of writing in Han and Wei dynasties and became a family of his own.
There are no originals in Wang Xizhi's works, but all we see are replicas. His representative works are: On Le Yi in Regular Scripts, Huang Tingjing and Dong Fangshuo's Painting Praise; Seventeen cursive script posts, You Mu posts, Shangyu posts, Han Qie posts, Sheng Yuan posts, Lue Wang posts, Yuan Huan posts and this post; Running scripts include aunt's post, sunny post in the snow (Figure 23), funeral post, German Association post, Lanting preface, two thank-you post, orange post, official slave post, Confucius post, Dongshan post and so on. The main characteristics of his calligraphy are peace and naturalness, gentle and subtle brushwork, graceful and graceful. Later generations commented: "If you float in the clouds, you are as frightened as a snake", among which the running script Preface to Lanting is the most representative.
Preface to Lanting (Figure 24), also known as Preface to Lanting, Preface to Lanting, Preface to He Lin River, Preface to Zan and Zan Tie. It is the first of the three calligraphy posts and one of the top ten famous posts handed down from ancient times in China.
On March 3rd, the 9th year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 353), 41 people, including Wang Xizhi, Xie An and Sun Chuo, wrote Poems in Yinshan Lanting (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). At the meeting, Wang Xizhi wrote a preface for their poems. The preface narrates the beauty of the landscape around Lanting and the joy of gathering, and expresses the author's feelings of impermanence of life and death. Calligraphy has been handed down from generation to generation, with 28 lines and 324 words. Composition, calligraphy and brushwork are perfect, which is his masterpiece at the age of 33. Later generations commented that "the font of the right army has changed. Its heroic spirit is natural, so it is considered to be a model from ancient times to the present. " Therefore, calligraphers of all ages called Lanting "the best calligraphy in the world". The Dragon Book written by Feng Chengsu in the Tang Dynasty is the best. This book is carefully copied, and its brushwork, pen and ink, style and charm are all reflected.
Preface to Lanting shows the highest realm of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy art, and the author's tolerance, phoenix spirit, mind and feelings are fully displayed in this work. The ancients said that Wang Xizhi's cursive script is like "the breeze comes out of the sleeve and the next month comes into my arms", which is a wonderful metaphor.
Wang Xizhi has seven sons and one daughter. All seven sons are good at calligraphy, among which Wang Xianzhi, the youngest son, is the best.
Wang Xianzhi (344 ~ 386), Amethyst, the seventh son of Wang Xizhi, was a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After becoming Xu, he was promoted to secretary of the secretariat (equivalent to prime minister). But his achievements are far less outstanding than his title. Wang Xianzhi's calligraphy is the most talented and innovative, and he has made outstanding contributions to modern calligraphy and grass since Wei and Jin Dynasties. Known as a "little saint" in the history of calligraphy, he is also called "two kings" with his father.
Zhang Huaiguan's Commentary once commented on Wang Xianzhi's calligraphy attainments: "Zi Cai Jing is knowledgeable and far-sighted, and he opened another subject besides cursive script. ..... Amethyst method, grass is not a line, it is convenient to flow grass, business is online, and grass is right in the middle. ....................... ..........................................................................................................................................................
His calligraphy masterpiece "Ode to the Goddess of Luo" has only 13 lines in the Song Dynasty, and there are jade carvings, which are known as "Thirteen Lines in the Jade Edition". In addition, duck's head pill post, Mid-Autumn post, Dongshan pine post (Figure 25), Cao Lan post, Dihuang soup post, pear delivery post and December post are also treasures of calligraphy art ... His calligraphy is better than his father's in brushwork and charm. Mi Fei called him "a brush that paints dust like fire, which is endless. If it's casual, it's called a book. The cursive script means "a book". He also advised his father to "change his brushwork", which shows his courage in calligraphy creation and deserves to be called a "little saint" in later generations.
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were many calligraphers besides Xian, who were mainly concentrated in the big families at that time. Among them, Wang, Yu, Xie and other big families were once prominent. Some works of calligraphers such as Wang Dun, Wang Dao, (Yi), Wang Hui,,,,,, Wang, Wang Xun, Chi Jian, Xi Yun, Xi Tan, Chi Chao and Xi Jun (Wang Xi) have been engraved and circulated.
Let's look at the inscriptions in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Due to Cao Wei's ban on steles, there are few inscriptions in the Eastern Jin Dynasty handed down from generation to generation. At this stage, the outstanding representatives are only the stele with the word "Cuanbao", the stele of Zhiyang Mansion (Figure 26), the stele of Shanwang and the stele of Sima Fang.
The Monument to Treasure (Figure 27) is a famous inscription in the Jin Dynasty. Daheng was built in Nanning County, Yunnan Province in the 4th year (405) and unearthed in the 43rd year of Qingganlong (1778). The calligraphy style of this tablet is between official script and official script. The size of the tablet is patchy, and most of the strokes are written by Fang Bi. Horizontal painting has the characteristics of regular script, but its style is simple and elegant. This monument, together with Liu Song's Long Yan Monument in the Southern Dynasties, was called "Ergui" by later generations.
The monument to the good king is square in shape, with straight brushwork, like Li and Kai, and many interesting strokes. Simplicity is one of the famous official engravings.
The Remaining Monument of Sima Fang is characterized by odd and regular strokes, and some strokes are characterized by regular script, although they have a sense of Li.
In recent years, many Eastern Jin epitaphs have been unearthed. Representative epitaphs include epitaph, epitaph, epitaph of wife Liu, epitaph of Wang Min, epitaph of Wang and epitaph of Xia Jinhu. The calligraphy of these epitaphs is dignified and vigorous; Some of them are slightly scrawled, the fonts can't be copied, and the structure is very boring.