The "white plague" in the 19th century-tuberculosis "pale face, emaciated body, and bouts of heart-wrenching cough ……" was described in novels and plays in the 19th century, and what caused these people to be in such a state was tuberculosis, which was called the "white plague" at that time, that is, "consumption".
In the 19th century, I don't know how many people lost their relatives or friends by this ruthless and powerful infectious disease. Although the emergence of various effective antibiotics and preventive drugs in the 2th century made the number of tuberculosis cases decrease rapidly around the world, it would be a big mistake to relax our vigilance. The World Health Organization warned that in recent years, tuberculosis has made a comeback in the world, and the prevention and control of this infectious disease should not be slackened.
in p>1882, robert koch, a German scientist, announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and divided it into four types: human type, bovine type, bird type and mouse type, among which human type is the main pathogen of human tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a chronic consumptive disease with strong infectivity, which is mainly caused by human tuberculosis invading the lungs. Common clinical manifestations are cough, expectoration, hemoptysis, chest pain, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite and other local and systemic symptoms. More than 9% of pulmonary tuberculosis is transmitted through the respiratory tract. Patients cough, sneeze, make loud noises, etc., so that the bacteria-carrying liquid is sprayed out of the body, and healthy people will be infected after inhaling it.
in p>1945, the advent of streptomycin made tuberculosis no longer an incurable disease. Since then, the successive synthesis of drugs such as remifentanil, rifampicin and ethambutol has greatly reduced the number of tuberculosis patients worldwide. In terms of prevention, BCG vaccination and chemical prevention are the main methods. Among them, the advent of isoniazid in 1952 made chemical drug prevention successful. Isoniazid has strong bactericidal power, few side effects and is economical, so it is easy to take. Taking it for 6 to 12 months can reduce the incidence by 5% to 6% within 1 years.
The advent of antibiotics, BCG and chemotherapy drugs is a milestone victory in the history of human struggle against tuberculosis. For this reason, the United States even thought that tuberculosis could be eliminated at the end of the 2th century in the early 198s. However, this stubborn "consumption" has launched a new round of challenges to mankind. According to the report of the World Health Organization, tuberculosis has resurfaced all over the world in recent years. In 1995, 3 million people died of the disease all over the world, which was the year with the largest number of deaths, greatly exceeding the epidemic of tuberculosis in 19. On March 24th, 23, on the occasion of World Tuberculosis Day, the figures released by the World Action Organization Stop Tuberculosis show that at present, 5, people still die of tuberculosis every day in the world, and the number of people suffering from tuberculosis exceeds 8 million every year.
The main reason for the above situation is the neglect of policies in many parts of the world in recent 2 years, which has led to the destruction or even disappearance of tuberculosis prevention and control systems; The probability that AIDS patients are infected with tuberculosis is 3 times that of ordinary people, and most AIDS patients die of tuberculosis. With the spread of AIDS around the world, the number of tuberculosis patients is also increasing rapidly. The emergence of a variety of drug-resistant tuberculosis strains has increased the difficulty of tuberculosis prevention and treatment.
To this end, the World Health Organization declared that "the world is in a state of tuberculosis emergency". In order to further promote the global publicity activities for the prevention and control of tuberculosis, the organization decided at the end of 1995 to designate March 24th of each year as "World Tuberculosis Day", and in 1997 announced an action plan called "Directly Observed Short-Term Treatment", with the goal of curing 95% of tuberculosis patients. The core of this plan is that medical workers directly supervise patients to take drugs, so as to avoid patients delaying treatment and causing large-scale spread of diseases. The latest social evaluation results of tuberculosis prevention and treatment in China released by the Ministry of Health of China show that Chinese citizens have a low awareness of the infectious and curable tuberculosis, a low awareness of tuberculosis prevention and treatment institutions and the provision of free diagnosis and treatment, and a high degree of concern about social discrimination against tuberculosis patients.
First of all, although bone tuberculosis and meningeal tuberculosis are not contagious, some common types of tuberculosis are contagious. However, only tuberculosis patients who can detect mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum are contagious. When these patients cough, sneeze or speak loudly, spitting on others' faces may cause infection.
Second, except for a few multi-drug drug-resistant tb, most tuberculosis can be cured. However, it needs to be emphasized that the formal and thorough treatment of tuberculosis must take 6 to 8 months, and it needs the combination of multiple drugs to be completely cured. The modern tuberculosis control strategy put forward by the World Health Organization requires patients to take medicine in front of medical staff every time. Many patients neglect their illness or stop taking drugs privately because of the side effects of drugs, and fail to get scientific and standardized treatment, which may lead to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and increase the difficulty of treatment. Third, China's medical and health institutions at or above the county level, towns and cities have specialized institutions for examination and treatment of tuberculosis, and the state provides anti-tuberculosis drugs and major examinations for patients with infectious tuberculosis free of charge. In order to strengthen the management of the national tuberculosis epidemic situation and ensure that patients receive scientific and standardized treatment, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases stipulates that tuberculosis patients and suspected patients should undergo unified examination, supervision of chemotherapy and management in tuberculosis prevention and control institutions.
Finally, only tuberculosis patients with positive sputum smear of mycobacterium tuberculosis are contagious. After two to three weeks of regular drug treatment, tuberculosis patients are generally not contagious and can participate in normal social activities. The society should give care and care to tuberculosis patients, and should not discriminate against tuberculosis patients.
At the end of p>1995, the World Health Organization designated March 24th every year as "World Tuberculosis Day" to commemorate Robert Koho, the discoverer of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and further appealed to all governments to pay more attention to and support tuberculosis prevention and control. March 24th, 25 is the 1th World Tuberculosis Day. This year's theme is "Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis, early diagnosis and treatment, strengthening the grassroots". What are the immunization methods for anti-tuberculosis and "D" < P > tuberculosis?
what is modern chemotherapy for tuberculosis?
Early self-diagnosis of tuberculosis
Liver function should be checked regularly when taking anti-tuberculosis drugs
What are the initial treatment and retreatment of tuberculosis?
reasonable chemotherapy for tuberculosis: treatment and prevention can be "win-win"
dietary taboos for tuberculosis patients
"Ten essentials" for relatives of tuberculosis patients
Four keys to controlling tuberculosis
When you have tuberculosis patients around you
What can tuberculosis patients not eat
Can they get married during the active period of tuberculosis?
Can BCG vaccination prevent tuberculosis for life
Misunderstanding 1: Tuberculosis is easy to treat
When antibiotics were widely used in the middle of this century, mycobacterium tuberculosis was also destroyed. It has curbed the evil hand of tuberculosis, greatly reduced the mortality rate of patients with severe tuberculosis, and made people breathe a sigh of relief and stop talking about "tuberculosis". Therefore, the impression that "tuberculosis is easy to treat" was formed in people's consciousness.
Since 198s, a large number of tuberculosis patients have developed drug resistance due to the abuse of antibiotics and irregular treatment. According to statistics, drug-resistant tuberculosis patients account for about 28%-41% of the total number of first-time treatment. This gives people a wake-up call: tuberculosis is difficult to treat, and one-third of patients can't be cured at one time. This is a very worrying situation.
Myth 2: Tuberculosis is easy to break out in backward rural areas
In the past, it was generally believed that tuberculosis was a poor disease and only occurred in poor rural areas. Now this impression has been broken by the cruel reality. In recent ten years, the number of urban tuberculosis patients in China has soared. The main reason is that due to the deteriorating environmental quality, people's daily necessities such as water, air and food have been polluted by industry, people's resistance has declined, and air-borne tuberculosis has a resurgence trend.
In fact, the rapid increase in the incidence of hepatitis and AIDS and the number of drug carriers has also brought a ride to the incidence of tuberculosis. Hepatitis complicated with tuberculosis and AIDS complicated with tuberculosis have become a new infection mode. There are 5.9 million tuberculosis patients in China. According to experts' analysis, about half of the 5.9 million tuberculosis patients are infectious. According to the World Health Organization, there has been an outbreak of tuberculosis in some big cities in developed countries, and the incidence rate is much higher than that in developing countries. Now there is an abnormal phenomenon that tuberculosis spreads faster in cities than in rural areas.
Myth 3: Tuberculosis can't kill a few people
In the past, people thought that cancer was the most terrible, and once you got cancer, you were sentenced to death, so talk about cancer discoloration. As for tuberculosis, it is generally believed that it is not a terminal disease, and even if it is not cured at once, it will not kill people. This view is all wet. There are 5.9 million tuberculosis patients in China, and 25, people die of tuberculosis every year, which is equivalent to a Tangshan earthquake every year.
Myth 4: Refractory tuberculosis is incurable
Refractory tuberculosis caused by drug resistance, allergies, serious complications and other reasons is listed as a worldwide medical problem. Because these patients only account for about 6% of all patients receiving chemotherapy, and a large part of them died in a short period of time due to lack of treatment, they have not attracted enough attention in the medical field. Is refractory tuberculosis really incurable? No. Clinical research has proved that refractory tuberculosis can be cured as long as correct treatment measures are taken.
guidelines for tuberculosis care
dietary taboos for tuberculosis patients
main common symptoms of tuberculosis
tuberculosis care
Chinese medicine remedies for tuberculosis
Chinese medicine prescriptions for tuberculosis
smoking and tuberculosis
Smoking can promote the occurrence and activities of tuberculosis
The incidence of tuberculosis among smokers is significantly higher than that of non-smokers < The number of people suffering from tuberculosis also increases
Smoking often delays the discovery and diagnosis of tuberculosis
Smoking affects the treatment of tuberculosis
AIDS and tuberculosis
The immunity of AIDS patients decreases, and the chance of tuberculosis is 3 times that of the general population
One third of AIDS patients die of tuberculosis
Once AIDS patients are complicated with tuberculosis, they interact with each other and promote the progress and deterioration of the disease. Patients with diabetes should check whether there is tuberculosis < P >. When diabetes is complicated with tuberculosis, the tuberculosis focus progresses rapidly and has a wide range, and it is easy to form cavities. Tuberculosis also affects the occurrence and development of diabetes < P >. Early detection and timely treatment are the key to control the two diseases. We should be alert to diabetes complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis, and be alert to the existence of diabetes when the treatment effect of pulmonary tuberculosis is not good. Once diagnosed, both diseases should be treated reasonably at the same time. < P > Tuberculosis Health Network. Hotline: 855-3824785 TB News: 3 days to discover the herb cured of tuberculosis. A brief introduction of magical rotten lung grass warmly reminds patients of what atypical clinical manifestations of tuberculosis should be paid attention to after starting treatment. The susceptibility and susceptibility factors of systemic symptoms related to tuberculosis judge tuberculosis ...
If someone associates Dumas, a famous French writer in the 19th century, with Lin Daiyu in A Dream of Red Mansions, and talks about the fate of the last Russian czar in the early 2th century. However, there is indeed an incredible connection between human diseases and literature and art, and the most common one is tuberculosis. On the one hand, tuberculosis makes beauty wither and life die away; On the other hand, tuberculosis makes the whole world romantic and elegant. This is a puzzling myth brought to us by "Fallen Autumn Leaves-Cultural History of Tuberculosis".
"Captain of Human Death"
Keats, a great English poet, wrote a poem in 1819: "At a young age, he looks pale and thin, and soon returns to the mountain ..." Two years later, he died of tuberculosis at the age of 26, and that poem is a reflection of himself. Keats lived in the era when tuberculosis was the most rampant, and tuberculosis was the chief culprit of death at that time. To this end, Keats specially nicknamed tuberculosis: "the captain of human death."
Is tuberculosis really that bad? According to information, since German scientist Koch discovered tuberculosis in 1882, the death toll from tuberculosis has reached 2 million. According to the latest data, the death toll of tuberculosis patients in the world has increased from 2.5 million in 199 to 3.5 million in 2. 75% of TB deaths occur in the most productive age group (15-45 years old), and 2 billion people around the world have been infected with TB, with an annual infection rate of 1%, that is, about 65 million people are infected with TB every year.
It is noteworthy that tuberculosis seems to be more willing to care for people in the literary and artistic circles. In addition to Keats, the famous British poet Shelley, the author of Treasure Island Stevenson, pianist Chopin and violinist Paganini all got tuberculosis. In addition, from simonetta vespucci, a model in the 15th century, to Katherine Manthfield, a writer in the 192s, and Vivien Leigh, a movie star more than 3 years ago, after being attacked by this disease, these beautiful consignors and creators withered and withered like flowers, which made people sigh and miss. The book makes a profound analysis of their characteristics: most of these people are intelligent and talented, and they are often sentimental, especially their feelings are particularly strong and delicate, even to the point of being overly sensitive and fragile. Perhaps it is because of this reason that tuberculosis can wreak havoc on them more cruelly.
Beautiful Myth
If you have read novels in the 18th and 19th centuries, or seen stories about that era on movies and TV, you will often find one thing in common: almost all of them have a role of "consumption"-a sick child, a dying artist trying to finish his masterpiece, a mother who is bedridden and unable to take care of her family ... This is a typical description of the symptoms of tuberculosis.
Why did the writers of that era prefer tuberculosis so much? The answer is interesting and reasonable. When human beings are still unable to control tuberculosis, it seems that tuberculosis has become an "artist's disease"