In daily study and work, when it comes to papers, everyone is certainly familiar with them. The paper is of great significance to all educators and the improvement of human understanding. So how to write a general paper? The following are the skills of marking references in my thesis for your reference, hoping to help friends in need.

Marking skills of references in papers

Graduation thesis is different from ordinary small thesis, especially master's thesis or doctoral thesis. Thesis is usually four or five pages, master's thesis is fifty or sixty pages, and some even seventy or eighty pages. So it will be a very painful thing to modify something manually. There are at least two painful things: the automatic generation and numbering of catalogues and the superscript of references. This paper talks about tips from these two aspects, which is very convenient to generate automatically. Let me start with two painful situations.

After setting up the directory structure of the article, I suddenly found that it was easy to add or delete a chapter in the middle, but its sequela was that the numbers behind it would change accordingly. For example, if the second chapter is to be deleted, then the third chapter of the principle will be changed to the second chapter, and the subsequent chapters will be revised accordingly, which is also very troublesome to add.

The second case is the superscript problem of references. There are dozens of references in master's thesis, and general papers will require that the references be listed in the order of citation. If new references need to be added, the reference numbers of these references will be changed accordingly. Automatic table of contents generation Simply put, switch the document to outline view, and then set the outline level of the text to be set as a table of contents. If the outline level is set to 1 level, it is 1 level directory. Generally, we will set it to level 3, which will generate 1, 2, and 3 level directories. After setting, click "Insert" where you want to insert the directory-> "quotation"->; "Index and Table of Contents" will do. Just format it in another way.

Now let's talk about these two simple solutions.

First set it to the paragraph number. Set the primary directory you want to set as the primary number, the secondary directory as the secondary number, and so on. Set it as a paragraph number like a reference. Setting it as a paragraph number has a great advantage, that is, when one of the items is inserted or deleted, the later items will become better, thus solving the problem of modifying the later item number at the same time because of adding or deleting intermediate items.

To update the table of contents, simply click Update Table of Contents in the outline view, or right-click the table of contents in the page view and select Update Field.

After setting the reference to the paragraph number, click Insert where you need to insert the reference-> "quotation"->; "Cross-reference", just find the number of the corresponding reference. Then set the format yourself. There are several other methods, which are extracted from the internet.

(1) Bookmarks and cross-references: The numbering and citation steps of references are as follows:

(1) Add several documents at the end of the word document, such as:

[1] The Chinese version of Yang Word 2000 is used quickly. Beijing: Tsinghua University Publishing House, 2000.

[2] Peter Wavelka. Diane Poremschi. Chinese vocabulary expert 2002. Beijing: Machinery Industry Press, 2002. Note that Word should be used for automatic numbering when entering. If word doesn't have automatic numbering, you can insert it yourself (this need not be explained in detail ...)

(2) Bookmark each document. For example, Yang chooses. The Chinese version of Word 2000 uses express delivery ",insert-bookmark, enter the book signature (Yang ·_ Word 2000 uses express delivery), and then add it. Note that the book signature must start with a letter, contain numbers but no spaces, and can be separated by underscore characters, otherwise it may not be inserted. The signature of the book should be consistent with the name of the file, so that you can still recognize it after its position changes. (Figure 1)

(3) Insert-quote-cross-quote at the position where the document needs to be cited, select bookmark for type, select citation item, and select paragraph number for content. At this point, the reference is complete! (Figure 2)

After editing the whole document, select all and right-click "Update Field", and the number will become the latest position of the document.

There is also a reference to insert footnotes.

1. Move the cursor to the position where you want to insert the reference, and then select Insert-Footnote and Endnote from the menu. (searched, no duplicate)

2. Select "endnote" in the dialog box, select "automatic numbering" as the numbering method, and suggest "section ending" as the position (for paper).

3. If AutoNumber is not Arabic numerals, select Options in the lower right corner and select Arabic numerals in the numbering format.

4. After confirmation, insert a superscript "1" here, and the cursor will automatically jump to the end of the article, which is preceded by a superscript "1", which is where the first reference is entered.

5. Change the format of the superscript "1" at the end of the article to normal (remember to change the format, don't delete it and re-enter, otherwise the reference will move in the future, and the serial number will remain unchanged), and then enter the reference inserted at the back (the format is slowly entered according to the requirements of the magazine, as if there is no way to simplify it).

6. Double-click "1" in front of the reference, and the cursor will return to the place where the reference was inserted in the article content, and you can continue to write the article.

7. Insert an endnote in the next place where you want to insert a reference according to the above method again, and a "2" will appear (Word has automatically sorted it for you), and continue to enter the reference to be inserted.

8. After quoting all the references, you will find that there is a short horizontal line in front of the first reference (which can only be seen in page view). If a spread is referenced, there will also be a long horizontal line in the spread. You cannot select or delete these rows. This is the sign of endnotes, but the format of general scientific papers cannot have such lines and must be deleted.

9. Switch to normal view and select View-Footnote from the menu. At this point, the edit field of the endnote appears at the bottom.

10. Select "Endnote Delimiter" from the drop-down menu on the right side of the endnote, and a short horizontal line will appear. Select and delete it.

1 1. Select Endnote Continuation Delimiter from the drop-down menu. This is a long horizontal line. Select and delete it.

12. Switch back to page view, and reference insertion has been completed. At this time, no matter how the article is changed, the references will be automatically arranged in order. If it is deleted, the following references will disappear automatically and there will be no errors.

13. The more references, the greater the advantage of this method. When I wrote my graduation thesis, I used this method to insert references in sections. It's cool!

There is a small problem:

If the same reference is cited in two places, endnotes can only be inserted in the first place, but not in two places at the same time. After changing the article in this way, the reference number inserted later will not be changed automatically.

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Writing skills of references in papers

When we study a problem, how to show it to everyone is an important task. This paper introduces the general format and matters needing attention of jujube papers, an important part of scientific research, with concrete examples. Of course, to write a good paper, it is not enough to make such a simple introduction, but also to write and practice more by yourself.

With the development of science and technology, more and more scholars set foot in the field of academic paper writing. So how to write an academic paper, what are the requirements for academic paper writing, and what is the format? Here is a brief introduction to the writing of academic papers, hoping to be helpful to your paper writing.

Title (title)

Titles are also called titles or titles. A title is a logical combination that reflects the most important specific content in a short passage with the most appropriate and concise words.

The title of the paper is the first important information related to the scope and level of the paper, and it also needs to consider specific practical information, which can help to select keywords, compile titles, indexes and other secondary documents and provide retrieval. The topic of the paper is very important and must be carefully chosen. Some people use the following sentence to describe its importance: the title of the paper is half of the article. The requirements for the title of the thesis are: accurate and appropriate; Short and pithy; Proper extension and connotation; Eye-catching

The requirements of these four aspects are as follows

1. Accurate and decent

The title of the paper requires accurate expression of the content of the paper and appropriate reflection of the scope and depth of the research. Common faults are: too general, the topic is not deducted. The key problem is that the topic should be closely related to the content of the paper, or that the content of the paper should match each other and be closely related, that is, the topic should be deducted and the article should be deducted. This is the basic principle of writing a paper.

Concise and clear

Try to keep the number of words in the topic as small as possible, and the words need to be carefully selected. As for how many words meet the requirements, there is no uniform hard and fast rule. It is generally hoped that the title of a paper will not exceed 20 words. However, we should not blindly pursue fewer words and affect the proper embodiment of the topic in content. When there is a contradiction between the two, it is best to use more words and express them as clearly as possible. If the short title is not enough to express the content of the paper or reflect the nature of the series of research, it can be solved by the method of positive and negative topics, and the information of specific experimental materials, methods and contents can be supplemented by adding negative topics, so that the title can be enriched and accurate rather than generalized.

3. The extension and connotation should be appropriate.

Extension and connotation belong to the concepts in formal logic. The so-called extension refers to every object reflected by a concept; The so-called connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object.

Benchmark format

(1) Journal article (document type ID: j) [serial number] Principal. Title [j] Title, year, volume (issue): page number (optional).

(2) Principal of monograph (document type identification: m)[ serial number]. Title [m] Place of publication: publishing house, year of publication, page number.

(3) The document (document type ID: a)[ serial number] separated from the corpus (document type ID: C) is mainly responsible for the separation of documents. Abbreviate the title of the document to [a]. The main pen of the collection (optional). Prose collection title [c]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication and page number of precipitated document.

(4) Dissertation (file type ID: D) [serial number] Principal. Title [d] Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

(5) International and national standards (document type identification: s)[ serial number] standard number, standard name [s]. Release year.

(6) Patent (document type identification: P) [serial number] patentee. Patent name [p]. Patent country: patent number, publication date.

(7) Principal of electronic document [serial number]. Titles of electronic documents. The source (or available address), publication (or update) date/reference date of the electronic document. Monograph (m); Essay (c); Newspaper articles (n); Journal papers (j) dissertations (d); Report (r); Standard patent

(8) Files with undefined types (file type ID: z)[ serial number] are mainly responsible for. Document title [z]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

How to cite references

1, which was cited but not cited, there is something wrong with the style of study.

If the paper quotes other people's academic viewpoints, data, materials, structure, etc. And it is not truthful and standardized, and it is suspected of lacking a serious scientific attitude or academic literacy. Citing documents is not only a respect for other people's labor achievements and copyright, but also a torture of personal integrity. If only the reviewer's literature is omitted, it will have a very bad influence.

2, the reference is not standardized and the level is limited.

If the references in the paper are not standardized, or have errors or omissions, or have different formats, it also reflects the author's writing level and attitude from one side, lacking a scientific attitude that is strictly prohibited. This is just like the inconsistency and typo in the text of the paper will make people doubt whether they are so careless in the research, so the argumentation process, results and conclusions will make people doubt.

3, more or less literature, enrichment is the best.

The amount of literature reflects the author's possession of information, especially the omission of representative literature in related fields will directly affect the sufficiency and necessity of the argument. It is also true that the number of citations represents the degree of material possession, the frontier of the topic and the importance of the topic to a certain extent. Generally speaking, there are few references after Chinese papers. However, it can not be simply divided by the number of citations, and the number of citations varies greatly among papers of different disciplines and properties.

4. The short-term failure of literature shows that it is a hot spot.

Although the reference is too old to say that there is no innovation in the research, it shows that it is not the hot spot of current research, and no one can think that it is the frontier of research and solution, but the importance of topic selection is questionable. Some classic literatures are cited for a long time, and the half-life of cited literatures is also an index to evaluate the theoretical strength of journals and papers. However, judging from the citation of existing documents, the research results in recent five years should account for a large proportion. If there are few related documents published in the last five years, we can only say that the topic of the paper has not been widely concerned.

5. The literature is hierarchical and convincing.

To some extent, the team of authors and published journals reflect the height and level of research topics, especially the authoritative literature in the industry is often convincing. The authority of both journals and authors is not self-styled, but the accumulation and embodiment of their long-term rigorous scientific style. Being able to quote the literature of authoritative journals or authoritative authors will naturally be recognized by peers, which is based on people's trust in authority.

6. Have extensive knowledge and strong self-confidence.

Literature citation is scientific and reasonable, and if it is confined to a narrow range, it will easily lead to the suspicion of "climbing the dragon to attach the phoenix" and "trying to imitate the tiger". Seeking truth from facts from different levels of journals, authors and related documents in different languages can better reflect the author's confidence in his own research results and a comprehensive grasp of the research background. Echoing the previous one is just two sides of the same question.

7. Citation depends on location, and innovation depends on content.

The citation of documents usually occurs in the introduction part of the paper, because the topic of the paper needs to be based on the existing research and put forward its own proposition for the problems that need to be solved at present, but this is not necessarily the case. By inserting in different positions, we can observe the amount and weight of successful innovation of the paper to a certain extent. If a methodology and model paper has a lot of references in the construction of methods, it can be judged that it is an improvement on the basis of existing methods; If the reference in the structural analysis part is not used for comparison of results or as an analysis method, then the intention is doubtful.

High-level scientific research papers are generally produced on the basis of previous studies. Without a certain amount of references, it is difficult to find out the background and foundation of the research work. However, the level of research results cannot be evaluated only by the number of citations, and it is not clear that some journals must cite more than 8 articles or 10 documents. The citation of references should be realistic, scientific and reasonable.

8, these documents as much as possible.

Classic literature. There are many well-known documents in the writing of this thesis. These documents are bound to be mentioned when talking about certain issues. There are two prerequisites for quoting these documents: first, you must know to read more documents, and then understand the minimum basic knowledge; Secondly, this document is so classic that the design, analysis methods and conclusions of the experiment have been recognized by the academic circles. This kind of literature just makes you have to quote.

Literature with few research cases. There are so few research cases that you can't choose. Even if you are skeptical about the research conclusions in the paper, you will use the expression that someone has studied something to quote in the article. At the very least, the references here are all documents with important scientific research value and need to be cited.

Self-citation of major journals, publishing houses and databases will count the annual citation ranking, which is also an important indicator to evaluate the influence of a scholar. Some people will do some new tricks according to this new situation. That's self-citation.

In fact, self-citation is not a shameful thing. If one's own research has a process of continuous advancement, even at the forefront of academic circles, it is normal to cite one's own research results to illustrate the progress of research.

With the development of computer technology and network technology, various electronic publications and traditional paper publications have become the carriers and sources of various documents. The main types of electronic documents are: database, electronic books, electronic newspapers and periodicals, electronic software, etc. Electronic documents are paid more and more attention and cited by people because of their quick release, wide content and novelty. On the basis of quoting traditional literature types (books, newspapers, etc.). ), the author cites more and more electronic documents, which also reflects the author's ability to use various documents and advanced literary ideas. Editors should pay attention to the verification of electronic documents when reviewing manuscripts to ensure that their descriptions are clear, accurate and complete, which is convenient for readers to refer to.

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