(1) Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Confucius taught students not to be condescending or overbearing, but to show an amiable and approachable attitude. He said to the students with a cheerful face, "If one day I grow up, I will not be arrogant." It means that you shouldn't be afraid to speak just because my subject is a little longer than yours. Don't be nervous, don't worry. You can speak freely, say whatever you want, and say whatever you want. From this, we can see that Confucius' teaching habits, namely equality, democracy, friendly dialogue and small talk, have no concerns of other ages and generations. Students are of course willing to speak freely in a harmonious and democratic atmosphere. Confucius also said: "If you are alive, you will say' I don't know'. If you know, how can it be? " Confucius' question is very interesting. First of all, he understands the students' psychology and what they think and say on weekdays. This may be because his students are brilliant and ambitious, but no one appreciates and reuses them. Therefore, he is inevitably full of complaints, complaining and lamenting the injustice of the world. This kind of performance certainly does not conform to Confucius' standard of "gentleman". Confucius once said, "You don't have to know what you don't know, but you don't know who you are." "People don't know or care, aren't they gentlemen?" Confucius seized this situation and asked questions. When he asked questions, he asked the students' hearts. "If you know, how can you be happy?" Students are certainly willing to talk about their ideals and interests in front of the teacher. On the one hand, because they have really read a lot of poetry books, their talents are superior. On the other hand, because of this ideal interest, they have accumulated it in their hearts for a long time and finally have the opportunity to get it off their chest. It can be seen that Confucius knows the roots of students, is good at asking questions and inspiring, and his education is highly targeted. This educational method based on reality, insight into psychology, persuasion and guidance is undoubtedly of great enlightenment significance for us to implement the new curriculum reform.
Students' temperament, habits and personality psychology are complex and diverse. Confucius' education is not stereotyped and empty, but varies from person to person, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and using flexible and humorous methods. The four students of Confucius recorded in the chapter "Sit Down" have different interests and temperaments. Lutz is very capable, talented, ambitious and confident, but he is arrogant, reckless and arrogant. Confucius only used a meaningful expression "supporting one" to evaluate students, affirmed their talents and strength, and implicitly criticized his impulsive remarks and unyielding attitude. You Ran and Gong Xihua are modest and prudent, open and sincere, gentle, modest and sincere. The difference in temperament between the two is that Ran is cautious in speaking and doing things, walking on thin ice, a little timid and worried; Gong Xihua's speech is modest, well-chosen and alert. Listening to him has a feeling that "the speaker is relieved and the listener is Tao Ran". Confucius didn't comment on their conversation immediately, but after they left, he expressed his views at Zeng's urging. "If you want nothing, you are not a country." ? Who is comfortable with sixty or seventy, such as fifty or sixty non-state-owned? Only red is not a state? Ancestral temples will be harmonious, not princes. Red is small, how can it be big? "With five rhetorical questions, I fully affirmed the political talents of the two students in governing the country and keeping the country safe, and also expressed my excitement and pride in the trust and praise of the students. In fact, the purpose of Confucius' affirmation and praise is to give great encouragement and spur to the modest and confident You Ran and Gong Xihua. Presumably, I would have told these two students Confucius' radical comments carefully, and I could also predict how excited and happy Gong Xihua would be when she learned the teacher's hope and encouragement. Confucius is like this, implicitly criticizing the arrogant and conceited child; You Ran and Gong Xihua, who were too modest, were euphemistically encouraged. In "Last Words", he once described his ideal life and life interest in poetic language, showing a disposition of being indifferent to fame and fortune, quietism and carefree. In this regard, Confucius deeply sighed and agreed, because the description of cool breeze and charming life coincided with Confucius' hopeless ambition and the lonely mentality of a hero with no way out. This is a sigh that "those who know me make me worry, and those who don't know me make me want", and it is also an evaluation of yet I feel the harmonious heart-beat of the Sacred Unicorn. Presumably, as a student, after listening to the teacher's evaluation, I will definitely feel some emotion. There are four students, four ideals and four temperaments. Confucius educated students with different comments (or language, or expression, or exclamation, or rhetorical question, or direct or implicit) according to different situations. This kind of small talk between teachers and students can be said to be a typical example of Confucius' "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude".
In fact, there are many such examples in The Analects. On one occasion, Luz asked Confucius, "Where is Si Wen?" Confucius said, "With my father and brother around, how can I smell and act?" You Ran asked, "Where is Sven?" Confucius said, "Si Wen must do it." Gong Xihua said, "You still call it all kinds of things. Confucius said that there are fathers and brothers, Qiu also called it all kinds of things, and Confucius said that he would do all kinds of things. Red is also confused and dares to ask. " Confucius said, "Seek to retreat, so advance; Because I am also a person, I retired. " ("The Analects? Lutz and You Ran asked Confucius the same question, but Confucius' answers varied from situation to situation. Lutz is brave, reckless, straightforward and strong. Confucius told him not to be too brave and endanger his life, but to consider having an elderly father and brother. You Ran's behavior flinched. He was cautious and humble everywhere. Confucius encouraged him to be brave and fearless. Enlighten and reason, this is the education of Confucius, and different education is carried out according to different personalities and psychology of different people. The significance of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" lies in respecting the uniqueness of students, which can better promote the harmonious development of students' physical and mental health.
(2) Tolerance and encouragement of individuality. Western philosophers have a saying that "there are no two identical leaves in the world", and so are people. People with different life experiences and cultural backgrounds have different personalities, hobbies and ideals. As a teacher who teaches and educates people, when evaluating and inspecting students, he must not treat each other according to his own needs, and he must not stick to the rules. We must be tolerant and tolerant. This is how Confucius educated his students. It can be said that four students have four ideals, one is to govern the country with courage, the other with wealth, the other with courtesy and the other with beauty. These thoughts are not completely in line with Confucius' ideal standards, but Confucius did not simply affirm and deny, let alone judge students according to his own preset standards or selfish preferences, but tolerated and positively affirmed, without proper praise and encouragement. This can be seen from the notes at the end of the chapter "Zuo Shi". Confucius gave positive comments on both Gong Xihua, who ruled the country politically, and Zeng, who lived a leisurely life. He empathized with Zeng, strongly praised Gong Xihua, encouraged them to make contributions, and affirmed their talents to Lutz. Confucius' ideal and students' pursuit are definitely different, but he can tolerate and encourage students' seemingly opposite ideal pursuit. This is Confucius' mind and this is Confucius' personality education. In addition, the article also describes a bad habit of Lutz's speech, namely impatience, impulsiveness, outspoken, rashness and arrogance. Confucius said nothing about Lutz's reckless behavior, but smiled meaningfully. We can infer that if Confucius held a negative attitude towards his personality characteristics and habits, Lutz should have restrained himself for many years. Of the four students, he has been with the teacher for the longest time, but he hasn't changed at all. Does this tell us that Confucius did not let Luz change his personality, but he still respected Luz? It is in this context that Lutz can go his own way and blurt it out without thinking. While Zeng, Confucius and three other students are talking, he is playing the drums. Will this affect others? Of course not. If Zeng's drums and musical instruments disturb Kong's conversation with three other disciples, then Confucius will definitely stop his behavior. What we can think of is that Zeng Xi likes music. Maybe his performance is to add atmosphere to the conversation between brothers and sisters! Is it a bit like the band accompaniment in CCTV's "Tell the truth" program? He is very free and easy to do, which is different from others. Confucius didn't stop him, let alone criticize him. Did Confucius acquiesce in his hobbies and habits? From "Self-directed and Self-performed Anti-Japanese War" to "Zeng pass the parcel", we can clearly see Confucius' understanding, recognition, acceptance and encouragement of students' personality characteristics and hobbies. This respect, tolerance and affirmation of personality is really worth learning as a teacher.
(3) Help yourself and appreciate students. Confucius knows well the way of education, and there are many ways to educate students. Among them, he attaches great importance to guiding students to carry out self-education and mutual education. After Lutz made an impassioned speech, we never heard what he said again. We saw Confucius' Zhi Yi, and we heard Confucius criticize him for being "polite to the country, but not letting him speak". What did Luz think of the teacher's reaction? Maybe he will notice something from the teacher's subtle expression. More interestingly, what stands in sharp contrast with Lutz's arrogance and ambition is the attitude of his two younger brothers, You Ran and Gong Xihua. You Ran speaks modestly and cautiously, while Gong Xihua is modest, witty and sincere. The performance of these two younger brothers is just the opposite of that of Luz. Perhaps from this real comparison and the teacher's meaningful "supporting one", Luz should reflect on himself and understand something. Confucius is like this. He didn't say a word, let alone criticize and reprimand. Instead, it guides students to talk about ideals and interests, so that students can understand how to locate and standardize their behavior habits and manners in mutual communication and teachers' casual hints. Confucius educated Luz with the modesty and gentleness of You Ran and Gong Xihua, and encouraged You Ran and Gong Xihua with the courage and confidence of Luz. This kind of well-intentioned activity (heart-to-heart talk) arrangement really embodies the novelty and profundity of Confucius' educational wisdom.
Throughout the full text of Zuo Shi, we found that Confucius talked about students' ideals and interests, except for a little dissatisfaction with Lutz's "rude remarks", which basically affirmed, trusted and encouraged students, and even felt gratified and proud of students' lofty ideals and elegant interests. This reminds me of the popular "appreciation education". Is Confucius also engaged in appreciation education? I think so. The last paragraph of the chapter "Sit down" is very obvious. For Luz, Confucius fully believed in his great talent and super power. For You Ran and Gong Xihua, Confucius used five questions to evaluate their ideals. He believes that they have the ability to manage this country and ensure its security. Especially for Gong Xihua, Confucius said, "Red is too small, which is bigger?" Isn't this the teacher proudly praising the students? He thinks that Gong Xihua is knowledgeable and proficient in etiquette and music, which is completely beyond the average person. He doesn't shoulder the heavy responsibility of governing the country, but with whom? For Zeng, Confucius appreciated and understood from the heart. Combined with the previous analysis, we can almost say that Confucius always stood on the students' point of view, thinking about their future, cultivating their good personality, trusting their talents and abilities, encouraging them to strive for great achievements, and always criticizing the shortcomings and mistakes of education euphemistically and implicitly. This is the essence of Confucius' "appreciation education". Thanks to Confucius! The greatest educator in ancient China, with his words and deeds, gave us a wonderful lesson on how to be a teacher today.
Zuo Shi is not only a literary work that records people's feelings, but also an educational prose that shows Confucius' educational thoughts, teaching ideas and methods. We can dig out many novel educational ideas from more updated angles. As Chinese teachers, we can read works, miss Confucius, think about students and reflect on ourselves. Compared with the educational experience of ancient sages, we can gain a lot.