According to Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there are 24 volumes in the book. The story of the Three Kingdoms was written from the first year of Jianning (168) of Emperor Gaozu to the first year of Taikang (280) of Emperor Gaozu of Jin, of which 14 was used in the 28 years of Zhuge Liang's activities, and only 10 was written in the other 85 years. Compared with other characters, Zhuge Liang occupies the whole book. The Nanyang scholar who devoted himself to Shan Ye, the tragic figure of "but before he could conquer, he was dead", became a shining star of wisdom in the author's works, and won the admiration and exclamation of all kinds of people from ordinary people to king leaders. This can't help but make people think about why he has such great charm, and what touching factors are there in him, from his appearance to his death, all of which are exciting and thought-provoking. Maybe his attraction lies in his intelligence or loyalty, but that's all? Of course not. In fact, his intelligence and loyalty do not exist in isolation. It is also closely related to other personality elements: political ideal, moral integrity, military talent and temperament. Together, they constitute the whole system of Zhuge Liang's image.
(A) moral cultivation
"Indifferent ambition, quiet and far-reaching" (1)
This thatched cottage couplet is extremely concise, which summarizes the highest realm of Zhuge Liang's pursuit of moral integrity in his life. Liu Bei didn't see him, but looked at his itinerary first. He couldn't help feeling: "This trip didn't go in vain", while Liang didn't admire vanity, didn't seek wealth, was poor and happy, was simple and rigorous, self-denial and loyal, and was strict with himself from birth to death. These noble qualities are really admirable.
"Indifference" and "serenity", viewed from a realm and a requirement, are the manifestations of abstinence, self-cultivation and letting nature take its course, but they are not passive seclusion and pursue happiness all their lives. Because of this, Zhuge Liang's entire military career. Take this as a warning, always advocate frugality, become a humble person, burn many hopes, join Battle of Red Cliffs, then pacify Xichuan, March into Nanzhong, try my best to govern Shu, and spend the rest of my life in the army in spite of his busy schedule. In his later years, he was on the front line of Weishui, patrolling the camp when he was ill, and asked about everything personally. Beyond that, he wants nothing more. What's more, he wore plain clothes from beginning to end. When he first made his debut, "Kong Ming was eight feet long, with a face like a crown jade, a black silk scarf and a crane tower, which looked like a fairy." After China's entry into WTO, he wore the same clothes almost every time: sitting on a four-wheeled vehicle, wearing a black silk scarf and a hanging tower.
On the Image of Zhuge Liang in Romance of the Three Kingdoms
A specific history makes a specific person. During the period of the Three Kingdoms, heroes rose side by side, contending for hegemony, and talented people came forth in large numbers. All kinds of intellectuals showed their wisdom and were brilliant. In this "hundred schools of thought contention", there is a superstar who always shines brightly, and he is Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang is a central figure portrayed by Luo Guanzhong in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Based on historical facts and literary techniques, the author has created a rich artistic image. Because of the author's wonderful pen, it combines the strengths of all people and is unpredictable, reaching a high degree of artistic concentration. Therefore, Zhuge Liang's legendary image is even more magical, making it the embodiment of wisdom, the representative of justice and the model of loyalty. It can be said that the image of Zhuge Liang in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a figure accumulated from generation to generation, and it is also a figure created by writers in a specific era.
According to Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there are 24 volumes in the book. The story of the Three Kingdoms was written from the first year of Jianning (168) of Emperor Gaozu to the first year of Taikang (280) of Emperor Gaozu of Jin, of which 14 was used in the 28 years of Zhuge Liang's activities, and only 10 was written in the other 85 years. Compared with other characters, Zhuge Liang occupies the whole book. The Nanyang scholar who devoted himself to Shan Ye, the tragic figure of "but before he could conquer, he was dead", became a shining star of wisdom in the author's works, and won the admiration and exclamation of all kinds of people from ordinary people to king leaders. This can't help but make people think about why he has such great charm, and what touching factors are there in him, from his appearance to his death, all of which are exciting and thought-provoking. Maybe his attraction lies in his intelligence or loyalty, but that's all? Of course not. In fact, his intelligence and loyalty do not exist in isolation. It is also closely related to other personality elements: political ideal, moral integrity, military talent and temperament. Together, they constitute the whole system of Zhuge Liang's image.
(A) moral cultivation
"Indifferent ambition, quiet and far-reaching" (1)
This thatched cottage couplet is extremely concise, which summarizes the highest realm of Zhuge Liang's pursuit of moral integrity in his life. Liu Bei didn't see him, but looked at his itinerary first. He couldn't help feeling: "This trip didn't go in vain", while Liang didn't admire vanity, didn't seek wealth, was poor and happy, was simple and rigorous, self-denial and loyal, and was strict with himself from birth to death. These noble qualities are really admirable.
"Indifference" and "serenity", viewed from a realm and a requirement, are the manifestations of abstinence, self-cultivation and letting nature take its course, but they are not passive seclusion and pursue happiness all their lives. Because of this, Zhuge Liang's entire military career. Take this as a warning, always advocate frugality, become a humble person, burn many hopes, join Battle of Red Cliffs, then pacify Xichuan, March into Nanzhong, try my best to govern Shu, and spend the rest of my life in the army in spite of his busy schedule. In his later years, he was on the front line of Weishui, patrolling the camp when he was ill, and asked about everything personally. Beyond that, he wants nothing more. What's more, he wore plain clothes from beginning to end. When he first made his debut, "Kong Ming was eight feet long, with a face like a crown jade, a black silk scarf and a crane tower, which looked like a fairy." After China's entry into WTO, he wore the same clothes almost every time: sitting on a four-wheeled vehicle, wearing a black silk scarf and a hanging tower. In feudal society, there were not many people who lived a light life, although Zhuge Liang was in a high position, but he was able to get rid of the bad habit of pursuing wealth and prosperity. In addition, from Zhuge Liang's statement to Queen Liu on the way to the Northern Expedition, we can also see that there is such a passage in the table: "I have 800 mulberry plants in Chengdu and 40 to 50 hectares of fertile land. My children have their own food and clothing, and I have my own spare time. As for the minister, there is no schedule. I am well-fed and concerned about being an official. I don't care about my life, so I have a long size. On the day of death, there was not much money inside, and money was won outside. " (3) It can be seen that Zhuge Liang has really been strict with himself. At the same time, when he advocated frugality, he not only started from himself, but also vigorously advocated it in the military camp, which became an important measure for him to govern Shu.
From his living environment, it is not difficult to see the noble moral integrity of this elegant man. The author takes Liu Huangshu Sanyou Caotang as a film, and makes various shots into layered and poetic scenery. Surrounded by mountains and rivers, the ancient trees are lush, the scenery is pleasant, there is a natural atmosphere, and there is a quiet, peaceful, happy and rich Xanadu scenery, which subtly forms Zhuge Liang's indifferent and quiet temperament. He devoted himself to food, sent proud piano books, and let nature take its course, without asking Wen Da. Zhuge Liang, who lives in such a beautiful natural environment, will naturally be regarded as a Geng Jie. Noble and intelligent people are really beautiful and excellent. It can be seen that the author has painstakingly shaped a relatively complete character image, full of affection everywhere. In the final analysis, the author's description of the scenery in Longzhong is to shape Zhuge Liang.
In addition, Zhuge Liang not only has the above moral qualities, but also is a lover who appreciates kindness and thinks about its source. Liu Bei was not ashamed to ask questions when he visited the shanzhai for political needs. Zhuge Liang was grateful for this, so he was "determined to be strong, regardless of profit, and outspoken", knowing that he could not do it, and made the ambition of "a scholar will die for his bosom friend". Therefore, although Britain was appointed by the defeated army, it was ordered to do its best to turn the situation around and turn the corner. Because of the kindness of my late emperor, he immediately said, "Do I dare to do my best and be loyal, and then die?" He also said: "Although I am full of brains, I can repay you!" (4) Zhuge Liang said so and did the same. He "rewarded the three armed forces and set the central plains in the north" and "revived the Han Dynasty and returned the old capital. This minister is loyal to your majesty. " (Former Teacher) He regarded Beiding Zhongyuan as the main way to repay his kindness and made every effort to achieve this goal. He said in the "Former Teacher's Table" (V): "Since the day of his appointment, I have sighed every night, fearing that the entrustment will not work, so as to hurt the understanding of my late emperor." In "After the Teacher" (6), he said: "On the day I was ordered, I couldn't sleep well and didn't want to eat well." This shows that I am loyal and grateful. I value my life more than myself, so that if I don't reach my goal, I will "stay out at night and have trouble sleeping." Since then, Zhuge Liang has captured Meng Huo for seven times, left Qishan for six times, and devoted himself to his death, which is the concrete embodiment of gratitude. Wu Zhangyuan's description of Zhuge Liang's death is really touching, and it is also based on the cultural charm of knowing how to meet him. Yes: "Confucius helped the sick, so that the left and right helped the car to visit the camp;" Consciously, the autumn wind blows the face, biting the bone makes you cold, "but he sighed and said," You can't ask for a thief when you get cold feet! This is a long time and very extreme! " (7) Looking at that scene, I am moved by it every day. When I hear it, I feel even more sad and painful. Here, the author gives full play to his talents, allowing sad scenes to penetrate into every scene and thing in his works, and allowing the scenery to infect people's feelings. The night when Kong Ming prayed for longevity was: "The Mid-Autumn Festival in August is a night when the Milky Way is worried, the jade dew is zero, the standard is motionless, and Diao Dou is silent." (8) In the homesick season, on an empty autumn night, a patient who vomited blood was struggling for his unfinished business. He failed to overcome his illness and died with a heavy wish. "It was night, the sky was gloomy and the sun and the moon were dim." (9) Kong Ming died suddenly. Although the author wrote about the sorrow of heaven and earth, the sorrow of the sun and the moon, in fact, his heart has already sung a sad song for the faithful spirit of Kong Ming's life. The author spared no effort to express it with pen and ink, leaving no space. In the eulogy of the prayer method, the author deliberately pointed out that Zhuge Liang was not a generation who dragged out an ignoble existence, but a gentleman who cared for the country and the people, and at the same time lost no time in pointing out that Zhuge Liang was "Cheng Zhao" (10), which further pointed to the kindness of caring for the humble abode and being as heavy as a mountain. At the same time, please postpone for one year or "repay the kindness, save the people's lives, restore the past, and prolong the Han sacrifice forever."
Another manifestation of Zhuge Liang's loyalty throughout his life is that after Liu Bei's death, Liu Chan, the late ruler, ignored state affairs, went to excess and drank and had fun. Under such circumstances, he still abides by the precepts of loyalty to the country and bears the burden of humiliation. In fact, he can completely replace him at this time, and there is still hope to unify the whole country, which is also the will of god and the will of the people. But he just crossed the line, which was both sighing and touching. It's a thousand years' crime, who can say for sure!
In addition, Zhuge Liang's moral character also has the advantages of modesty, prudence and meticulousness, which permeates between the lines of his works and is fascinating everywhere.
Second, political ideals and actions.
Helping the universe and reviving the Han Dynasty is the political goal pursued by Zhuge Liang all his life and the purpose of his birth. As early as in middle school, he made a wish to revive the Han Dynasty, govern the country and secure the country, and pacify the world. Some people say that Zhuge Liang is a mountain man, not to mention any pursuit and goal. He was born only because of Liu Huangshu's kindness, otherwise, he will die in Shan Ye with his life-long knowledge and wisdom. In fact, Zhuge Liang in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms vividly showed the fighting spirit and attitude of facing reality for the Chinese nation from the beginning, and showed calm and brave fighting momentum and superhuman wisdom in the face of chaotic contradictions. Although he decided to be born grateful, the most important thing is to realize his ideal of helping the crisis, building a rebel army and saving the people all over the world. Why do you say that? Let's analyze:
In terms of political ideals, when Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, he once compared Du (1 1) with Guan Zhong and Guan Zhong. These two sentences can be found in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and History of the Three Kingdoms. Zhuge Liang biography. Zhuge Liang plays or recites "Fu Liang Recitation". First, he laments the sufferings of the world; Secondly, he compared Guan Zhong with Le Yi. Guan Zhong and Le Yi are officials in charge of the world, and Confucius praised them as talents. It can be seen that although Zhuge Liang lived in troubled times and lived in seclusion in Longzhong, he also had lofty aspirations and no realistic pursuit, but he set his life goals as early as in Longzhong. He knows the world situation like the back of his hand. His analysis and understanding, as well as the map of the fifty-four states in West Shu that he has prepared for a long time, fully show that he is not a little scholar or a mediocre person who plays with his breath, but a great scholar and true scholar who "mediates the hand of heaven and earth, helps the universe, looks up at the sky, looks down on geography, and benefits all the people in China". Liu Bei visited the cottage, and his brother sang; "Phoenix flies thousands of miles, I don't live; Soil on one side, the Lord does not follow; I am willing to work hard in Longmu, I love my house; I am proud of the piano book and wait for the weather. " (13) Obviously, Zhuge Liang's seclusion is not to avoid the world, but to "wait for Chun Lei to wake up from his dream, scream and share the world". "It's not too late to show the world his economy and leave home." Not only did he have to go because of "three cares", but he was also ready to be born. Based on the understanding of the "three points", the fifty-four States in West Shu drawn in advance are the most powerful proof.
As far as political achievements are concerned, Zhuge Liang was indeed an outstanding strategist and politician all his life. First of all, he foresaw the tripartite confrontation with the vision of a politician, and correctly put forward Liu Bei's strategic action plan and the subsequent domestic and foreign policies of Shu and Han. When Longzhong Dui was published, although he was not involved in officialdom or battlefield, he knew the world situation like the back of his hand. In a short page of Longzhong Dui, he brilliantly analyzed the situation in the world, foresaw the "three points", and pointed out that Liu Bei's struggle goal should be to take Jingzhou strategic place first, and then Yizhou as the base for unifying the world; Advocating political reform, absorbing talents, improving relations with southwest ethnic minorities, stabilizing internal affairs and accumulating strength; In foreign policy, we should settle Sun Quan well, isolate Cao Cao and form a foothold. If we wait for a favorable opportunity to send troops to the northern expedition of Cao Wei from the Beijing-Italy dual-purpose talent road, then "the great cause can be achieved and the Han Dynasty can flourish." This scientific analysis and decisive decision reflected the development trend of the situation at that time and stipulated the correct struggle strategy. That is the lifeline of Liu Bei's career, and Zhuge Liang has struggled for it all his life. The formation of the Three Kingdoms, the long-term struggle between Shu and Wei, and the joint resistance of Shu and Wu against Cao all proved the correctness of Longzhong Dui. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang is an outstanding politician and strategist with foresight. Later, if the development of Liu Bei's career deviates from this front, it will be frustrated and failed, which also proves the correctness of Longzhong Dui and Zhuge Liang's political talent on the other hand.
Secondly, on the issue of governing Shu, he proposed the rule of law and politics. Policies such as ruling the country according to law, tempering justice with mercy, strict rewards and punishments, and no arbitrary punishment should be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, starting from themselves, staying away from their loved ones and treating each other as equals. The most famous vitality event is the "Lost Street Pavilion". Although Zhuge Liang was as close as brothers in the face of Ma Su's crushing defeat, he had to shed tears in order to uphold the law and realize justice in law enforcement. He was about to stop under the repeated mediation and dissuasion of others. Zhuge Liang shouldn't have been responsible for beheading Ma Su, but Liang dared to take responsibility, found the reason from himself, fell into deep remorse, warned future generations not to make the same mistake, and demoted himself three times as a punishment. Zhuge Liang treated himself as an equal and won the praise of hundreds of officials, including Li Yan, who was exiled to northern Sichuan by him. He was deeply impressed by his words and deeds and created favorable conditions for the implementation of the rule of law.
Thirdly, he adopted a policy of harmonious coexistence with ethnic minorities. For Meng Huo's "seven captures and seven verticals", he really convinced people with virtue and waited patiently. Zhuge Liang's policy of "harmony but difference" has achieved good results. After the southern expedition, the southwest region was in a stable situation for a long time. On the other hand, in the political employment, he advocated the use of talents. In the face of Pang Tong, regarded as the Phoenix of Yi Long, he did not suppress and condemn him, but strongly recommended him. At the same time, when he exhorted the late master in the former model, he wrote: "I am a good minister, far from a villain, so I prospered in the early Han Dynasty;" Dear villain, Minister Yuan Xian, since then, Han has fallen. All these reflect his thought of attaching importance to talents. In addition, the wise acquisition of Jiang Wei shows his love and thirst for talents. He is good at finding talents and is committed to making Shu a successor. To sum up, Zhuge Liang can be regarded as an excellent politician, and his contribution to Shu Han is also praised by later generations.
(3) Military talents
The most prominent feature of Zhuge Liang is his cleverness. We often hear some proverbs and allegorical sayings praising him. Such as: "Zhuge Liang frowns-the plan comes to mind", "two heads are better than one" and so on. However, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, when describing Zhuge Liang's intelligence, the author also focused on his military wisdom, which made him show his superhuman military talent.
First of all, Zhuge Liang's military talent is manifested in making operational plans and commanding battles. Most of the decision-makers in Romance of the Three Kingdoms can quickly find out the essence and key of the war situation from the complicated phenomena by observing and analyzing the specific situation, and work out a feasible battle plan. Zhuge Liang not only did this, but also read widely, made friends and traveled around the world, so his operational principles were also superior and diverse. If there is confrontation, food interception, looting, burning alive, flooding, suspected soldiers, etc. , can be unpredictable according to the specific situation. Every time Zhuge Liang uses troops, he must first understand the enemy's situation and the war situation, including the characters of commanders and major generals of both sides, then make an analysis and finally make a general decision. For example, at the beginning of Jianye, the three-point strategy (14) of "letting Cao Cao occupy the sky in the north and Sun Quan occupy the land in the south, and the general can occupy the people's security" was formulated after he observed the world situation for a long time. Another example is the strategy of attacking Meng Huo seven times, while the Northern Expedition adopted the strategy of making progress slowly. Of course, Zhuge Liang can not only formulate the general strategic policy, but also formulate practical and effective operational steps and personally direct operations. For example, he borrowed Wu Bing to win the battle of Nanjun, which is the best example.
Secondly, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms highlights Zhuge Liang's intelligence and outstanding military talent from the comparison with others. Cao Cao, Sima Yi and Liu Bei are all resourceful figures. Comparing Zhuge Liang with Cao Cao, Cao Cao was scheming since he was a child. During the battle of Guandu, he was more flexible. 70,000 people were short of food and grass, and 700,000 people of Yuan Shao, the four great officials, were destroyed. Zhuge Liang was superior to him everywhere. For example, Battle of Red Cliffs Cao Cao's defeat of Huarong Road is the best example, and no matter how high the traitor's skill is, it can't escape Zhuge Liang's coup. Compared with Sima Yi, Zhuge Liang is a great general. Zhuge Liang once said that "Sima Yi was the only patient in his life". However, Sima Yi was always no match for Zhuge Liang. He repeatedly failed in the empty city plan, the wooden ox flowing horses, the wheat harvest in Gansu and the battle of Qishan, and he sighed again and again: "I am not as good as Kong Ming!" (15) After going to Qishan for three times, Sima Yi sent Zhang He to take the tomb and cut the village, but Zhuge Liang came prepared. Finally, he said, "Sima Yi was frightened" (16), and the most famous one was to borrow the arrow of the grass boat. Out of jealousy of Zhuge Liang, Zhou Yu, as the commander-in-chief of the front line, designed Zhuge Liang to supervise the manufacture of 100 thousand arrows for ten days, which was impossible at that time, and Zhou Yu secretly obstructed it. Obviously, this is a trick to frame Liang. Zhuge Liang knew what he meant, but he agreed casually, and took the initiative to shorten the day of making arrows, which made the atmosphere of the story more tense and made Lu Su anxious. The more anxious he is and the more tense the plot is, the more he shows Zhuge Liang's calmness and self-confidence, and the more he shows Zhuge Liang's military talent. After repeated failures, Zhou Yu was so envious and jealous of Zhuge Liang that he finally sighed, "Since he was born in Yu, why was he born in Liang?" Thirdly, the comparison of Liu Bei's career before and after Zhuge Liang's coming out of the mountain can also show Zhuge Liang's military talent. Before coming out of the mountain, Liu Bei suffered many defeats and battles, but after coming out of the mountain, he won again and again. Moreover, the author spares no effort to point out that as long as Liu Bei adopts Zhuge Liang's tactics, he will be invincible, and once he does not listen to Zhuge Liang's dissuasion and goes his own way, he will be defeated and out of control. This makes Zhuge Liang's image in military talent more full and depicts the image of a strategist ahead of others.
In a word, in the Fourteen Volumes of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang showed his extraordinary intelligence and military talent everywhere, which was convincing.
Four temperaments and demeanor
In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang is also obviously different from others in temperament and demeanor. The most typical performance is in temperament, tolerance, and treating people with things.
First of all, as soon as he appeared, the author portrayed him as a fairy, living in an elegant and leisurely environment, a hermit who was full of elegance, chic, calm and generous, lofty and aloof. When he was young, he defeated the strong with the weak, and won the two battles of burning Tun in Wang Bo and using water in Baihe. The siege of Cao Cao and Qiang Bing forced Liu Bei to retreat to Xiakou. Zhuge Liang was not afraid of danger, and used his own strategy to persuade him to resist Cao. After one battle after another, he finally won Jingzhou and Yizhou, realizing his strategic thought of "dividing the world into three parts". In this process, the most prominent is the debate between Confucianism and Zhou Yu. The "war of words" is not only reasonable, true and credible, but also captures this typical event and depicts Zhuge Liang's resourcefulness and political and diplomatic ability. Because in the face of those mediocre Confucian scholars (17), who are devoted to carving insects, specializing in calligraphy, dedicating their youth, and poor in classics, their works are full of words, but they have no ideas in their hearts, Kong Ming showed his charm, dignity and composure, and his eloquence was as smooth as a spring. It's really his eloquence that makes them exhausted. The Scholars vividly contrasts Zhuge Liang's appearance as a politician with that of ordinary Confucian scholars, and fully shows Zhuge Liang's elegant, chic temperament and demeanor based on his wit and eloquence. Zhou Yu's success is due to his understanding of Zhou Yu's personality and political attitude, as well as his pretentious and heroic bearing, which aroused his indignation against Cao Cao, made Zhou Yu make up his mind to fight Cao Cao early and established a United front with Cao Cao. In this process, Zhuge Liang knew about the relationship between Er Qiao in Jiangdong and Zhou Yu, but pretended not to know. He used the topic to arouse Zhou Yu, showing his "extraordinary talent" and his relaxed, leisurely and refined diplomat style.
Secondly, Zhuge Liang is broad-minded, broad-minded and can focus on the overall situation. We see Zhuge Liang from the contrast with Zhou Yu's jealousy. Zhou Yuben is also charming, smart, and both civil and military. Because he deliberately hurt Kong Ming, he was narrow in stature and low in moral character.
Battle of Red Cliffs and Zhou Yu killed Zhuge Liang for three times. In "Three Killings", the author used Zhou Yu's narrow measure of being jealous of the virtuous and thirsty, which reflected Zhuge Liang's broad-minded attitude of resisting Cao's overall situation and forbearing everywhere. Zhou Yu painstakingly designed various strategies, complacent, thinking that no one knew, Zhuge Liang knew at a glance, but he pretended not to know, quietly. The more Zhou Yu tried to kill him, the more he took it in stride and let his plan be exposed naturally. In this process, Zhuge Liang took the initiative everywhere, but he could submit to humiliation and not retaliate, not because he was timid and incompetent, but because he was open-minded and could put the overall situation first. In order to avoid direct conflict and affect the great cause of resistance to Cao Cao, Lu Su is often relied on to handle and reason, which fully shows Zhuge Liang's intelligence and broad mind. The author uses the foil technique just right here.
Once again, Zhuge Liang was calm and fearless in times of crisis. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the author's descriptions come and go. Liu Bei attacked Wu because Guan Yu was killed. Zhuge Liang refused to obey, destroyed the established policy and finally defeated Baidicheng. When Liang assisted, Liu Shenchan was groggy and helpless, and even listened to Sima Yi's rumors and rejected Zhuge Liang. In this situation of internal troubles and foreign invasion, Liang endured humiliation from beginning to end, took care of the overall situation, and did his best to die. This not only shows his openness and loyalty, but also shows his calm attitude. Among them, the empty city plan shows his extraordinary courage and calm temperament. After the fall of the street pavilion, Zhuge Liang was arranging to retreat when Sima Yishuai's 150,000 troops swarmed in. At this time, there were no generals around Kong Ming, only ordinary civilians, and half of the 5000 troops he led had already gone to transport food and grass. After hearing the news, all the officials were eclipsed. Fight to the death, you can't fight here, you can't retreat, you can't run, and you are cautious all your life. Zhuge Liang, based on his understanding of the enemy generals, took bold risks and withdrew his troops with an empty city plan. The scene at that time was: "I saw Kongming in the city wearing a crane, wearing a nylon scarf, smiling, burning incense and playing the piano, and there was a teenager on the left and right." There were more than ten people inside and outside the city gate, bowing their heads to sweep, and no one was watching "(18). Here, Zhuge Liang's extraordinary courage and seven qualities have been vividly displayed. Therefore, there was a saying later: "Kongming played the piano and retired from Zhong Da-so peaceful". This is also the praise of future generations for Kong Ming's cleverness and composure. In addition, "Living in Peace and Five Roads" also strongly demonstrated Zhuge Liang's ability to keep calm in times of crisis and was widely read by later generations.
Moreover, Zhuge Liang is good at convincing others with virtue when dealing with others. He is just and does not seek personal gain. These * * * isomorphisms have become the temperament that others can't surpass. Of course, his temperament and demeanor are the product of others' strengths and perfection, and also the result of the author's efforts to portray them.
To sum up, we can see that in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Luo Guanzhong shaped Zhuge Liang into a relatively perfect artistic image that combines the strengths of others and surpasses others. In the author's pen, he became a politician, strategist and diplomat with extraordinary temperament, broad mind, lofty ideals and outstanding political and military talents, loyal to the motherland, honest and honest all his life, fair and grateful. He is the embodiment of wisdom, the representative of justice, the model of being loyal to his duties and the indomitable hero. 200 1 may 1 day
Note: (1) to (4), (7) to (10), (12) to (18) refer to the first edition of Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
(5), (6), (1 1) See Yuan Yidong's comments on Selected Works of Zhuge Liang published by Bashu Bookstore.
Bibliography:
The Aesthetics of China's Novels was written by Ye Lang. The first edition was published by Peking University Publishing House1February 1982, and the second edition was printed by 1985+0 1 February 1982.
Collection of Studies on Romance of the Three Kingdoms published by Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences.
Authors: Editorial Department and Literature Research Department of Social Science Research Series of Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences, first edition 1983 12.
Qiu Zhensheng published The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lijiang Publishing House, the first edition in June 1983.
Selected Works of Zhuge, published by Bashu Bookstore, Zhang, An, Ma, 1990.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms and China Culture, edited by Tan Luofei, Bashu Bookstore, April 1992.
On Ye Weiguo's Creation of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Jiangsu People's Publishing House, September 1984.