Edison's childhood success story (1) Edison (1847- 193 1) was an American and a world-famous great inventor. Edison was watched by his teacher when he was a child? Idiot? After only three months in elementary school, I was ordered to drop out of school by my teacher and never set foot in the school gate again. Edison broke into the world of scientific invention by diligent self-study, and made unremitting inventions even while wandering, eventually becoming a world-famous master of science. Eddie made more than 2,000 inventions in his life and made great contributions to mankind, so he was hailed as benefiting mankind? Inventor? 、? The leader of the electrical age? 、? Napoleon of science? .
The story of Edison's ultimate success in childhood (II): In the life of the character 1854, something happened that had a great influence on his development. The opening of the railway along the south bank of Lake Erie greatly reduced the merchant ship business of the Milan Canal, and Edison's father's business could no longer be maintained.
When I was a child, Edison's family moved to Otterborg, Grady, in the northern suburb of Port Huron, Michigan, and started a new life. Shortly after moving into his new house, Edison suffered from scarlet fever. [6]1855 was expelled from school and he began to go to school. There is only one class in that school, and both the principal and the teacher are Mr. Engel. Because Edison has the nature of asking questions, he often asks the teacher some different questions in class (for example, how the wind is generated; Why one plus one equals two instead of four), only three months later, was the teacher? Idiot? Be expelled from school in the name of. [7] Being a teacher, because mother Nancy was a teacher in a girls' school at that time, and she was a person with rich educational experience. She doesn't think her children are? Idiot? So Nancy taught Edison herself. According to Nancy's usual observation, Edison is not only not? Idiot? And often show talent. Nancy often lets Edison do experiments by himself. Once she talked about Galileo? Leaning Tower of Pisa Experiment? At that time, Nancy asked Edison to try it on the tower next to his home. Edison took two balls of different sizes and weights and threw them from the tower at the same time. As a result, two balls landed at the same time. Edison thought it was amazing and told his mother the experimental results excitedly. This experiment was also engraved in Edison's mind. [8] Reading Thanks to his mother's good educational methods, Edison realized the importance of books. He not only reads widely, but also reads ten lines and never forgets anything. Under the guidance of his mother, Edison read the works of English Renaissance playwrights Shakespeare and Dickens and many important historical books, such as Edward? Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, David? Hume's English history, he also read Thomas? In some of Paine's works, Edison was attracted by the insights in the book and has been affecting his life. [9] Research Chemistry 1857,
Edison became interested in chemistry. He did experiments according to textbooks in the cellar at home, which often caused frequent accidents. 1859, in order to have enough money to buy chemicals and experimental equipment, Edison began to look for a job to make money. After some efforts, he found a job selling newspapers on the train. Every day, he goes back and forth between Port Huron and Detroit. He sells newspapers and does fruit and vegetable business, but whenever he is free, he will go to the library to read books. 186 1 year, Edison bought an old printing machine with the money he earned from selling newspapers, and began to publish Herald Weekly, edited by himself. The inaugural issue was printed on the train. He is not only the president, journalist and publisher, but also a printer and newsboy. There is a lounge on the train where Edison works. Because the air was not circulating, no one went there to rest and became an empty room. Because Edison travels by train every day and comes home late every day, he often feels that time is not enough. Edison thought that if he changed the lounge into a laboratory, he could do experiments on his way back to Port Huron. With the consent of the conductor, the empty lounge became Edison's laboratory. Although it is convenient to do experiments, accidents often occur. Once, the chemicals in his laboratory suddenly caught fire, causing losses, and the train conductor threw his experimental equipment out of the car in a rage. [10] [6] Growing telegraph career1862 One day in August, Edison saved a boy on the train track. The boy's father was Mackenzie, the stationmaster of this railway station. He was very grateful for this and taught Edison the telegraph technology. Under the guidance of Mackenzie, Edison learned the telegraph technology and sent his first telegram.
Edison's youth
1863, Edison was introduced by Mackenzie as a telecom operator in Stratford Hub Station, but he was soon dismissed. [1 1] From 1864 to 1867, Edison worked as a telegraph operator in the United States and lived an insecure vagrant life. During this period, Edison changed ten workplaces, five times he was dismissed, and the other five times he resigned himself, and his footprints were all over Stratford, Adrian, fort wayne and other places. At the end of the first patent 1868, Edison came to Boston as a telegraph operator. In the same year, he obtained the first invention patent, which is a device for automatically recording votes, that is? Voting counter? Edison thought that this device would speed up the work of Congress and was popular, but a member of Congress told him that sometimes voting slowly was due to political needs, so Edison decided never to create inventions that people didn't need again. [ 12]
1869 In the late autumn, Edison came to new york alone to look for a job, but when he was looking for a job in a company, he happened to meet a broken telegraph there. Edison quickly repaired the telegraph and was praised by the general manager. As a result, he became the chief telegraph technician, with a stable working environment and salary, which provided good conditions for his future inventions. In the same year 10, Edison and Franklin? Pope co-founded it? Pop music? Edison? Company, specializing in electrical engineering scientific instruments, and invented the ordinary printing machine. [13] The first bucket of gold for invention and entrepreneurship
1870, when Edison was young and middle-aged, he sold the patent right of the general printing machine to a company on Wall Street, and asked the manager to make a price himself. I wanted to charge thousands of dollars, but the manager actually gave Edison 40 thousand dollars. After Edison got $40,000, he built a factory in Ward Street, Wacker, New Jersey, specializing in manufacturing all kinds of motors. Edison devoted himself to the research of synchronous transmitter. 1874 65438+February, the research work of synchronous transmitter came to an end. Western Union promised to pay Edison $5,000, bid $25,000 for his patent, and pay him $233 a day for using this equipment for each line, but Western Union failed to keep its promise. Finally, Jay? Gould bought the patent of synchronous transmitter for $30,000, which enabled Edison to tide over the difficulties. [ 15- 16]
Eidis and light bulbs.
1At the end of 875, Edison was about to have his second child. He felt that the space at home was too narrow, and the narrow and gloomy streets and noisy environment of Newark factory also affected the working mood of researchers. Edison finally decided to move. [17] 1876 In early 1976, Edison's family moved to Monroe Park in New Jersey, where he built a laboratory. [13] The phonograph was born. 1877, Edison improved the phonograph developed by Alexander? Bell invented the telephone and put it into practical use, and soon started a telephone company. Edison and Bell, two competing companies, had a fierce competition in London. In the process of improving the telephone, he found that the diaphragm in the microphone vibrates with the sound. He found a needle, stood on the diaphragm, gently pressed the upper end with his hand, and then spoke to the diaphragm.
Edison and his phonograph
Speed can make the short needle vibrate in different ways. Edison drew a sketch for this and asked his assistant to make a machine. After many transformations, the first phonograph was born. [18-20] However, Edison lost many battles and soon spent 50,000 dollars. The beliefs of some shareholders began to waver. Edison tried hard to persuade the shareholders to give Edison another $50,000. 2 11October 21day electric lamp was successfully developed. He tried nearly 1600 materials for this purpose, and the filament of this electric lamp took 45 hours to burn out. This is the first electric lamp with wide practical value. What are these electric lights? High resistance incandescent lamp? 、? Carbonized cotton silk lamp? Various names, made of carbonized cotton silk. [22] 1880, Edison sent assistants and experts around the world to find suitable bamboos, with about 6,000 species. Among them, Japanese bamboo carbon fiber is the most practical, which lasts for more than 1000 hours, achieving the purpose of durability. This kind of lamp is called. Carbonized bamboo filament lamp? . [23-24]1881year, at the Paris World Expo, Edison exhibited a 27-ton power generation equipment, which could be illuminated by 1200 electric lamps. [25]
Edison appeared on the cover of Time magazine twice.
1883, Edison observed that a copper wire was sealed in the light bulb. He thought that the copper wire could prevent the carbon wire from evaporating and prolong the life of the light bulb. After repeated experiments, although the carbon wire evaporated as before, he found from this failure that a weak current passed through the copper wire after the carbon wire was heated, which was later said? Edison effect? , 1904 British physicist Fleming according to? Edison effect? Invented the electron tube. [26] twists and turns 1884, Edison applied? Edison effect? Patent, but he didn't do the next research. [27] Nicholas? Tesla put his employer Charles? Letter of recommendation from Bachle (Summary: I know two great people, one of whom is you, and the other is this young man. ) came to new york to apply for a job in Edison's laboratory. Edison immediately hired Tesla and arranged for him to work in Edison Machinery Company. Tesla began to design simple appliances for Edison. He made rapid progress and helped the company solve many problems. However, Tesla thinks that alternating current should provide better power for users than DC, and says that he can make alternators, but Edison disagrees with Tesla. He thinks DC is better and safer than AC. [28-29] 1885, Tesla proposed that the failed DC generator in Edison company could be redesigned, and Edison agreed, and said that if it could be manufactured, Tesla would be given 50,000 US dollars. As a result, after Tesla succeeded, Edison said it was just a car? American jokes? . [30] 1886, Tesla resigned from Edison's company and started his own business because of his different scientific ideas. Tesla electric lamp manufacturing company? Started to study alternating current, and Edison's company operated on direct current, so Tesla became Edison's biggest competitor. [29] 1887, founded by Edison? Edison phonograph company? Phonograph technology is used for profit. At that time, the phonograph could record the sound on the wax cylinder. However, it is difficult to realize large-scale production of wax cylinders, so the sales volume is limited. In order to improve the shortcomings, Columbia Records, a competitor of Edison's phonograph company, designed and sold a lighter record, which produced faster than a wax cone. [32] 1888, Edison began to study? Activity photos? Thanks to the continuous negative technology at that time, Edison learned from George? Hysmans bought back the serial negatives and asked the lab assistant to study them. [33] 1889, in
Edison and George? Huysmans is next to the camera.
In the machinery exhibition hall of the Paris World Expo, the most popular one is the booth invented by Edison. People lined up for a long time to listen to the phonograph, and incandescent lamps were among the best. At this World Expo, Edison saw French photographer Etienne? Jules. A device for continuously displaying photos, developed by Marley and George? Huysmans invented a new type of photographic film, and Edison began to study the film machine by using the phenomenon of visual persistence. [25]1891On May 20th, Edison showed the movable film projector technology for the first time in the laboratory, which was made by using the phenomenon of visual persistence. [35] Because alternating current is more suitable for long-distance transmission, has more competitive advantages than direct current, and has higher profits and lower costs, Edison Electric Company gradually lost its market share and its financial situation deteriorated sharply. [20] 1892, in the United States? Financial giants? Under the leadership of Morgan, Edison General Electric Company and Tom? Hudson-Houston Electric Power Company merged and got rid of it? Edison? , become? General electric company? Edison is out. [36-37] After the merger, Edison turned to mining. He bought tens of thousands of acres of low-grade iron ore in New Jersey and invented a huge machine to crush the ore. Edison adopted a new mineral processing method, which not only improved the quality of iron ore, but also reduced the price compared with the iron ore produced by the old machinery. He optimistically estimated that in seven or eight years, products with a value of100000 yuan will be produced every year? 120,000 USD ore, with a net profit of 3 million USD. Unfortunately, in 1898, a large iron mine was discovered in Minnesota. Iron ore is not only high-grade and widely distributed, but also can be mined in open pit with low cost. As a result, Edison had to produce at a loss, and the investment of two million dollars hit Shui Piao. When Edison was 5 1 year old, he not only exhausted all his property, but also owed a lot of debts. Mining occupational loss
Edison and his iron-nickel battery lost, and Edison switched to the cement industry? He brought limestone from the mine and crushed it with the machine that crushed the ore when mining iron ore. Compared with other cement plants, the biggest feature of Edison Cement Plant is the comprehensive use of mechanical power devices. His cement factory has a high profit. 1905 became one of the five largest cement plants in the United States, and Edison's debts arising from mining iron ore were all paid off within three years. [36] The generator can provide enough electric energy, but it is not easy to carry, which is its fly in the ointment. Compared with the generator, the battery is light, but it can only be used for a short time, so Edison is determined to develop a new type of battery. 1900, Edison began to study batteries. 1902, Edison invented? Nickel-iron alkaline battery? This battery is made of nickel, iron and alkaline solution. He used Fe-Ni alkaline battery to do vehicle power test, and the charging stroke can reach 100 mile each time. [39] 1903, Edison's
Edison's Menlo Park Laboratory Company made the first film "great train robbery" (also known as? Train robbery? )。 [40] 1904, Edison began to sell a new type of battery in Silver Lake, New Jersey. Soon this kind of battery was put into production and sold well, but users soon found that there were several serious problems in this kind of battery. When the vehicle is running, the chemical liquid in the battery will flow out; Many batteries have also experienced ritual decay. So Edison immediately shut down the factory and stopped production of batteries, looking for the root cause of battery leakage. [4 1] 1909, Edison finally developed a battery with better performance. [42] 19 10 On August 27th, Edison announced to the public that he had invented the combination of the sound of the phonograph and the images on the film camera? Movies with sound. [43] 19 15, Edison won? Nomination for the Nobel Prize in Physics? And then what? Nomination for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry? . [44] 19 17 1 Edison was led by the secretary of the navy Joseph? At the invitation of Daniels, he studied what plans the United States should make and what inventions should be used to fight if it participated in the First World War. So Edison entrusted all the affairs to his deputy and colleagues, stopped his other experimental work, concentrated on discussing the battle plan and developing some inventions needed for war. This process lasted for two years. [45] Although Edison began to pay attention to record production in 19 13, Edison still vigorously promoted wax tube products. This? Fatal decision? Causing his recording to fail? 1929, Edison's phonograph company closed down. [32]
Many diseases in his later years1929101October 2 1 day, that is, the 50th anniversary of the invention of electric light, people held celebrations for Edison. Einstein and Mary in France? Curie and other scientists came to congratulate him. Unfortunately, at this celebration, when Edison gave a speech, he suddenly fainted due to excessive excitement and his health went from bad to worse. 193 1 August 1, Edison felt unwell. The doctor diagnosed him with chronic nephritis, uremia and diabetes. [46] Death193118 At 3: 24 am, Edison died peacefully in his sleep at the age of 84 in his home in West Orange, New Jersey, USA. To commemorate Edison, the U.S. government ordered a nationwide power outage 1 minute,1October 2 1 day at 6: 59, and lights were turned off in Hollywood and Denver. At 7: 59, the eastern United States lost power for one minute; At 8: 59, the Chicago tram and elevated subway stopped running; From the Mississippi valley to the gulf of Mexico, it fell into darkness; The torch in the hands of the Statue of Liberty in New York went out at 9: 59. In this minute, the United States seems to have returned to the era of kerosene lamps and gas lamps. A minute later, the lights were brightly lit from the east coast to the west coast.
The story of Edison's childhood stupidity and final success (3): the main achievements of the phonograph
1877, Edison found that the diaphragm in the telephone transmitter would vibrate with the voice of speech, so he took a short needle and did an experiment, from which he was greatly inspired. Speech speed can make the short needle vibrate accordingly. On the other hand, this kind of vibration will definitely make the original sound, so he began to study the problem of sound reproduction.
/kloc-in August of 0/5, Edison asked his assistant to make a large cylinder, crank, receiver and diaphragm according to the pattern? Strange machine? After the production, Edison took out a piece of tin foil and rolled it on a metal cylinder with spiral grooves. One end of the needle gently rubs the tin foil, and the other end is connected to the receiver. Then Edison shook his crank and sang to the receiver. Then he put the needle back, shook the crank again, and then the machine played back Edison's voice. In February 65438, Edison publicly displayed this picture? Tin foil drum phonograph? , sensational all over the world.
electric light
Contrary to popular belief, Edison did not invent the electric light at first, but improved it. Back in 180 1, an Englishman named Humphrey? David's chemist used platinum wire to electrify and glow in the laboratory; 18 10 years, he invented the arc between two charged carbon rods for lighting? Electric candles? This is the earliest prototype of electric light. Joseph, another British electrical engineer? After nearly 30 years of research, Swan made a vacuum light bulb with electricity and light from carbon wire in February1878+.
The report about the swan's light bulb gave Edison a great inspiration. 1879 10, Edison finally succeeded in making an incandescent light bulb with carbon fiber as the filament. What is this called? Carbonized cotton filament incandescent lamp? , and then put into production in large quantities, and set up companies to establish power stations and transmission networks and other corresponding infrastructure, which soon made electric lights widely used in the United States. During this period, he constantly improved his technology and finally decided to use tungsten wire as the filament. Is this the so-called? Tungsten lamp? Edison became a recognized inventor of electric light.
Film aspect
1889 Edison invented the movable film camera. This camera uses a pointed gear to drive the tape with the width of 19mm. Under the control of the ratchet, it drives the tape to move intermittently and punch holes at the same time. This camera is driven by a motor, and the shutter shaft is connected to the phonograph. When the camera is running, the phonograph records sound and can take pictures continuously.
189 1 year, Edison invented the movable film projector, which is an early film projection equipment, and introduced the basic methods of film projection. The motor is used in front of the light source to make the film belt of continuous pictures rotate at high speed, thus creating the illusion of motion. The light source projects the pictures on the film onto the screen.
19 10, Edison invented a movie camera consisting of a phonograph and a camera. Under the energy of the motor, the camera's shading crankshaft is linked with the phonograph, which can record when the camera is running. During the screening, the phonograph runs synchronously with the picture, so that sound and image appear at the same time.
The story of Edison's last success as a child (4): anecdotes and allusions, naive curiosity to hatch chickens
Once, when it was time for dinner, Edison still didn't come back. My parents are worried and look around. It was not until the evening that I found him in the hut next to the yard. When his father saw him lying motionless in a haystack full of eggs, he asked Edison what he was doing. Little Edison replied that he was incubating chickens. It turned out that he was surprised to see that hens could hatch chicks, and he always wanted to try it himself. At that time, his father pulled him up with anger and laughter and told others that chickens could not be hatched. On the way home, he asked inexplicably: Why can hens hatch chicks and I can't?
The first taste test
When Edison was young, he often visited his neighbor Moore? Winchester's home game One day, in Winchester's mill, he saw Winchester doing a flying device experiment with a balloon. This experiment fascinated Edison. He thinks that if a person's stomach is full of qi, he will surely ascend to heaven. A few days later, Edison mixed several chemical raw materials and gave them to Michael, his father's assistant. Oates eats, Edison tells Michael? When Oates eats this food, people will fly. And Oates took Edison's prescription? Flight agent? And then almost fainted. Edison was whipped by his father, and his parents were vigilant, advising their children not to play with Edison and stay away from him.
last words
On Edison's deathbed, doctors and many of Edison's relatives and friends sat around his bed. Seeing his breathing getting weaker and weaker, his heart finally stopped beating. But just as the doctor was about to announce his death, he suddenly sat up again and said a very strange sentence: I can't believe how beautiful it is there. ? With these words, he died.