1903 won the nobel prize in physics with madame Curie and becquerel. 1April 906 19, pierre curie was killed in a carriage accident.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Pierre Curie mbth: Pierre Curie alias: Pierre nationality: French birthplace: Paris, France Date of birth:1May 859 Date of death:1April 9 19 Occupation: physicist Bi. Education: University of Paris (bachelor, master, doctor) Belief: main achievements of pacifism: natural radioactivity, Curie law. Main honors: 1903 nobel prize in physics. Gender: male constellation: Taurus spouse: Marie Sklodowska Curie's resume, scientific achievements, discovery of piezoelectric effect, research on crystals and magnetism, award-winning, personal life, life-changing marriage, husband and wife's award-winning, a family of four generations of scientists, anecdotes, exciting pain, the most important laboratory, scientific spirit first, professionalism, resume 1859. He is smart since childhood, likes to think independently, imaginative, gifted and likes nature. Because the formal education and training at school were not conducive to his intellectual development, Dr. Curie took severe measures. First, leave him at home to cultivate himself carefully, and then entrust him to a knowledgeable tutor to teach. This free education mode aimed at cultivating talents has achieved remarkable results in the process of pierre curie's growth. 1875, Pierre, who was only 16 years old, went to Dawu. His brother Jacques Paul Curie worked as a chemistry assistant in a medical college, where Pierre helped his brother sort out physics lectures. 1878 obtained a master's degree in physics from the University of Paris, and stayed in the experimental work, and was appointed as an assistant to the physics laboratory of the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris. After 1882, he was appointed as the director of the physics laboratory of Paris Institute of Physical and Chemical Engineering. 1895 received his doctorate and was hired as a professor of physics. And married Mary Skoro Dovska. 1898 and Marie Skoro dovska (Madame Curie) discovered radioactive substances radium and polonium from asphalt mines by precipitation method. During this period, they wrote many papers, which laid the foundation for the research of atomic physics and chemistry. 1900, the curies were promoted to be professors at the Faculty of Science of Paris University. 1903 won the nobel prize in physics with madame Curie and Bekkerel, who discovered natural radioactivity. This year, the Curies were awarded the "David Medal" by the Royal Society. Pierre and Mary went to the Swedish Academy in Stockholm to meet the requirement that Nobel Prize winners need to receive their prizes in person and give academic reports. In July, he became an academician of the French Academy of Sciences. 1906 April19 Pierre was knocked down by a carriage in the street after leaving the club of the Association of Professors of Science Facilities and died on the spot. Scientific Achievement of Discovering Piezoelectric Effect pierre curie's first research, pierre curie cooperated with P Dessems in 1880. They used a new device consisting of thermocouple and copper wire grating to measure the wavelength of infrared rays. Pierre is close to his brother Jacques Paul, who is three years older than him. Both of them found that when some crystals are subjected to pressure in a certain direction, positive or negative charges will appear on their surfaces, which is proportional to the pressure, and when the pressure is eliminated, the charges will disappear. In 188 1, they published an accurate measurement of the piezoelectric effect in tourmaline. 1882, they confirmed g lippmann's prediction about the inverse effect: the electric field causes the piezoelectric crystal to shrink slightly. Using the piezoelectric phenomenon, they also designed a piezoelectric chronometer-Curie meter. This kind of instrument can accurately measure tiny electric quantity, and it has become a pioneer of modern time control astronomical clock and radio transmitter. 1883, Jacques Paul went to the University of Montpellier to teach, and the first cooperation stage of Pierre's career came to an end. Pierre curie began to study crystals and magnetism from 1883, and made independent and fruitful research on the crystal structure and magnetism of objects, thus starting the second stage of his career. During the period of 1885, when he was a physics teacher at the Paris Municipal School of Physics and Chemistry, he studied the magnetic substances of objects at different temperatures and achieved results. His long thesis on this subject won him a doctorate. In her doctoral thesis on magnetism, Madame Curie designed and manufactured a very accurate torsion balance, which is now called Curie-Chernoff scale. 1895, he found that the magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic object is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature, that is, Curie's law. In order to commemorate his achievements in magnetic research, the temperature at which ferromagnetism is transformed into paramagnetism is called Curie temperature or Curie point. Pierre curie also studied symmetry. After pierre curie married Marie Curie, he turned to study radioactivity with her and discovered two elements: polonium and radium. 1903, the couple and A.-H. Bekkerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics. The Curies won prizes for their brilliant achievements in the in-depth study of radioactive phenomena discovered by Professor Bekkerel. Mr. and Mrs. Curie were too busy teaching to attend the award ceremony. The French ambassador accepted the certificates and medals issued by the King of Sweden on their behalf. 1877 A life-changing marriage, Pierre got his master's degree at the age of 18. 1882 was appointed as the laboratory director of the Paris Institute of Advanced Physical Chemistry. He has been teaching in this school for 22 years, and all the major achievements in his life have been made here. The turning point in the lives of the Curies and their daughter Curie was his marriage to a Polish girl, Mary S. Rodovska. Mary was born in Warsaw, Poland, which was occupied by Russia at that time. 189 1 year, 24-year-old Mary came to Paris to study. She got two diplomas in mathematics and physics from Sorbonne University. Shortly before graduation, Mary met pierre curie, who is 8 years older than her. At this time, Curie was already a famous physicist. 1895, they got married and Mary became Madame Curie. After marriage, Madame Curie was a graduate student at Sorbonne University and has been doing research in her husband Pierre's laboratory. Curie also realized the importance of his wife's research, and he shifted his research from crystals to radioactive substances. The Curie couple and their daughter won the prize 1898. In July, the Curies discovered a new element from several tons of asphalt mines. Its chemical properties are similar to those of lead, but its radioactivity is 400 times stronger than that of uranium. The Curies named this new element polonium to express their nostalgia for Madame Curie's native Poland. Shortly after the discovery of polonium, the Curies continued their research. In the same year, they got a small amount of white powder in February 65438. This white powder emits white light in the dark, so the Curies named it radium, which means "radiation" in Latin. Pierre's Tomb, Pantheon Due to the research achievements in radioactive materials, Pierre was appointed as a professor at the Faculty of Science of Paris University in 1900, and Madame Curie received her doctorate in 1903. In the same year that Madame Curie received her doctor's degree, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering radioactivity. 1906, Pierre was unfortunately knocked down by a carriage and died. 19 1 1 year, Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry again for discovering two new elements, polonium and radium. She is the only scientist in history who has won both the Nobel Prize in Physics and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Madame Curie died in 1934. The cause of death was leukemia caused by long-term exposure to radioactive substances. A family of four generations of scientists, the Curie couple, not only made great scientific achievements themselves, but also created a "scientific dynasty". The scientific tradition of the Curie family of the Curie couple has lasted for four generations. The curies' eldest daughter Irene and son-in-law Frederic Joliot-Joliot-Curie are both engaged in radioactive research. 1935, they won the nobel prize in chemistry for their research on artificial radioactivity. The third generation of the Curie family is also full of talents. Their grandson Pierre Iorio is a biophysicist, and their granddaughter Helen Iorio is a nuclear physicist. The outstanding figure in the fourth generation of Curie family is Allen Aurio, who is a doctor of life science. The first three generations of Curie family scientists are all important figures in the French scientific community. They were all elected academicians of the French Academy of Sciences: pierre curie 1905, Frederic Joliot-Curie 1942 and Pierre Iorio 1982. Anecdotes and Exciting Pains After discovering and refining radium, pierre curie tried the role of radium with his own arm, regardless of the danger. He is so happy that he has a scar on his arm! He wrote a report to the Academy of Sciences and calmly described the symptoms he observed: "The skin 6 cm square is red and looks like a burn, but the skin is not painful: even if it hurts, it is very light. After a while, the red color does not expand, but deepens; By 20 days, it had scabbed, and then it became a wound that had to be bandaged. At 42 days, the epidermis at the edge began to regenerate and gradually grew to the middle. After 52 days of irradiation, the scar is only one square centimeter, and the color is gray, indicating that the carrion here is deeper. Pierre curie and Marie Curie Marie Curie (Madame Curie, Pierre's wife) suffered the same trauma when moving a few centimeters of highly radioactive material in a small sealed test tube, even though the test tube was kept in a thin metal box. In addition to these strong effects, when we experiment with highly radioactive products, our hands will also be affected in various ways; The general trend of hands is peeling. The fingertips of test tubes sealed with capsules containing highly radioactive products become stiff and sometimes painful: one of our fingertips became inflamed 15 days, resulting in peeling, but the pain did not completely disappear after two months. " Henry Bekkerel put a glass tube containing radium in his vest pocket, and he was injured, but he didn't mean to! Surprised and angry, he ran to the Curies to tell the story of their terrible "child". He concluded: In Madame Curie's laboratory, "I love this radium, but I also blame it!" " "... and then he quickly wrote down his involuntary experimental results, and published them together with Pierre's observation in the collection of papers on June 3rd, 190 1. Pierre was deeply moved by the amazing power of this ray, so he set out to study the role of radium in animals. He cooperated with two senior doctors bouchard and Baltashal. They soon became convinced that destroying diseased cells with radium could treat lupus tumors and some cancers. This treatment is called radiotherapy. Many French medical practitioners used this method to treat the above problems in the first few times and achieved results. The laser tolerant test tube they used was borrowed from Mary and pierre curie. Mary later wrote: "Dr. Dou Lou of St. Louis Hospital studied the effect of radium on the skin." "The effect of radium in this respect is encouraging; Part of the epidermis destroyed by its function is sound when it grows again. " Radium is useful-extremely useful! Pierre, the most important laboratory, is detached from nature, and the impact of honor on him conflicts with his consistent principles; He hates grades and categories, thinks it is absurd to have "the head of a class", and in his view, medals for big people are as useless as those for children in school. This attitude made him refuse to accept the cross. In the field of science, so is his attitude; He ignores the spirit of competition, and he never feels sad if his peers take the lead in the "discovery contest". He often said, "What does it matter if someone posts a job and I don't post it?" "Paul Appel, president of the Paris Academy of Sciences in pierre curie, appreciated Mr. Curie's excellent work and knew that he needed laboratories and equipment very much. Before * * * instructed him to put forward the name of the person who should be awarded the medal of honor, he wrote to Curie and asked him to allow his name to be included in the list. In order to persuade Madame Curie to accept this honor, I wrote to Madame Curie and asked her to persuade Mr. Curie to accept this proposal. However, Mr. Dean is not wrong. Pierre felt that he refused to give a scientist what he needed for his job, but at the same time he gave him a red ribbon with an enamel cross on it as an encouragement for "good grades" It's really ridiculous. Pierre saluted the dean and replied as follows: "Please thank Mr. Minister and tell him that I don't think a medal is needed at all, but I think a laboratory is needed. "Anglo-Saxons are loyal to people they admire. 1October, 1903, 165438+ A letter informed the Curie couple that the Royal Society of London had awarded them the highest prize of the society, the Medal of David, to show its weight. Mary didn't feel well and let her husband go to the ceremony alone. Pierre brought back a heavy gold medal with their names engraved on it from England. He wants to find a place to put this medal in the house on Kellerman Street. He handled it so foolishly that he lost it and found it again ... Later, he had a brainwave and gave it to his daughter, Elon, a 6-year-old girl. She had never had such a happy day. When his friends come to see him, scholars always show them the children playing with this toy. He said, "Irene likes this new rich man very much!" " "This is his conclusion. One Sunday morning, the Curies made a surprising decision to give up the patent of radium refining technology. The topic begins with living expenses, research funds and the desire for laboratories. Pierre said, "or we can pretend to be the owner and inventor of radium." If so, before you announce how you refine pitchblende, we must first obtain the patent license of this technology and determine our right to manufacture radium all over the world. " In order to fulfill the responsibility of conscience, Pierre stressed: "I don't think this is a good idea either ... but I don't want us to make such a hasty decision. Our life is very difficult, and I'm afraid it will always be difficult. We have a daughter ... and there will be other children. For children, for us, this kind of patent represents a lot of money and wealth. With it, we can live a comfortable life and get rid of hard work ... "He also smiled and mentioned the only thing he could not bear to give up:" We can still have a good laboratory. " Mary thought for a few seconds and then said, "We can't do that. This is against the scientific spirit. " The curies are in the laboratory. "Physicists always publish all their research. Our discovery only had a business prospect by chance, and we couldn't profit from it. In addition, radium will be of great use in treating diseases ... I don't think it seems to make much money. " She doesn't want to convince her husband at all. She knew that he only said he wanted to get a patent out of caution. What she said very firmly showed their feelings and their correct understanding of scholars' responsibilities. In silence, Pierre echoed Mary's words: "We can't do this … it's against the scientific spirit." On Sunday morning, a quarter of an hour after this brief conversation, Pierre and Mary rode their beloved bicycles, walked out of the gate of the upper Tiyi fence, stepped on it quickly, and walked to the Woods in Kramer. They made a permanent choice between poverty and wealth. That night, they came back tired, with green leaves and bouquets growing in the ground in their arms. The house on Kellerman Avenue, where the Curies lived wholeheartedly after winning the Nobel Prize in Physics, is like a fortress, which refuses to be invaded by idle people: Pierre and Mary still live a simple and secluded life in it. The worries about housework have been greatly reduced. A maid who does rough work undertakes all the heavy work. A handyman cooks and serves food; When she looks at the hospitality of strange employers, she always surprises Zhang Zhu, often waiting for them to praise her barbecue or mashed potatoes. One day, this simple woman couldn't help it. She stood in front of Pierre and asked him in a firm tone what he thought of the fried steak he had just eaten a lot, but his answer puzzled her. The scholar murmured, "Did I eat fried steak?" Then he added placidly, "Maybe I ate it! ……"