1926 was admitted to the famous Sherbourne College in London and received a good secondary education. In his middle school days, he showed great interest in natural science and a keen mathematical mind.
At the end of 1927, Allen mathison Turing, who was only 15 years old, wrote an abstract of Einstein's work to help his mother understand Einstein's theory of relativity, which shows that he has extraordinary mathematical level and scientific understanding. His interest in natural science won him two natural science prizes set up by the parents of one of his classmates, Morcom, at 1930 and 193 1. Among the winning works, there is a paper entitled "Reaction between Sulfite and Halide in Acid Solution", which was appreciated by the inspectors sent by the government. His interest in natural science laid the foundation for his later research, and his mathematical ability enabled him to go to middle school. 193 1 year, Turing was admitted to King's College, Cambridge University, and won a mathematics scholarship for his excellent performance. At Cambridge, his mathematical ability was fully developed.
1935, his first mathematical paper, Equivalence of Left and Right Periodicity, was published in Journal of the London Mathematical Society. In the same year, he also wrote On Gaussian Error Function, which made him directly elected as a researcher at King's College by a college student, and won the famous Smith Prize in Mathematics in Britain the following year, becoming one of the prestigious graduates of King's College.
1936 In May, Turing submitted a paper entitled "On the Application of Digital Computing in Decision-making Problems" to the authoritative mathematics magazine in London. This article was published in the 42nd issue of 1937 Journal of the London Mathematical Society, which immediately attracted wide attention. In the appendix of the paper, he described a machine that can assist mathematical research, which was later called "Turing Machine". The best part of this idea is that it establishes a connection between symbolic logic of pure mathematics and the physical world for the first time. Later, computers that we are familiar with, and "artificial intelligence" that has not yet been realized, are all based on this idea. This is the first important paper in his life, and it is also his famous work.
1937, Allen Mathison Turing published another article "Computability and λ Definability", which broadened the "Church Argument" proposed by Church and formed the "Church-Turing Argument", which made the calculation theory rigorous and had fundamental significance for the formation and development of computer science.
1September, 936, Allen mathison Turing was invited to study at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies in the United States to work with Church.
During his stay in America, he did some research on group theory and wrote a doctoral thesis. He received his Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1938, and his thesis entitled "Logic System Based on Ordinal Number" was officially published in 1939, which had a far-reaching influence on the study of mathematical logic.
1938 In the summer, Allen Mathison Turing returned to England, still working as a researcher at King's College, Cambridge University, continuing to study mathematical logic and computational theory, and at the same time starting the development of computers. His normal research work was interrupted by World War II. 1in the autumn of 939, he was called to the communication office of the British Foreign Office to engage in military work, mainly to decipher enemy passwords. Because of the need of deciphering, he participated in the development of the earliest electronic computer in the world. He achieved excellent results in his work, so in 1945, he won the highest award of the government-the Medal of Honor of the British Empire (O.B.E). It is believed that the concept of general-purpose computer was put forward by Allen Mathison Turing. From 65438 to 0945, Allen Ma Xisen Turing finished his work in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He tried to resume his pre-war research in theoretical computer science and developed a new computer in combination with his wartime work. The idea was supported by the authorities. In the same year, Turing was hired as a researcher at the National Institute of Physics in Tetdington, and began to engage in the logical design and specific development of "Automatic Computer" (ACE). This year, Turing wrote a 50-page design specification about ACE. After 27 years of secrecy, this manual was officially published in 1972. Under the guidance of Turing's design idea, an ACE prototype was manufactured in 1950, and a large ACE machine was manufactured in 1958.
From 1945 to 1948, I worked in the British National Physics Laboratory and was responsible for the research of automatic computing engines.
From 65438 to 0948, Turing accepted the position of senior lecturer at Manchester University and was appointed as assistant to the project leader of Manchester Automatic Digital Computer (Madam), specifically leading the mathematics work of the project. As a summary of this work.
1949, he became the deputy director of the computer laboratory of Manchester University, responsible for the software theory development of the earliest real computer-"Manchester No.1", thus becoming the first scientist in the world who really used computers for mathematical research.
1950, turing edited and published the programmer's manual for Manchester computer. During this period, he continued his theoretical research on mathematical logic. And put forward the famous "Turing test".
1950 raised the question of machine thinking, and his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" attracted wide attention and far-reaching influence. 1950 10 In June, Turing published a paper, "Can machines think? . This epoch-making work won Turing the title of "Father of Artificial Intelligence".
195 1 year, he became a member of the royal society because of his achievements in countable numbers, at the age of 39.
1952, resigned as a researcher at King's College, Cambridge, and joined the University of Manchester. In addition to his daily work and research work, he has also supervised some doctoral students and served as a consultant for Franti Company, a company that manufactures automatic digital computers in Manchester. 1952, Turing wrote a chess program. However, at that time, no computer had enough computing power to execute this program, so he imitated the computer and spent half an hour every step. He played a game with a colleague and lost the program. Later, according to Turing's theory, the research team of Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico designed the world's first computer-programmed chess on MANIAC. 1952, the same-sex couple in Allen Mathison Turing, together with an accomplice, broke into Allen Mathison Turing's house and committed theft. Allen Mathison Turing called the police. However, the results of the police investigation led him to be accused of "obvious obscenity and sexual reversal". He pleaded not guilty and was found guilty. After the famous public trial, he had two choices: jail or hormone therapy. He chose hormone injection and persisted for a year. During this period, the drug produced side effects, including sustained breast development.
1On June 7th, 954, Turing was found dead in his bed at home with an apple bitten on his head. After investigation, the police thought it was toxic cyanide poisoning, and the conclusion of the investigation was suicide. Turing 4 1 year. In 2009, British computer scientist John Graham-Cumming launched a petition for Turing's rehabilitation on the Internet. As of September 2009, the number of signatories to the petition has exceeded 30,000. Therefore, the then British government and Prime Minister Gordon Brown had to issue a formal apology statement.
201212 In February, Hawking, paul nurse (winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine), martin rees (chairman of the Royal Society) and other important people wrote to British Prime Minister David Cameron, asking for his rehabilitation.
20 13 12-24, in the British attorney general Chris? At the request of Chris Graylin, the Queen of England finally granted Turing a royal pardon. The British Minister of Justice announced that "Turing's later years were forced to be overshadowed by his homosexual tendencies. We think that the judgment at that time was unfair, and this discrimination has been abolished now. To this end, the queen decided to issue a pardon to this great man and pay tribute to him. "