Tales of celebrities? Alexander fleming's story 1928, British bacteriologist Alexander? Fleming found that Penicillium can secrete a substance to kill bacteria. He named this substance "penicillin", but he failed to purify it for clinical use. Fleming published his research results in 2009. Unfortunately, this paper has not been paid attention to by the scientific community since it was published.
10 years later, the German chemist Ernst? Ernst Boris ernst boris chain saw Fleming's paper among old books and began to do purification experiments. /kloc-in the winter of 0/940, Ernst Boris ernst boris chain extracted a little penicillin, which was a major breakthrough, but it was still far from clinical application.
194 1 year, the baton of penicillin purification was passed to the Australian pathologist Walter? Flory's hand. With the assistance of the U.S. military, Flory isolated strains from the soil brought back by pilots from airports around the world when they went out to perform tasks, which increased the output of penicillin from 2 units per cubic centimeter to 40 units.
Although this is far from producing penicillin, Flory is still very happy. One day, Flory was walking in the street outside the laboratory gate after work and saw the fruit shop on the roadside full of watermelons. "Work is progressing smoothly these days. Buy some watermelons to comfort my colleagues! " Thinking, he walked into the fruit shop.
The watermelons in this shop look good. Flory bent down, reached out his index finger and tapped this and that, then picked up a few casually. After paying the money, she was about to leave when she caught a glimpse of a squeezed watermelon on the counter. Although this watermelon is bigger than other watermelons, it has some rotten skins with a layer of green mildew on it.
Flory stared at the rotten melon for a long time, frowned and thought for a while, then suddenly said to the boss, "I want this."
"Sir, that's the bad melon we just selected, and we are just about to throw it away? Eating it will be bad for the stomach. " The boss reminded.
"I'll take this." With that, Flory put down the watermelon in her arms and walked out of the fruit shop with the rotten melon.
"Sir, please take those good melons away. This rotten melon is from me. " The boss shouted after him.
"But I can't hold so many melons. Besides, what if I break this? "
"Then, then I will refund you the melon money just now!" The boss took a few steps after the money, but Flory had gone far. The boss shook his head and looked puzzled at the distant back of the strange customer.
Flory took the rotten watermelon back to the laboratory, immediately took a little green mold off the melon and began to cultivate the strain. Soon, the experimental results came out. To Flory's excitement, the penicillin obtained from rotten watermelon suddenly increased from 40 units per cubic centimeter to 200 units.
1943 10, Flory signed the first batch of penicillin production contracts with the US military. Penicillin was born at the end of World War II, which quickly reversed the war situation of the Allies. After the war, penicillin was widely used, saving tens of millions of lives. Because of this great invention, Flory shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Biology and Medicine with Fleming and Ernst Boris ernst boris chain.
When the opportunity is thrown aside like a "rotten watermelon", if you can find it and get the treasure, congratulations, you have succeeded.
Stories about celebrities: Wei Wenhou talks about honesty. During the Warring States Period, the first monarch of Wei was Wei Wenhou. Because he treats people with sincerity everywhere, both officials and the people respect him very much, and Wei soon became strong.
Wei Wenhou emphasized honesty. On one occasion, he agreed with the person in charge of the mountain forest to go hunting and training in the suburbs the next afternoon. The next day, the next dynasty held a banquet, and Wei Wenhou prepared to go hunting and training after the banquet. However, at the end of the party, it suddenly began to rain cats and dogs. It's almost noon, and it's still raining, and it's raining harder and harder. Wei Wenhou got up and said to the ministers at the dinner party, "I'm sorry, I have to leave. Get the horses and chariots ready quickly. I'm going to the suburbs for hunting training, and someone is waiting for me there. " When the ministers saw that the monarch was going out in the rain, they all came up to dissuade him. This one says, "How can you go out in such a heavy rain?" The man said, "You can't go hunting training!" " Wei Wenhou looked at the sky and said, "Hunting and training are impossible, but you must tell the forest manager!" " One of the ministers volunteered, "All right, I'll tell you right away." Wei Wenhou waved and said, "Wait, I have to tell myself. Yesterday, I personally agreed with others. Now that I have stood up, I want to personally apologize to others. " After that, I strode out of the door to manage the mountain man's residence in the heavy rain.
Stories about celebrities: The story of nylon's invention is no stranger to nylon. In daily life, nylon products abound, but few people know its history. Nylon is the first synthetic fiber in the world.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, it was considered inconceivable for enterprises to engage in basic scientific research. 1926 DuPont, the largest industrial company in the United States, is interested in basic science and suggests that it carry out basic research to discover new scientific facts. 1927, the company decided to pay $250,000 a year as research expenses and began to hire chemical researchers. By 1928, DuPont had established the Institute of Basic Chemistry in Varaj. Carothers (1896 ~ 1937), who was only 32 years old, was hired as the head of the department of organic chemistry.
American organic chemist Carothers. 1896 was born in Iowa, USA on April 27th. 1937 died in Philadelphia, USA on April 29th. 1924 After receiving his doctorate from the University of Illinois, he taught and studied organic chemistry in this university and Harvard University successively. 1928 was employed to do organic chemistry research in DuPont laboratory in Wilmington, USA. He presided over a series of studies on obtaining high molecular weight substances by polymerization. In 1935, adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine were used as raw materials to prepare polymer. Because both components contained six carbon atoms, it was called polymer 66 at that time. He melted the polymer, extruded it with a needle and stretched it under tension, which is called fiber. This kind of fiber, polyamide 66 fiber, 1939 was named nylon after industrialization, and it was the earliest industrialized synthetic fiber variety.
The synthesis of nylon laid the foundation of synthetic fiber industry, and the appearance of nylon made textiles look brand-new Nylon stockings woven from this fiber is transparent and more durable than silk stockings. 1939,10mesh On the 24th, DuPont made a sensation when it publicly sold nylon stockings at its headquarters, and it was regarded as a rare thing to snap up. People once praised this fiber as "as thin as spider silk, as strong as steel wire and as beautiful as spun silk". To 1940,
From the outbreak of World War II until 1945, the nylon industry turned to military products such as parachutes, aircraft tire fabrics and military uniforms. Because of its characteristics and wide application, nylon developed very rapidly after the Second World War. Various products of nylon, from stockings and clothes to carpets and fishing nets, have appeared in countless ways and become one of the three major synthetic fibers.
Stories about celebrities: Su Dongpo, a "superstar", has a large number of fans because of his outstanding talent and graceful appearance. Although Su Dongpo's "star road is bumpy", these loyal fans have been following him and never left him.
Su Dongpo, a superstar of the heavenly king, liked to visit the West Lake when he was a judge in Hangzhou. One day, when Su Dongpo was playing in the West Lake, he suddenly saw a beautiful young woman catching up with her. Su Dongpo didn't know his purpose and was startled at the moment. The woman was very excited to say that she admired Su Dongpo since she was a child, but she never met him. Now she is married to the people. Today, she saw her idol with her own eyes and gave up her wish for many years. After that, the beautiful fans played a guzheng for Su Dongpo and set sail. Su Dongpo was deeply moved, so he wrote a poem "Jiang Shenzi".
When Su Dongpo lived in Huangzhou, a fan named Li Qi wanted Su Dongpo's signature Mo Bao very much, but he never got a chance. Several years passed, but Li Qi still failed to get the autograph of his idol Mo Bao. Seeing that Su Dongpo will be transferred from Huangzhou, she is very worried. On the day of departure, Huangzhou officials gave a farewell dinner for Su Dongpo, and the banquet was held in the hotel where Li Qi stayed. It was a godsend, and Richie decided to throw caution to the wind. After three rounds of wine and five flavors of food, Su Dongpo was in full swing. Seeing that the time was ripe, Li Qi bowed down in front of the idol with a glass in his hand, then took out her personal sweat towel and asked Su Dongpo to sign for Mo Bao. Su Dongpo was also frank and asked Li Qi to bring pen and ink, waved his hand and wrote on the sweat towel: "Dongpo lived in Huangzhou for seven years, why not talk about Li Qi?" At this point, that is, throwing a pen and holding hands, talking and laughing with the guests. Just write two sentences? This made Li Qi very anxious, so she bowed and asked Su Dongpo to continue. Su Dongpo smiled, and then wrote two sentences: "Just like surprisingly Du Gongbu, Haitang is good at leaving no poems." After reading the book, all the guests present applauded, and Li Qi gave up his wish for many years and shed tears excitedly.
Su Dongpo was exiled to Huizhou at 59. At that time, neighbor Wen had a beautiful daughter named Wen Chaochao, 16 years old. At that time, 16 years old was already the age to talk about marriage, but Wen Chaochao had a high eye and refused when he was proposed. It was not until Su Dongpo relegated Huizhou that she found the right person. She happily said to people: "Only marry Su Dongpo!" So, every night, Wen Chaochao, regardless of his lady image, climbed over the high wall and came to Su Dongpo's window to listen to his poetry. One night, Wen Chaochao outside the window was discovered by Su Dongpo. In a panic, Wen Chaochao immediately ran home. Su Shi followed the literati and asked why. Wen Fu reluctantly told Su Dongpo the truth. Su Dongpo is not a lecherous. He promised Wen Fu that he would find a good home for Wen Chaochao. However, unexpected events happened. Soon, Su Dongpo was demoted to Danzhou, Hainan, and the matter went away. By the time Su Dongpo was released and passed by Huizhou, Wen Chaochao had died of depression.
There are also many fans of Su Dongpo in the Forbidden City in Beijing. At that time, the Empress Dowager, Empress, Princess and many maids in the palace were die-hard fans of Su Dongpo. They were very indignant at Su Dongpo's demotion, but they were helpless. During the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty, a Wutai poetry case occurred, and Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned. At that time, Song Shenzong was also a big fan of Su Dongpo. Zong Shen was very unhappy to see his idol in prison. Later, Empress Dowager Cixi cried to Song Shenzong and moved out of Song Renzong's ancestral motto "My children have two prime ministers" to intercede for Su Dongpo. In the end, Song Shenzong decided to deal with Su Dongpo lightly. The so-called "my descendants have two prime ministers" is actually a reflection of Song Renzong's love for Su Dongpo.
What is even more incredible is that there are fans of Su Dongpo outside the territory of the Song Dynasty. On one occasion, Su Dongpo's younger brother Su Zhe went to Liao country. In Liao country, Su Zhe was surprised to find that Liao people often asked him about Su Dongpo. Later, Su Zhe wrote in a letter to Su Dongpo: "Whoever brings the genealogy to Yan Dou will ask Dasu." It can be seen that Su Dongpo also has great influence in Liao country. At that time, two brothers in Korea were also big fans of Su Dongpo. They were named Jin Fushi and Jin Fuzhe respectively. Shi Hezhe is the name of Su Dongpo's brothers, which shows how much Su Dongpo is worshipped by foreigners.
Celebrity Story: Song Taizong Zhao Xuansong Taizong Zhao Guangyi (939-997), the second emperor of the Song Dynasty. He is the third son and younger brother of Song Xuanzu, Zhao and Du Taihou. His real name is Zhao Kuangyi, but later he changed his name to Zhao Guangyi to avoid his brother Mao's taboo. After he acceded to the throne, he changed his name to Huan. After Mao's death, 38-year-old Zhao Guangyi became emperor. Qian Chu, the king who ascended the throne, and Chen, who separated from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, were forced to cede territory in 978, the third year of Taiping and Xingguo. The following year, I personally conquered Taiyuan and destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty, ending the five dynasties and ten kingdoms regime. Two attacks on Liao in an attempt to recapture sixteen states failed, and Liao was put on the defensive. He further strengthened centralization, and during his reign, he changed the bad habit of attaching importance to martial arts and neglecting literature since the end of the Tang Dynasty. ***2 1 year, Daoguang three years, Song Taizong died at the age of 59, the temple name was Taizong, and Emperor posthumous title Zhiren was buried in Yongxiling.
Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi candle shadow axe sound.
976120, the ninth year of treasure opening in the Wumen Stone Room of Bianjing, Song Taizu died suddenly at the age of 50. On 21st, Zhao Guangyi, King of Jin, acceded to the throne. This is Emperor Taizong. Zhao Guangyi
Taizu died young, and it was unreasonable for Taizong to succeed to the throne, which led to an eternal mystery: on the night of the 19th, heavy snow fell, and Taizu ordered Guangyi, the king of Jin at that time in Kaifeng, to enter the palace. After Guangyi entered the palace, Taizu abdicated and had a drink with Guangyi to discuss state affairs. When the ladies-in-waiting and eunuchs outside were shivering in the candlelight shadow, they saw Guangyi leave from time to time and waved, as if they were avoiding and refusing something. They also saw Mao poking the ground in his hand, and the sound of an axe was clearly audible. At the same time, these ladies-in-waiting and eunuchs also heard Taizu shouting, "All right, all right." They drank until late at night, and Guangyi left, and Mao took off his clothes and went to bed. However, in the early morning, Mao still died. When the Queen of Song Dynasty learned of Mao's death, she immediately ordered eunuch Wang Jien to call Prince Fang into the palace. However, Wang Jien went to Kaifeng to invite Guangyi, who had already arranged for Cheng Dexuan, a confidant with excellent medical skills, to wait outside Kaifeng. Cheng Dexuan claimed that at two o'clock the night before, someone called him out, saying that the King of Jin had summoned him, but when he went out, he saw no one, so he came to see him because he was worried that the King of Jin was ill. They went to see Guangyi in knock knock. Guangyi was surprised to learn that he was summoned, but hesitated to go. He also said that he would discuss it with his family. Wang Jien urged: "After a long time, I am afraid that others will get there first." Three people braved the heavy snow and rushed to the palace. Outside the Imperial Palace, Wang Jien asked Guangyi to wait outside and report by himself, but Cheng Dexuan advocated going in directly, without waiting, and broke into the temple with Guangyi. When Empress Song learned that Wang Jien was back, she asked, "Is Fang here?" Wang Jien said, "The King of Jin has arrived." Empress Song was shocked when she saw Guangyi, but she was in charge of the palace and knew politics, so she cried and shouted, "We are mother and son, entrusted by the government." Butler is the title of emperor. When she called Guangyi this way, she admitted that Guangyi became the emperor. Zhao Guangyi also said with tears: "* * * Keep your wealth, don't worry." So Zhao Guangyi became the emperor.
The death of Mao was strange, but it was a fact that Emperor Taizong ascended the throne before Fang De. Emperor Taizong's succession left many puzzling problems. So there has always been a saying that Taizong poisoned Taizu. Mao himself was in good health, and it was only two or three days from illness to death. Obviously, Mao died suddenly, and Guangyi seems to know the date of Mao's death, otherwise Cheng Dexuan, a close friend, would not be allowed to wait outside.
Socrates' humorous story 1. It will rain heavily after thunder.
Socrates' wife is synonymous with shrew and bad wife. She is a narrow-minded, stubborn, nagging and abusive woman, which often embarrassed Socrates (469-399 BC), an open philosopher. Once, Socrates was asked "why do you want to marry such a wife", and he replied: "People who are good at equestrian always choose to ride fierce horses, and they are used to riding fierce horses, so it is not a problem to ride other horses. If I can stand such a woman, I am afraid there will be no more difficult people in the world. "
It is said that Socrates married his wife in order to purify his spirit from her annoying nagging and complaining.
Once, Socrates was discussing academic issues with his students and arguing with each other. His wife stormed in, scolded Socrates, and then went out and poured a bucket of water on Socrates.
The students present thought Socrates would reprimand his wife, but Socrates touched his soaked clothes and said humorously, "I know that after thunder, it will definitely rain heavily."
Second, knowledge.
A young man asked Socrates, "How can we acquire knowledge?"
Socrates took the young people to the seaside, and the sea flooded the young people. He struggled to stick his head out of the water. Socrates asked, "What is your greatest wish in the water?"
"Air, of course, is to breathe fresh air!"
"yes! Learning must be motivated. "
Third, teach spouse selection.
Three disciples of Socrates, the master of ancient Greek philosophy, once asked their teacher how to find the ideal partner. Socrates did not answer directly, but let them walk on the ridge of the wheat field, only allowed to move forward, and only gave them a chance to pick the best and biggest ears of wheat.
The first disciple took a few steps and saw a big and beautiful ear of wheat. He took it off happily. But when he walked on, he found that there were many bigger ones in front of him, so he had to finish the whole journey with regret.
The second disciple learned his lesson, and whenever he wanted to pick it, he always reminded himself that there was something better to come. As he approached the finish line, he found that all the opportunities had been missed.
The third disciple learned the lesson of the first two disciples. When he reaches one third, he is divided into three categories: big, medium and small. When he walked a third, he verified whether it was correct. When he reached the last third, he chose a beautiful ear of wheat belonging to a large category. Although this is not necessarily the biggest and most beautiful one, he walked the whole journey with satisfaction.
Celebrity deeds: Han Xin's death In the spring of the 11th year of the Han Dynasty, Han Xin, a famous general in China's ancient military history, was beheaded in Changle Palace. The charge is treason. Before that, he was also deprived of his title, from the king of Chu, who was in charge of the eighty-eight cities along the Huai River, to the marquis of Huaiyin, who had only a few thousand farmers. October of the sixth year of the Han Dynasty. However, it was difficult to distinguish reality from reality in the previous rebellion, but this time it was certain and the evidence was conclusive.
At that time, Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu, was leading an army to quell the rebellion of Chen Yi, the satrap of Julu, and was empty inward. When the time came, Han Xin secretly sent a letter to Chen Yi, intending to overthrow the Liu Dynasty from within. Rebellion is risky! Don't say that in the feudal dynasty, even in today's democratic countries, there may be jail time. So about their JiuZu safety event, Han Xin did not strictly prepare _ _. Things are being prepared, but he wants to kill someone who has offended him. The younger brother of his men held a grudge and secretly told the secret to the court. In view of Han Xin's fame, Lv Hou who stayed behind was a little nervous.
Well, there is a loyal old prime minister Xiao He in North Korea at present. This Bole, who discovered Han Xin's military talent, seems destined to let him destroy this swift horse again. Xiao He is up to no good, pretending that the news of the high-impedance counter-insurgency victory came from the front. As usual, all the officials went to the palace to offer their condolences. Han Xingang entered the palace with a grain of salt and was tied up by the warriors. You don't need to wait for Liu Bang to come back, and you don't need to go through any judicial procedures. Special affairs are handled skillfully. After the Queen Mother Lu gave the order, a generation of famous soldiers were beheaded in the bell room of Changle Palace. As for the last words left by celebrities when they leave this world for a long journey, our bloated history never begrudges our own pages to record. Anyway, the content is already so Pang Bo, why not add a few more words? Besides, a military genius like Han Xin has no reason not to remember them. Therefore, Sima Qian, a rigorous Taishi Gong, wrote the following passage with complicated feelings: "If you believe me, I will say,' I regret that I didn't use Kuai Tong, and I was cheated by my daughter. "Isn't this heaven?" ""
It is the most natural reaction to think of Kuai Tong in the last extremely limited time of life. At the beginning, if you had listened to Kuai Tong, with his strength, maybe the people who give orders now would not be able to fall on the ground. What he can't stand most is that a gentleman who has made great contributions to the world should die at the hands of a woman, which makes him hate mountains and mountains. However, water under the bridge. What can we do? On second thought, like Xiang Yu's only opponent in this life, and like countless people in China who are superstitious about fate, he sighed, blamed all the unacceptable things on the arrangement of heaven, and went on his way. ...
In all fairness, Sima Qian's description of historical figures is objective and fair, although it is not really "beautiful and hiding evil". In other words, as far as Liu Bang and Xiang Yu are concerned, Liu Bang is written. He wrote about his kindness and generosity, as well as his vulgar words and deeds. Writing Xiang Yu not only describes his cruelty and willful ignorance of killing the city and setting fire to it, but also describes his care for his subordinates and his heroic and invincible battle against the enemy.
Rao is like this, and later generations are still dissatisfied with him. Someone said in "The Inscription of Overlord Ancestral Hall in Hexian County" that "Sima Qian is an official of the Han Dynasty and has a chronicle, but he doesn't believe that historians have no songs", which means that writing Xiang Yu is suspected of distorting heroes. I can't help it Who told you that your old man is a great historian through the ages? Looking back at Han Xin, Biography of Historical Records of Huaiyin Hou occupies the second place to Liu Bang and Xiang Yu in the book, and is a key figure in Sima Qian's works. In this article, Sima Qian wrote about Han Xin's brilliant martial arts with strong colors, but he only wrote in general until the rebellion was killed, so it is not difficult to see Tai Shigong's appreciation of Han Xin. Or some people say that there are things worth remembering in the stormy years, and of course we should focus on them. Nothing in the world is to be remembered every once in a while, simple and plain. This seems reasonable, but it is not. Because of its important historical position, Han Xin, a rebellious minister, could not be evaded by feudal historians. However, if he stands in an orthodox position, it is easy to focus on his rebellion. If the author lacks conscience again, he can embellish it and even tamper with historical facts to cover up the truth. In that case, Han Xin is a traitor who is punished by everyone.
It is a historian who writes straight books like Sima Qian. In turbulent times, a star with distinctive personality and maverick will live vividly in the spiritual world of future generations.
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