The principles of "three noes" and "three questions" in the use of antibiotics and the classification table of three types of antibiotics are attached below.
As long as the following "three noes" and "three questions" are achieved, the abuse of antibiotics in families can be effectively prevented.
Three noes
◆ Don't buy it yourself.
First of all, don't be a doctor yourself. If you are sick, you must go to a regular hospital for treatment. Secondly, antibiotics are prescription drugs and need to be used under the guidance of a doctor. Don't buy it yourself.
◆ Do not take the initiative to ask.
Antibiotics are used to deal with bacteria, so it is effective only if it is confirmed that it is a bacterial infection, which requires professional judgment. Most colds are not bacterial infections, and antibiotics can't accelerate the recovery of the body. So, if you see a doctor because of a cold, don't prescribe antibiotics unless the doctor advises you.
◆ Don't stop taking medicine casually.
Antibiotics treat diseases according to different bacteria, and generally have a certain course of treatment. Therefore, once you start using antibiotics, you should follow the doctor's advice and take the medicine on time until you finish taking the medicine prescribed by the doctor-this can maintain the sufficient concentration of the medicine in the body and avoid producing drug-resistant bacteria.
Three questions
● Is my illness related to bacterial infection?
Different diseases have different causes, and not all diseases are caused by bacterial infection: for example, the earlobe of a lady wearing earrings is red and swollen, which may be allergic or bacterial infection and needs the diagnosis of a professional doctor. Therefore, you should ask the doctor carefully when you see a doctor, so that you can understand the cause.
● Do I need to take antibiotics?
Different diseases have different treatment methods, such as allergies, bacterial infections, etc., and the treatment methods are different. In fact, only bacterial infections need to be treated with antibiotics. Therefore, patients should ask their doctors whether their disease is a bacterial infection and whether they must take antibiotics to recover.
● How should I take antibiotics?
Once the diagnosis is made and the doctor judges that antibiotics are needed, he should ask the doctor the correct medication method. The correct medication methods mentioned here include: how often to take it, how much to take each time, how to take it, how long to take it, and so on.
In addition, it is necessary to ask the doctor whether he can stop taking the medicine on his own after the symptoms get better and whether he needs to return to the clinic after taking the medicine he received this time, and ask the pharmacist which medicine is an antibiotic and what to pay attention to when taking the medicine, so as to get rid of the disease.
Classification of first-line antibacterial drugs (unrestricted use)
Penicillins such as penicillin G, benzathine penicillin, procaine penicillin, penicillin V potassium, ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin/sulbactam.
Cefalexin, cefazolin, cefradine, cefadroxil, cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefpropylene.
Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin and tobramycin.
Chloramphenicol chloramphenicol
Macrolide erythromycin, erythromycin ethylsuccinate, acetylspiramycin, spiramycin, josamycin, midecamycin and leucomycin.
Tetracycline doxycycline (doxycycline)
Fluoroquinolones norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin.
Furfurantoin and furazolidone
Sulfasd, SMZ/TMP, sulfasalazine, sulfadiazine.
Other metronidazole, lincomycin, clindamycin, fosfomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide.
Antifungal drugs nystatin and ketoconazole
Antiviral drugs ribavirin, acyclovir
Chinese herbal preparations include garlic injection, berberine, Radix Isatidis, Shuanghuanglian, antiviral oral liquid, Xiang Lian tablet, Sanjin tablet and Houttuynia cordata injection.
Second-line drugs (restricted use): drugs with broad antibacterial spectrum and good curative effect, but with obvious adverse reactions or expensive prices, or varieties with rapid development of drug resistance in recent years, which are used for control.
Management measures: confirmed by drug sensitivity results; If not,
It should be signed by a doctor with a senior title.
Departments without senior titles must be checked by the department director.
Room signature or consultation record of infection expert.
Classification of second-line antibacterial drugs (restricted use)
Penicillins, such as mezlocillin, azlocillin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin+dicloxacillin, ampicillin+oxacillin, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid.
Cefotaxime, Cefotiam, Cefotaxime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefomino, Cefopimide, Cefotaxime, Cefothiene, Cefodinir, Cefoterbutyl, Cefotaxime Ester, Cefotaxime Ester, Cefotoulon Ester.
Other β -lactams such as cefoxitin, cefmetazole, cefotiam, aztreonam, levofloxacin and fluoxetine.
Aminoglycosides such as netilmicin, etimicin, Isepamicin, spectinomycin, kanamycin and neomycin.
Chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol
Macrolide acetyl kitasamycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, dirithromycin.
Tetracycline tetracycline, minocycline
The fluoroquinolones include enoxacin, lomefloxacin, pefloxacin, fleroxacin, sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, tosufloxacin, rufloxacin, nadifloxacin and pazufloxacin.
Glycopeptide norvancomycin
Other tinidazole, polymyxin B, sodium p-aminosalicylate, rifapentine and rifabutin.
Antifungal drugs fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, flucytosine.
Antiviral drugs amantadine, ethylenediamine, famciclovir, cytarabine, interferon, lamivudine, acyclovir.
Third-line drugs (special use): newly developed antibacterial drugs with unique efficacy, high toxicity and high price, and varieties that will have serious consequences once drug resistance occurs;
Third-line drugs (special use): newly developed antibacterial drugs with unique efficacy, high toxicity and high price, and varieties that will have serious consequences once drug resistance occurs;
Management measures: the department director (or the head of the medical team) with senior professional title signs or records the consultation of infection experts, or has discussion opinions on difficult cases in the hospital, or reports them to the "expert group" of the hospital for approval.
Classification of third-line antibacterial drugs (special use)
Penicillin piperacillin/tazobactam and other penicillin/enzyme inhibitor complexes.
Cephalosporin ceftazidime, cefepime, cefpirome, cefoperazone/sulbactam and other cephalosporin/enzyme inhibitor complexes.
Carbapenems imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem, panipenem/betamipron.
Glycopeptides vancomycin and teicoplanin
Other streptomycin, oxazolidinone, polymyxin e.
Antifungal drug amphotericin b