Wang Xizhi, a "book saint", admired two calligraphers of his predecessors: Zhong You of Cao Wei and Zhang Zhi of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He said: "my book is compared with the clock. Zhang and the clock should be resistant to it, or should I say;" Cao Zhang is still a wild goose. However, Zhang is good at this, and the pool is full of ink. If I stay here, I may not be grateful. "(See the score of Sun's book)" Indulgence "refers to hobbies and special hobbies. Even Wang Xizhi himself lamented, showing Zhang Zhi's love for calligraphy.
There are few historical records about Zhang Zhi. The biography of Zhang Huan in the Later Han Dynasty only records the most famous eldest son, and my younger brother is often good at cursive writing. Wei Heng (A.D.? -29 1) wrote "Four-body Calligraphy", saying: "There was a cursive script in the Han Dynasty, and I don't know the author's name. When it came to Zhang Di and Qi, it was called a good work. Later, Cui Shi, Cui Yuanhe, also known as Dugong, became extremely clever because of advocating agriculture and Zhang Boying ... Zhong Wei would call them Cao Sheng. -Jiang (179-252) was Wei Guanglu's doctor in the Three Kingdoms and a famous calligrapher at that time. He thought: "Du Shijie has strength, but his calligraphy and painting are slightly thinner. Cui Shi's law. The book is thick and the words are clever, but sometimes it is not satisfactory. Zhang Zhixi likes studying. Can be described as a saint. It can be seen that although Zhang Zhi took Du and Cui as his teachers, he came from behind and was "ahead of others and unique". Zhang Huai, a famous calligrapher and critic in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, elaborated on Zhang Zhi in detail in his masterpiece Shu Duan, which is an outstanding monograph in the history of Chinese calligraphy. Most calligraphers in past dynasties quoted and agreed with the views of Wei Heng, Sun Zi and others. Since then, Zhang Zhi's position as a grass saint has stood impressively in the calligraphy circle of China, and it will shine forever.
Yolanda Town, Guazhou County (now around Sidaogou Old Town, Guazhou County, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province) was a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi.
Zhang Xiang, the grandfather of Zhang Zhi, a native of Menxian County, was once the magistrate of Hanyang (now Shuishi). Zhang Zhi's father, Zhang Huan, is more famous. He was ambitious when he was young. He often said: the gentleman should make contributions to the frontier of the country, and the post-officials should make contributions to protecting the Xiongnu corps commander General Du Liao and Senior Sinon. Zhang Zhi's mother is rich and virtuous, and Zhang Zhi grew up in such a family.
Zhang Zhi is Zhang Huan's eldest son, whose name is Boying. When he was young, he was very disciplined. Although he was born in an official family, he is not a dude. He is studious and devoted to calligraphy. Qiu of this dynasty thought that he was either a scholar or a master. He was repeatedly asked to be an official, but he refused, so he was called "Zhang Youdao". He devoted himself to studying calligraphy, especially cursive script, and studied under Cui Du's method. His father, Zhang Huan, forged stone tables, benches and Mo Chi by the river for the convenience of Zhang Zhi's brother. From then on, Zhang Zhi's brothers made paper out of silk, studied books in the pond, practiced calligraphy first, then rinsed it, and then used it. Day after day, year after year, the water turned black, and later it was called Mo Chi of Cecilia Cheung. Cui Du's brushwork is even more familiar to him. He finally got rid of the old customs, created a whole and turned it into a modern grass. Font an achievement, occasionally broken, blood constantly; The handwriting is constantly running through the context and staggered. The ancients called it "a stroke of flying white", which opened a new world of calligraphy. Calligraphers of past dynasties praised Zhang Zhi's cursive script as "a kind of calligraphy" and respected Zhang Zhi as "the sage of grass". Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Jin Dynasty, was also deeply influenced by it, and only pushed Zhong and Zhang cursive scripts to Han and Wei calligraphy. His book "Trace" has five posts of "Spring Pavilion Sticking" and wrote "Pen Heart Theory", which has been lost today.
Pen maker
It is said that he is also an expert in pen making. A master of calligraphy with comprehensive attainments like Zhang Zhi is rare in the whole history of calligraphy in China, and he is worthy of the lofty title of "sage of grass". His younger brother, Zhang Chang, was also a famous calligrapher at that time. He was good at Cao Zhang and was called "Yasheng" at that time. Gan Long should be proud of cultivating such an outstanding cultural giant.
From the development track of China's calligraphy history, Zhang Zhi found that from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Zhuan, it matured in Qin, and Lishu prevailed in the Western Han Dynasty, but there were cursive scripts, which can be described as Zhuan, Zhuan, Cao, Xing and Zhen. At this time, the official script and Cao Zhang, slow and full of waves, can no longer meet the needs of people and social development, but are written quickly and beautifully. Zhang Zhi absorbed the artistic essence of folk and Du Fu's and Cui Caoshu's calligraphy, and created a kind of cross-era grass, that is, a kind of "calligraphy" different from others, which was also called "modern grass" at that time, and became famous all over the world for a time, with a cloud of scholars. Zhang Zhi's A Book "The style of characters is formed by strokes, occasionally interrupted, but the blood vessels are connected, connected, and the qi veins are staggered"; "If the water is fast-flowing, plucking lotus, for example, is involved up and down, or borrowing words up and down, although it is odd-shaped, it contains several meanings. For example, the ape in the county drinks the image of the stream, which is hooked and chained, deified and self-sufficient, and abnormal condition is not revealed "; "If Qingjian flows from a long source, infinite flow, wandering back to the cliff valley, let it be natural", "being good at it is the best in ancient and modern times"; "Max Zhang is full of bones, the head of the sages"; Boying is the ancestor of cursive script. (Zhang Huai "Shu Duan" language)
Zhang Zhi's cursive script has influenced the development of calligraphy in China and brought unparalleled vitality to the calligraphy circle. Wang Xizhi, known as the sage of China, studied under and admired Zhang Zhi in middle age, and thought that cursive script was not as good as Zhang Zhi. Huai Su, the master of Weeds, also claimed that cursive script was obtained from "two pieces" (Zhang Zhi and Zhang Xu). Sun, a master of cursive script, also mentioned many times in his Book Score that his life was based on Zhang Zhi's cursive script, saying that "Zhang Zhi is a sage of cursive script, which is both expert and proficient, so that no one can match him". The history of China's calligraphy tells us that "from the late Han Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty, four brilliant masters, namely, Wei, Wei Heng, Wang Xizhi, Zhang Xu and Huai Su, emerged in the field of cursive calligraphy, all of whom studied under the first giant in the history of China's calligraphy-Zhang Zhi, the sage of grass" (see Ma Shixiao's Zhang Zhichuang).
It is no accident that Zhang Zhi won the honor of "Cao Sheng", which is closely related to his philosophy of life and academic attitude. Zhang Zhi was born in a famous family, and his father Zhang Huan was a famous minister of the Han Dynasty. "The son of a famous minister in Boying is young and energetic, diligent in learning ancient times and learning Ming, and the court has a way to levy it." ("Broken Book") Zhang Zhi was appreciated by the court for his "Tao" and asked to be an official, but he disdained it and was willing to make a cloth. This kind of ideological realm of not being greedy for high positions and high salaries is admirable. )
Zhang Zhi studied calligraphy assiduously, and her spirit of infatuation was amazing. "Every family's clothes and silks must be written before practice. Linchi Xueshu, the pool is full of ink. " (Wei Heng's Four-body Calligraphy) According to "Zhang Mo Zhi Chi" in Sha Zhou Du Fu Tu Jing, "Zhang Zhi studied here, and the pool was full of ink. His books are unparalleled and famous all over the world. Because Wang Xizhi's On Shu Fan said:' The book in the middle school in the pool is full of ink, and it is absolutely unique, which is beyond my reach.' There is a poem "Mo Chi Fu" in "Twenty Inscriptions on Dunhuang Monuments", which praises: "In the past, the seal cutting was exquisite and Zhang Zhimiao. The sacred grass is immortal and famous for a while. Shu Jian watches birds, studies ink and dyes fish. I am eager to be by the pool, and I am happy to talk about poetry. ) "Just like this, Zhang Zhi climbed to the peak of calligraphy art, and his book" the treasure of the world, not leaving an inch of paper "became a well-deserved" sage of Chinese grass ".
Zhang Zhi's ink can be found in Chunhua Pavilion Post, which consists of five posts and thirty-eight lines. Zhang Zhi wrote five "Pen Heart", but unfortunately it has long been lost. Zhang Zhi is also an expert in making brush.
Zhang Chang, Zhang Zhizhi's younger brother, was also a famous calligrapher at that time, especially in Cao Zhang, and his books were widely read, which was called "elegant sage" by people at that time.
Personal honor is called the sage of grass.
Zhang Zhi, the first master in the history of calligraphy in China, was born in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his date of birth is unknown.
Died in 192. Zhang Zhi's native place, The Book of the Later Han Dynasty is the biography of his father Zhang Huan, who is said to be "a native of Jiuquan, Dunhuang". The error of one sentence has been passed down for more than 1000 years. It was not until Qian Daxin, the master of exegetics in Qing Dynasty, confirmed that Zhang Zhi was from Yuanquan, Dunhuang County in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Yolanda was one of the six counties under the jurisdiction of Dunhuang County in Han Dynasty (now around Sidaogou Ancient Town, Guazhou County, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province). There are few historical materials about Zhang Zhi's life, which is related to his noble sentiments and poor fame. The biography of Zhang Huan in the Later Han Dynasty only mentions that "the eldest son is the most famous, and the younger brother is often good at cursive writing". Although extremely brief, it can be seen that Zhang Zhi was already famous for his calligraphy achievements at that time. Wei Heng, a calligrapher of the Western Jin Dynasty who was slightly later than Zhang Zhi, said in his calligraphy theory book "Four-body Book": "There were cursive scripts in the Han Dynasty ... When the emperor Zhang arrived, Qi claimed to be a good worker; Later, there were Cui Yuan and Cui Shi, also known as good workers. " "Those who promote agriculture in Zhang Boying are very smart ... Zhong Wei will call them grass saints." Zhong Wei, a famous Wei Xiang in the Three Kingdoms, was a famous calligrapher at that time. His basis is that Du Du's cursive script is very strong, but his handwriting is very thin. Cui Yuan and Cui Shi's patriarchal clan system Du said that "the writing style is very strong and the words are clever", and "Zhang Zhi likes to learn from it and turn it into cleverness, which can be described as a sage of grass". Explain that Zhang Zhishi learned from the statutes and Cui, but "According to You" is "unprecedented, and there is no one after it." Zhang Huai, a famous calligrapher and critic in the early Tang Dynasty, wrote hundreds of words about Zhang Zhi in his masterpiece Shu Duan by calligraphy theory, thus establishing his important position in the China book circle. Since then, calligraphers and critics of all ages have followed the expositions of Wei Heng and Sun with a positive attitude. Since then, Zhang Zhi's position as a "sage of grass" has become an unshakable monument, standing in the China book world and shining with eternal glory.
China script, from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Xiao Zhuan, matured in Qin Dynasty, which prompted the emergence of official script. By the Western Han Dynasty, official script was popular, and cursive script was produced, which can be described as "seal script, official script, cursive script, calligraphy and truth". However, the official script with slow strokes and independent characters and Cao Zhang, which still has the official meaning, can't meet people's demand for fast writing, which leads to the rapid and smooth writing of "modern cursive script" and the "cursive script fever" in society. Zhang Zhi absorbed the essence of cursive art from the folk and Du Du, Cui Yuan and Cui Shi, and created a unique "stroke", that is, "big grass", which made cursive script out of the trap of Cao Zhang. Since then, China calligraphy has entered the vast space of Wang Yang, thus completely liberating the calligrapher's artistic personality.
Zhang Zhi's "One Book" is "the body of a word, and it is made in one stroke", "like running water, plucking hair, linking up and down, or borrowing words from bottom to top, making strange shapes open and closed, and containing several meanings". This is Zhang Huai's incisive summary of a book in the "Introduction". At the same time, Zhang Zhi's cursive script is regarded as the "head of sages", thus becoming the "head of cursive script". Zhang Zhi's cursive script has brought unparalleled vitality to China's calligraphy art, becoming famous all over the world for a time, and scholars are like a cloud. Wang Xizhi worships Zhang Zhi and has been learning from him for many years. He always thought that his cursive script was inferior to Zhang Zhi's.
Huai Su, the master of Weeds, also benefited the most from Zhang Zhi and Zhang Xu. Sun, a master of cursive script in the Tang Dynasty, also mentioned many times in his Book Score that he studied Zhang Zhi's cursive script all his life.
Zhang Zhi was born in a noble family, but he was "young and ambitious, and diligent in learning ancient times". He didn't care about fame, refused to be called up by the court many times, and devoted himself to studying. His fighting spirit of "learning from one pond, making the pond full of ink" has become a well-known anecdote in China calligraphy circle. Wang Xizhi once said respectfully that Zhang Zhi "learned from a pool, and the water in the pool was full of ink, so was I." There are 20 poems about Dunhuang monuments sung by predecessors, including Ode to Mo Chi: The ancients used seal cutting elements to make Zhang Zhi wonderful. The sage of grass is immortal and famous for a while. Shu Jian watches birds, studies ink and dyes fish. I am eager to be by the pool, and I am happy to talk about poetry.
In this way, Zhang Zhi was indifferent to Li Rong and worked hard to reach the first peak of calligraphy art in China.
His ink has been treasured by the world for nearly two thousand years, and every inch of paper has remained. His ink has five posts and thirty-eight lines in Chunhua Pavilion, which is cherished and studied by calligraphers of all ages. Therefore, the artistic spirit of Zhang Zhi's calligraphy still flows vividly in the blood of China's calligraphy. Zhang Zhi is also the pioneer of calligraphy theory, and he has written five books "Pen Xin Lun", but unfortunately it has long been lost.
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February 8 th post
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Artistic characteristics Zhang Zhi's spirit of practicing calligraphy hard has been passed down as a much-told story in history. Wei Heng's "Four-body Book" records: Zhang Zhi "Where clothes and silks are at home, you must write before you practice (boiling and dyeing);" Learn books in the pool, and the pool is exhausted. "Later generations called calligraphy" Linchi ",that is, from this. You Cao have the reputation of "sage of grass". At that time, people even cherished his Mo Bao to the point of "not leaving an inch of paper". The evaluation is quite high, especially the cursive script.