4. 1 general principles

4. 1. 1 Spelling Mandarin basically takes words as the writing unit.

René n (human) pé ng o (running) hé (and) hīn (extraordinary) Fúróng (hibiscus) qi mé ok è li (chocolate) Péngyou (friend) yuèdú (reading)

Dü zhè n (earthquake), Niá nq and ng (young), zhòngshì (attention), W ò nhü (party), qiānüng (signature), shüwüI (demonstration), ni Zhuòn (torsion), chuánzhī and (ship), Dà nshiü (but) T.

4. 1.2 represents the disyllabic and trisyllabic structures of a whole concept, which are connected together.

Gāngti (steel) wèndá (question and answer) hɣifēng (sea breeze) hóngqídàHuí (meeting) quángguó zhòngtián (farming) kāihuɣ (meeting) D (broken) zǒulái (coming)

4. 1.3 The names of more than four syllables representing a whole concept are written separately by words (or sections), and those that cannot be separated by words (or sections) are all connected.

seamless steel pipe

Hu Ansheng B40

ŭnglŭngd transistor power amplifier

zhong Huárénmín gòNGHégu

Yu 'an (Academy of Social Sciences)

graduate school

Hong clan

Joekes and ɣosɣ National Natural Gas Company (houttuynin)

G. Pei Shengewei Xue Ji (paleontologist)

4. 1.4 Conjunction when monosyllabic words overlap; Disyllabic words are written in overlapping way.

Rén (everyone) niánnián (every year) kànàn (see) shu not shuo (say) dà (big) hóng hong de (red) gègè (all) tiáotiáo (articles) yánji yánji (research)

Overlap and juxtaposition are AABB structures, short crosses.

Come and go, talking and laughing

Q and ngq and ng-ch ǔ ch ǔ (no winding)

Every household (absolute Qian Qian)

4. 1.5 In order to facilitate reading and understanding, you can add short strokes to the pinyin corresponding to some words.

Huán-b o (environmental protection-environmental protection) gūng-guān (public relations-public relations * *) b ā j and u ti ā n (eight or nine days) Shí q and -b ā su (seventeen or eighteen years old) Ré n-j and Du hu à (man-machine dialogue) zhūng-Xi m oxé.

4.2 Nouns

4.2. 1 Nouns are associated with the components added before monosyllabic words (vice, total, non-,anti-,super-,old, Arabic, possible, nothing, etc.). ) and the elements added after monosyllabic words (zi, er, head, sex, sex, employee, family, hand, culture, children, etc. ).

Fùbùzhúng (Deputy Minister) Z ǒ ng Ngng SǕ (Chief Engineer) fēij n shǔ (nonmetal) F ē nd à o Odan (anti-ballistic missile) Chā oshng b (ultrasonic wave) yùu (artist) kùu xing.

4.2.2 Nouns and locative words behind them are written separately.

Outside the door (on the mountain) under the tree)

Mén wàimiàn (outside the door) hé li (in the river) Hé li à n (in Hanoi) Huǒcháshàng miàn (above the train) xuéxiào pángbiān (next to the school) Y m ǐ ng hé sh à ng (on Yongding River) Huáng héYánán (south of the Yellow River).

However, what has become a word, keep writing.

For example, "overseas" does not mean "overseas".

Tiānshang (in the sky) dìxia (underground) k not ngzh not ng (in the air) h m: iwà i (overseas)

4.2.3 Chinese names are written by surname and first name, with initials capitalized, pen names, aliases, etc. , and is treated as a name.

Lǐ Huá (Li Hua) Wáng Jiànguó (Wang Jianguo) d NGFāng Shuò (Dong Fangshuo) zh gáküng Ming (Zhu Gekongming) lǔxnán (Lu Xun) Mei Lanfang (Mei Lanfang) Zhāng Sān (Lu Xun).

Name, position and title are written separately; Position, title, etc. Start with lowercase.

Wang Baozhi Wu (Minister Wang) Tian (Director Tian) Lv Xisheng (Mr. Li) Zhang Dongzhi (Comrade Zhao)

Appellations such as "Lao", "Xiao", "Da" and "A" all begin with capital letters.

Xi m:o Liú(Xiǎo Liú)l m:o qián(lǎo Qian)dàlǐ(Dali)

A proper noun, link, starts with a capital letter.

Kong (Confucius) Boya (Bao Gong) Xu (Shi) Mengcha (Meng Changjun)

4.2.4 The spelling of Chinese place names shall comply with the provisions of DiziNo. 17 "spelling rules of Chinese phonetic alphabet for place names (part of place names in China)" DocumentNo. (84) of Geographical Names Committee. Proper names and generic names in place names in China are written separately, and the first letter of each part is capitalized.

Beijing; Hebei; Yalu river; Mount Tai; Dongting Lake; Taiwan Strait

Additional components of proper nouns and common names, monosyllabic and connected with their related parts.

X and Li á o Hé (West Liaohe River) J ǐ ngshā nò uji (Jingshan Back Street) Chá oyá ngé ná ná ná ná ná ná oji (Chaoyangmen Inner South Street)

The names of natural villages and towns and other place names that do not need to distinguish proper names from generic names are linked in syllables.

Three Tanyue in Jiuxian Bridge, Wangcun

4.2.5 Non-Chinese names and place names should be written in accordance with the original Roman alphabet (Latin alphabet) on the principle of "names follow the master"; Names and place names in non-Roman letters should be spelled according to the Roman letters of characters. In order to facilitate reading, you can note Chinese characters or their pinyin at the back of the original text, or you can use the pinyin of Chinese characters first or only in specific occasions.

Ulanhu (Ulanhu) Ryunosuke Akutagawa (Ryunosuke Akutagawa) Nga Po Nga-Ngawangjigme) Marx (Marx) Darwin (Newton) Einstein (Urumqi) Hohhot (Hohhot) Lhasa (Lhasa) London (London) Paris (Paris) Washington (Washington) Tokyo (Tokyo) Chinese phonetic nouns. füizh！ U (Africa) nánmi (South America) Déguó (Germany) déNGNánya (Southeast Asia)

4.3 Verbs

4.3. 1 Verbs and "zhe", "le" and "guo"

Kànzhe (see) Jà nxí ngzhe (top) Kànle (see) Jà nxí ngle (top) Kànguo (see) Jà nxí ngguo (top) The word "le" at the end of the sentence is written separately. The train has arrived. )

4.3.2 Verbs and objects are written separately.

Kàn xìn (reading letters) Ch and yú (eating fish) Kāi wánxiào (joking) jiànchéng (building) Huàwéi (becoming) Dà ngzu Þࢮ囎 囎 囎 囎𶐎22222

4.4 adjectives

4.4. 1 The connection between monosyllabic adjectives and overlapping words is to add 10,000 before or 10,000 after.

I don't know what you're talking about.

4.4.2 Adjectives are written separately from the following "You", "You", "A little" and "A little". Nature reserves (faster) and nature reserves (faster).

4.5 Pronouns

4.5. 1 means that the plural "men" and the preceding pronoun are connected together.

Men (us) men (them)

4.5.2 Demonstrative pronouns "this" and "that", interrogative pronoun "that" and nouns or quantifiers are written separately.

Zhè rén (this person) nà c Huí yí n (that meeting) zhèzhèzh and chuá n (this ship) n m: zhā ng bà ozh ǐ (which newspaper) This, that, which and some, Yao, kindness and.

4.5.3 Ge, Mei, Yi, Ben, This, Me, You and the following nouns or quantifiers should be written separately.

Géguó (country) gégérén (individual) géXuéké (discipline) Mé iñ á n (annual) Mé ié cé (each time) müu rén (someone) müu gſngch (factory) b

4.6 Numbers and quantifiers

4.6. 1 is an integer between eleven and ninety-nine.

Shy:( 1 1)shw avatar (15) sā nshí sā n (33) Ji incarnation Shji (99)

4.6.2 "Hundred", "Thousand", "Ten Thousand" and "Hundred Million" are associated with the previous single digits; "Ten thousand" and "one hundred million" are written separately from the previous ten or more figures.

Ji y ling q 468

4.6.3 Draw a dash between "No" indicating the ordinal number and the following number.

Di Yi and Di Shi hanin (13th) Di Shi hanin (28th) Di Shi hanin.

4.6.4 Numbers and quantifiers should be written separately.

Li m: ng gè ré n (two people) y: dà w m: nà n (a big bowl of rice) Li m: ng ji ā n b m: n w ū zi (two and a half rooms) w shísān réNCI (fifty-three people) indicates the number of divisors and quantifiers "duo", "lai" and "several". Y and b ǐ i du not gè (more than 100 people) shí lái wàn rén (more than 10,000 people) jǐ jiā rén (several families) J ǐ ti ā n ngfu (a few days) "More than ten" and "dozens" were written continuously. Shíjǐ gè rén (a dozen people) jǐjǐshígēn gāngguǐn (dozens of steel pipes)

4.7 function words function words are written separately from other words

4.7. 1 adverb

H ě n h mo (very good) D U Lai (all here) G NG M I (more beautiful) zuì dà (maximum) bù l Lai (not here) Y ù ng b ù y ù ng ā i (should) G ā ng ā ng z ǒ u (just left) F \

preposition

Z à i qi á n (former) xi à ng d not ngbi ā n q ù (eastward) w è i rí n fú w ù (serving the people) cóng zuótiān qǐ (since yesterday) shēng yú 1940 nián (born in 65438+)

connect

G ngrén hénóngmín (workers and peasants) b dàn kuàIérqi h m:o (not only fast but also good) Guā ngré ré ji ā Nù (glorious and arduous) nǐláI háish báláI? Are you coming or not? )

4.7.4 Structural auxiliary words "de", "di", "de" and "zhi"

Daughter of the earth. This is my book. ) Gu Men. We live a happy life. He walked slowly in the street. )t m:nbai de gàOSU nǐba。 (To tell the truth. ) t ā y and b ù y and gùJiùoy NR de g not ngzuùzhe. He works step by step. ) Shà oniá n zh and ji ā (home for teenagers) Zu ì f ā dá de Guó ji ā zh and y ā (one of the most developed countries).

Note: The words "de", "land" and "de" can be written as "de", "land" and "de" respectively.

4.7.5 modal particles

nǐzhèDao ma？ (Do you know? )zīNME háI báI a？ Why haven't you come yet? )kuai qo ba！ (go! He's not coming. ) He won't come. )

interjection

Answer! zhēn míI！ (ah! How beautiful! )Ng，nǐShu shéNME？ (Well, what did you say? ) well, zǒuzhe qiáo ba! (Hum, we'll see! )

onomatopoeic word

Bang! (hey! ) Huahua (gushing) Gigi-Zaza (twittering) "Red Dragon" Y and Sh ē ng Sh ē ng ("Bang") Dà ng not Ngj and wo-wo-ti. The cock crows. ) "du-"jidí xi m m m: ng is happy. ("Du-"the whistle rang. )

4.8 Idioms

4.8. The four-character idiom1can be read as two disyllables with a short cross in the middle.

Céng ché-béqióng (endless) féngpíng-làngjíng (calm) àizéng-féngíng (clear love and hate) shuǐdào-qúchéng (natural) yáng yang-

4.8.2 All four-character idioms and two-paragraph idioms that can't be read should be written together.

B ù y ū l (unhappy) z ǒ ng é ry á nzh and (in a word) ii imònéngzhù (helpless) y ù y ù d ù ishu ǐ (only one dress is covered with water) h ü lihú tu (confused) hüibuli qi.

4.9 Capitalization

4.9. 1 Capitalize the first letter of the sentence, and capitalize the first letter of each line in the poem. (for example)

4.9.2 Capitalize the first letter of proper nouns.

Běij ng (Beijing) Chángchéng (Great Wall) Qingming (Qingming) is a proper noun composed of several words, and the first letter of each word is capitalized. Guój sh diàn (International Bookstore) hé pí ng b and ngguɣn (Peace Hotel) guā ng mí ng rí bà o (Guangming Daily)

4.9.3 If proper nouns and common nouns are written together, the first letter should be capitalized.

Zh！ Ngguó ré n (China) Míngshǐ (Ming Dynasty) Guǐ ngdŬ nghuà (Cantonese) has been transformed into a common noun with lowercase initials. Gu m: nggā n (orange) zh not ngsānfú (Chinese tunic suit) Chuānxi not ng(Chuānxiūng)zàngq (Tibetan olive)

4. 10 migration

4. 10. 1 The transliteration should be separated by syllables, and short lines should be added to the unfinished parts.

Guāng-míng (light) cannot be translated as "guā ng".

4. 1 1 Tones are the original tone of the target, not the tone sandhi.

Y and Ji à (one plane) Y and Ti ā n (one day) Y and Tó u (one head) Y and W ǐ n (one bowl) Q and W à n (seventy thousand) Q and B ě n (seven books) bā gè (eight books) Q and Shi à-B ā xi à (so anxious) B ù q \.