In the process of writing, I am busy with other things. What I want to say is that it is basically not good for ordinary people to borrow money now because of economic system problems.

Second, the evolution of Chinese characters?

First of all, this question:

China record symbol is one of the oldest characters in the world, with a history of more than 6,000 years. Is it that all around us are written directly in simplified Chinese characters? With this question, I did a study on the history of Chinese characters.

Second, research methods:

1, consult books

2。 , online query

3. Ask people.

4. Other methods

Three. Data collation:

source

Cangjie word-making: In ancient times, people wrote notes with knots, but with the development of culture, words were needed more. Minister Cang Xie is determined to write a play. Cang Xie thought day and night, looked around and saw all kinds of insects, birds, animals, plants and utensils in the sky, and defined the meaning of each symbol. But that's not enough to prove it.

Through the exploration of archaeologists, it is made up of carving, painting, knotting and weaving shells.

Evolution history of Chinese characters

Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Discovered in Shang Dynasty, it is the earliest script discovered by China. It is called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" because it is carved on the tortoise shell of birds and the fat bones of cattle. first

Bronze inscriptions, also known as Zhong Dingwen, are composed of four parts: https://wom/: inscription of Shang Dynasty: about 1300 years ago (about 1046, about 71/kloc-0 years ago, the inscription of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, about 770 BC, about 220 years ago.

Seal script: After Qin Shihuang succeeded to the throne, he carried out a series of reforms. Unify Chinese characters into seal script. Can be divided into big seal and small seal! (Later, the small seal was carved on the stone tablet.

Lishu: This is a simple writing method of Meng Xiao, which became a routine stroke in the Han Dynasty.

Regular script: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a new font appeared-regular script. It was created by Zhong You,

Regular script reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Yan Zhenqing, Liu and Zhenglan Gongquan.

The fonts that can be written quickly in running script and cursive script-running script and cursive script. The cursive script was invented by Zhang Zhi, and it can be divided into "Today Grass" and "Crazy Grass". The running script was carried forward by Wang Xizhi, and his Preface to Lanting Collection was praised as the best running script in the world.

The following is the evolution history of Chinese characters:

Oracle Bone Inscriptions → bronze inscription → seal script → seeking for a book.

Four. Research conclusions:

1. As for the source of Chinese characters, some people think that it is Cang Qing system, or it may be Tai Chi culture, engraving and painting. There is no accurate proof.

2. Chinese characters have evolved from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to modern times.

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Third, the historical evolution of commercial bank loans

Banks are one of the most important financial institutions in the economy. The primitive state of western banking can be traced back to ancient civilization in ancient Babylon and BC. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, as early as the 6th century BC, there was a "rigby" bank in Babylon. The stone tablet found by archaeologists in the desert proves that before 2000 BC, the temples in Babylon had borrowed money from the outside world, and the loan was issued by the debtor in the form of a document similar to a promissory note and handed over to the temple for transfer. In the 4th century BC, Greek temples, public organizations and private enterprises also engaged in various financial activities. However, this activity is limited to the nature of the currency exchange industry, and there is no loan business at present. In 200 BC, Rome also had institutions similar to Greek banking, but it made progress compared with Greek banking. It is not only engaged in currency exchange business, but also in lending, trust and other businesses, and it also has clear legal provisions on the management and supervision of banks. Although the business operated by Roman bank does not belong to credit lending, it has the embryonic form of modern banking business. It is recognized that the germination of early banks originated in Renaissance Italy. The word "Bank" is called "bank" in English and evolved from the Italian word "Banca". In Italian, Banca means "bench". The first bankers were Jews living in Lombardy, northern Italy. In order to escape the war, they moved to the British Isles to exchange, keep valuables and exchange money. In the market, everyone has a stool to operate the currency exchange business. If someone is in trouble and unable to pay his debts, it will cause creditors to attack him and smash his bench, and the credit of money changers will be declared broken. The English word "bankruptcy" is "bankrupcy", which comes from this. The emergence of early banking industry is closely related to the development of international trade. Medieval European Mediterranean countries, especially Italian cities such as Venice and Genoa, were famous international trade centers, with businessmen gathering and prosperous markets. However, due to the feudal regime and chaotic monetary system in the society at that time, the shapes, colors and weights of coins carried by businessmen in various countries were different. In order to meet the needs of trade development, currency exchange is necessary. As a result, professional money dealers who simply engage in the currency exchange industry and collect handling fees from them began to appear and develop. With the continuous development of off-site transactions and international trade, in order to avoid the troubles and risks brought by long-distance transportation, businessmen from all over the world began to deposit their money in professional money dealers and entrust them to exchange and pay. At this time, professional currency dealers have already embodied the original functions of banks: currency exchange and currency transfer. With more and more deposits accepted, businessmen found that multiple depositors would not withdraw their deposits at the same time, so they began to lend the temporarily idle funds in the exchange business to the fund demanders in society. At first, the money lent by merchants was limited to their own funds. With the appearance of agency payment system, borrowers deposit the borrowed money with lenders and notify lenders to pay for it. It can be seen that, in essence, loans are not limited to real money, but some of them have become book credit, which shows that the essential characteristics of modern banks have emerged. The primitive form of modern commercial banks is capitalist commercial banks, which is the product of capitalist mode of production. With the development of productive forces, the progress of production technology and the expansion of social division of labor, capitalist relations of production began to sprout. Some craftsmen, together with wealthy businessmen and bankers in the city, have formed a new class-the bourgeoisie. Due to the nature of feudal bank loans, the average annual interest rate is 20% ~ 30%, which seriously hinders the transformation of social idle capital into industrial capital. In addition, the early bank loans were mainly to the privileged classes such as the government, not to industry and commerce, and the emerging bourgeois industry and commerce could not get enough credit support, and an important prerequisite for the emergence and development of capitalist production mode was to have a large amount of monetary capital necessary for organizing capitalist production. Therefore, the emerging bourgeoisie urgently needs to establish and develop capitalist banks. There are basically two ways to produce capitalist commercial banks: first, the old banks gradually adapt to the new economic conditions and evolve into capitalist banks. In western Europe, the old-fashioned banks evolved from goldsmiths were gradually transformed into capitalist banks in this way. Another way is a joint-stock bank organized by the emerging bourgeoisie according to the principles of capitalism, which is the main way. This historical process of establishing capitalist banks is particularly obvious in Britain, which took the lead in establishing a capitalist system. 1694, with the help of the government, Britain established the first capitalist joint-stock commercial bank-the Bank of England. Its appearance announced the end of the monopoly position of banking in the field of social credit, and marked the formation of modern capitalist banking system and the emergence of commercial banks. In this sense, the Bank of England is the originator of modern commercial banks. After the Bank of England, European capitalist countries have established commercial banks. Since then, the modern commercial banking system has been popularized all over the world. Compared with western banks, banks in China came into being later. China's record about the currency industry is the temple pawnbroking industry in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. "Flying money" similar to money orders appeared in the Tang Dynasty, which was the earliest exchange business in China. In northern Song Zhenzong, jiaozi issued by wealthy businessmen in Sichuan became the early paper money of China. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, pawn shops were the main credit institutions in China. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, some big banks engaged in currency exchange developed into silver banks. In the early days, in addition to changing money, Yinzhuang also engaged in lending. In the Qing Dynasty, the deposit remittance business was gradually started, but it eventually declined under the restrictions of the Qing government and the oppression of foreign banks. The modern banking industry in China only rose after the invasion of foreign capitalist banks in the middle of19th century. The first foreign bank to come to China was the British Oriental Bank, and then various capitalist countries set up banks in China. Although foreign banks in China have brought great damage to China's national economy, they have also played a certain role in the development of China's banking industry objectively. In order to get rid of the rule of foreign banks, the Qing government established China Commercial Bank in Shanghai on 1897, which marked the emergence of modern banks in China. Since then, Zhejiang Xingye and Bank of Communications have emerged one after another. Today, the development of commercial banks is far from the title of "commercial banks" because of self-compensating loans based on commercial behavior. Today's commercial banks have been endowed with broader and deeper connotations. Especially since the Second World War, with the development of social economy and the intensification of banking competition, the business scope of commercial banks has been expanding and gradually become a multi-functional and comprehensive "financial department store".