The chip says * * * *. Can I program with a programming card? Please note that there is usually a label on the BIOS chip on the motherboard, which only explains the brand of the program written in it, but this is not the model of the chip. For example, the following chip can only show that it is the BIOS of AMI.

To see the specific model of the chip, you have to take off the label on the chip and look at the numbers typed on the surface of the chip. This is a model. As shown in the figure, there are two chips, one is AM28F020 chip produced by AMD. It can be found from the following that the capacity of the chip is 2M, and the programming voltage should be increased by12v; ; The other chip is the 2M chip PM29F002 of PMC company, and the programming voltage is 5V. The number after the chip model generally indicates the speed, and-12 indicates that the reading and writing speed is 120nS.

The following are commonly used BIOS chips on the motherboard at present. If you find that your chip type is not in it, please write to me, and I will check and join immediately.

Type and model of FlashROM chip Capacitance voltage LPC or FWH

AMD 28f 020/ 12V 2M 12V-

AMD 29F0 10 /5V 1M 5V -

ATMEL 29c 0 10A/5V 1M 5V-

ATMEL 49f 00 1T/5V 1M 5V-

CSI CAT 28F001P/12V1M12V-

Intel 28F001bx-t/12v1m12v-

MOSEL v29c 5 100 1T/5V 1M 5V-

Mexico 28f1000ap/12v1m12v-

Mexico 28f1000p/12v1m12v-

Mexico 29F00 1T /5V 1M 5V-

SST 28ee 0 10 & amp； 28ee 0 1 1/5V 1M 5V-

SST 29EE0 10/5V 1M 5V -

SST 39SF0 10 /5V 1M 5V -

AMIC A2900 1 /5V 1M 5V -

Winbond 29EE011/5v1m5v-

AMD 29F002(N)T /5V 2M 5V -

AMIC A29002 /5V 2M 5V -

ATMEL 49F002T /5V 2M 5V -

Atmel 29LV020 /3V 2M 3V-

ATMEL 29C020 /5V 2M 5V -

Bright BM29FS020 /5V 2M 5V-

CSI CAT 28F002t/12V2M12V-

EN EN29F002NT /5V 2M 5V -

ARF35LV020 2M -

AVF35LV020 2M -

Modern HY29F002T /5V 2M 5V-

IMT IM29F002T /5V 2M 5V -

Intel 28F002BX-T/12V2M12V-

Morsel V29C5 1002T /5V 2M 5V-

Morsel v29lc51002t/5V2M12v-

Mexico 28F2000ppc/12v2m12v-

Mexico 28F2000tpc/12v2m12v-

Mexico 28F002TTC/12v2m12v-

Mexico 29F002(N)T /5V 2M 5V-

Mexico 29F022(N)T /5V 2M 5V-

PMC PM29F002T /5V 2M 5V -

SST 29EE020 /5V 2M 5V -

SST 29LE020 /3V 2M 3V -

SST 39SF020 /5V 2M 5V -

SST 39VF020 /3.3V 2M 3.3V -

SST 49LF002A /3.3V (2Mb) 2M 3.3V FWH

SGS- Thomson M29F002T /5V 2M 5V-

Winbond 29C020 /5V 2M 5V-

Winbond 49F002U /5V 2M 5V-

Winbond 49V002 /3.3V 2M 3.3V LPC

Winbond 49V002A /3.3V 2M 3.3V LPC

Winbond 49V002AP /3.3V 2M 3.3V LPC

SST 49LF020 LPC /3.3V 2M 3.3V LPC

Winbond 49V002F /3.3V 2M 3.3V FWH

SST 49LF003A 3Mb /3.3V 3M 3.3V FWH

AMD 29F400BT /5V 4M 5V -

ATMEL 29C040A /5V 4M 5V -

AVF35LV040 4M 5V -

Bright BM29FS040 /5V 4M 5V-

Bright BM29F040 /5V 4M 5V-

PMC Pm29F004T /5V 4M 5V -

ATMEL 49F040T /5V 4M 5V -

EN EN29F040 /5V 4M 5V -

MOSEL 29C5 1004T /5V 4M 5V -

Mexico 29F004T /5V 4M 5V-

Intel E82802AB /3.3V(4Mb) 4M 3.3V FWH

Intel E82802AC /3.3V(8Mb) 8M 3.3V FWH

Intel E82F400B5 4M 5V-

SST 49LF004 /3.3V 4M 3.3V FWH

SST 49LF004A /3.3V 4M 3.3V FWH

SST 49LF040A LPC /3.3V 4M 3.3V LPC

SST 28SF040A /5V 4M 5V -

SGS- Thomson M29F400T /5V 4M 5V-

Winbond 29C040 /5V 4M 5V-

AMD AM29F040B /5V 4M 5V -

MEGAWIN MM29LF040 /3.3V 4M 3.3V -

Mexico MX29F040 /5V 4M 5V-

AMIC A29040 /5V 4M 5V -

SGS- Thomson M50FW040 /3V 4M 3V-

SST 39SF040 /5V 4M 5V -

IMT IM29F004T /5V 4M 5V -

Note: FWH (Firmware Hub) is the BIOS code storage chip in Intel 8 10(820, 845, etc.). ) chipset. In order to improve the security of the computer, this hardware can generate an arbitrary random number. It can destroy the predictable result generation or possible normal cycle by generating arbitrary random numbers. This random number function can be applied to electronic commerce, digital signature, communication protocol protection and entertainment industry.

Development of Intel CPU

1.i4004

197 1 year 1 month 1 5th, three years after its establishment, Intel introduced the world's first microprocessor (4004CPU), 4-bit microprocessor, 10 micron process,/kloc-

2.i8008

1972, Intel introduced the first 8-bit microprocessor (8008), * * 3500 transistors, 10 micron technology, memory space 16KB, and working frequency of 200KHz.

3.8080

1974, the first real microprocessor was born (8080), * * * has 6000 transistors, 6 micron technology, 64KB storage space and 2MHz working frequency.

CPU produced by other companies: enhanced Z80 comes from CPU:Zilog Company; Motorola 6800; Intel's enhanced 8085 in 1976

4.8086

In 1978, a 16-bit microprocessor (8086) is introduced. * * * It has 29,000 transistors, 3 micron technology, maximum memory space 1MB, and working frequency of 4.77MHz. In the same year, Intel introduced 16-bit 8088 CPU.

1980 PC went on the market, and IBM introduced IBM PC (and later PC XT) with 8088 as the microprocessor.

5.80 186/80 188

1980 The internal structure of 80 186/80 188 CPU is similar to that of 8086/8088 CPU.

6.80286

1982, Intel introduced X86 architecture, 13400 transistor, 1.5 micron process, and the working frequency was 6-25MHz.

1984, the market of 16-bit PC expanded rapidly, and IBM introduced PC AT based on Intel80286.

7.80386

80386 CPU (abbreviated as 386) was born in 1985, 2 micron process. * * * It has 275,000 32-bit transistors and supports up to 4GB of memory. Its working frequency is from 16MHz, and it can be externally connected to 64- 128 KB.

1989, Intel developed 386SX with the latest 1 micron process, and the original 386 was renamed as 386DX. The difference between 386DX and 386SX is that:

(1)386DX internal register, external data and memory bus are all 32 bits, and the execution speed is also relatively fast.

(2) 2) The internal register of 386SX is 32 bits, but the external data bus is 16 bits.

8.80486

1989, Intel introduced 80486 CPU (referred to as 486 for short) with 0.8 micron technology, * *10.2 million transistors, which supported a maximum of 4GB of memory. The instruction system of 486 was compatible with 8086/8088/286/386. The chip includes 8KB Cahe and floating-point arithmetic unit FPU.

9. The Chinese translation of the microprocessor produced by Intel Corporation in the United States is "Pentium".

1in March, 993, Intel introduced Pentium CPU with 365438+ million transistors. (1) adopts superscalar technology (2) adopts two independent high-line caches for the first time (3) adopts Socket 5 IA32 architecture.

The first generation of Pentium products, working at 60MHz and 66 MHz, 0.8 micron process, core voltage 5V, Socket5 socket.

A year later, Intel introduced an improved product, code-named P54C, with 3.3 million transistors. The early Pentium 75/ 120 used 0.6 micron technology, and the later Pentium 120 used 0.35 micron technology, with voltage of 3.3V and Socket7.

10. Pentium Pro (Pentium)

1995 introduced Pentium Pro CPU. * * It has 5.5 million transistors, 0.35 micron technology, working frequency 150-200MHz, three independent pipelines, address bus extended to 36 bits, and supports 64GB memory addressing.

Intel integrated L2 cache into CPU for the first time, instead of directly processing X86 instructions, it converted X86 instructions into RISC instructions for execution.

1 1. Pentium MMX (Pentium)

1996 introduced an improved version of Pentium series, code P55C, which is Pentium MMX. Internal 16KB data cache, 16KB instruction cache, 4-way write cache, branch prediction unit and return heap technology are added, and 57 MMX multimedia instructions are added.

MMX technology (multimedia extension) is specially used to process audio, video and other data, which can greatly shorten the waiting time of CPU when processing multimedia data.

Pentium MMX series has only one frequency:166/200/233 MHz; 32KB first-level cache; The core voltage is 2.8V；; The frequency doubling is 2.5X, 3X and 3.5X respectively; Socket 7 socket.

12. Mobile Pentium CPU

Specially designed for notebook computers, 0.25 micron technology, CPU clock frequency over 200MHz, combined with instruction set and 32KB L 1 cache.

13. Pentium 2 (Pentium 2)

Pentium 2 CPU (P2) was launched in 1997. * * It has 7.5 million transistors, 0.35 micron technology, supports up to 64GB of memory, and operates at 200-500MHz.

Since Pentium 2, Intel has subdivided the product line, and launched Pentium, Celeron and Xeon for low-end users in the market.

(1) Pentium 2 series

1) Kramas

65438+ was released in1May 7, 1997. It is the first processor in Pentium 2 family, with 0.35 micron technology, working voltage of 2.8V, clock frequency of 233-300MHz, system bus frequency of 66MHz, 256KB or 5 12KB secondary cache and Slot 1 architecture.

2) description

1998 65438+ was released on1October 26th, which is the last Pentium2 kernel officially used in the processor. 0.25 micron process, the working voltage is 2.0V, the core frequency is raised to 266-450MHz, the system bus frequency is 66- 100MHz, the first-level cache is 32KB, and the second-level cache is 5 12KB. Slot 1 architecture is adopted.

(2) Celeron series

1) Covington

1April, 998 15, which is the first product of Celeron family, is aimed at the low-end market, and its interface is Slot 1 architecture. Deschues core, 0.25 micron process, working voltage 2.0V, working frequency 266-300MHz, bus frequency 66MHz, 32KB first-level cache, no second-level cache. (There is no second-level cache, which has caused great controversy)

2) Mendocino

1August 8th, 998, it is the second product of Celeron family, and it has learned the lesson from Covington. Integrated 128KB secondary cache, with a clock frequency of 300-350MHz and a system bus frequency of 66MHz. It has two series of products: Slot 1 and Socket 370.

The Mendocino of slot 1 adopts 0.25 micron technology, with a core voltage of 2.0V and a clock frequency of 300-433MHz.

Mendocino of Socket 370 adopts 0.22 micron technology, and the clock frequency is 300-533MHz.

3) Dixon

It is the second chapter of Celeron era, specially designed for low-cost notebook computers. Using 0.25 micron technology, 32KB primary cache, 256KB secondary cache, 300MHz and 500MHz clock frequency, 66MHz system bus frequency.

14. Pentium 3 (Pentium 3)

1999 introduced Pentium3 328 million transistors and 0.25 micron technology, and followed the system architecture of the sixth generation (P2) processor.

(1) Katmai

It is the first generation product of Pentium 3, with SSE (Streaming SIMD Extension) instruction and MMX instruction added. Using 0.25 micron technology, the clock frequency is 450-600MHz, and it is packaged in 1 slot. The 5 12KB secondary cache is located on the circuit board in the cassette.

(2) Copper ore (trough)

1999, 10 At the end of the year, Intel officially released the code name "Coppermine", with the front-end bus 133MHz and the maximum 1GHz. Brand-new core design (built-in 256KB secondary cache, running synchronously with CPU main frequency), 0. 18 micron process, owned by * *

(3) Copper ore (Socket370)

At the end of 1999, Coppermine CPU in FC-PGA 370 package was launched, with full-speed 256KB L2 cache.

Coppermine's new features are:

1) has a built-in full-speed 256KB secondary cache, which is called "Advanced Transmission Cache" by Intel Corporation.

2) Using FC-PGA 370 package is beneficial to miniaturization of Pentium 3 processor with high performance.

3) High integration, lower working voltage, lower power consumption and less heat dissipation, which is more suitable for mobile computing.

4) Higher back-end bus transmission bandwidth.

15. Copper ore 128KB (Celeron 2)

It is an extension of Celeron family products, adopting Coppermine processor core and built-in 128KB L2 cache, and it is the first Celeron CPU supporting SSE.

16. Pentium 4

On June165438+1October 2 1 day, 2000, Intel released the Pentium 4 CPU code-named Willamette, which adopted 0. 18 micron aluminum conductor technology and low temperature semiconductor dielectric technology. NetBurst micro-architecture based on Intel, its application fields include network broadcasting, network video streaming, image processing, video editing, voice, 3D, CSD, games, multimedia, multi-task environment and so on.

1)P4 Functions of main logic components:

1) New processor front-end system bus (FSB)

2) cache execution

3) Rapid execution engine

4)256KB cache (ATC)

5) Advanced dynamic execution

6) Improved floating operation and multimedia unit

7) Network Data Stream Single Instruction Multiple Data Extension 2(SSE2)

(2) Two models of 2)P4 processors

1) Willamette

Adopt brand-new IA-32 system architecture, brand-new Socket423 socket, 0. 18 micron process, integrate 256KB secondary cache, support SSE2 instruction set, up to 20 superscalar pipelines, match with I850/I845 chipset, increase execution units and decoders, and increase cache capacity. The main frequency of 1.4-2.0GHz was introduced one after another.

2) Northwood

A year later, Intel released the second P4 code-named Northwood, which is a brand-new Socket478 socket with 0. 13 micron technology, integrated with 5 12KB L2 cache, and supported SSE2 instruction set.

Development course of AMD CPU

1.K5

It is AMD's first processor and supports Socket5 architecture. AMD has a PR rate of 75- 166MHz, a system bus frequency of 55-66MHz, a 24KB first-level cache and a second-level cache on the motherboard.

2.K6

1K6 was introduced in April, 1997, with 0.35 micron process and working frequency of 166-233MHz. Based on the research and development of 686 processor, MMX instruction set is added.