background
The main reason why Sweden joined the Seven-Year War was that the ruling party in Sweden, the Top Hat School, thought that King Frederick II of Prussia would be defeated by the anti-Prussian alliance, which provided Sweden with an opportunity to recapture their territory in Pomerania (1Pomerania was ceded to Prussia at the end of the Northern War in 720).
The top hat faction was angered by the imperial revolution of 1756 and was afraid of the restoration forces. In addition, the top hat faction also wanted to end Frederick II's rule and humiliate his sister, Louisa Ulica, Queen of Prussia, Sweden. France also encouraged cap to declare war on Prussia.
Frederick II invaded Saxony in 1756, which was used by Sweden as an excuse to join the war. Frederick's actions were condemned by Sweden and France for violating the Treaty of Westphalia signed in 1648 (both were guarantor countries).
On March 2 1757 and 2 1, France and Austria signed the Treaty of Versailles, in which Sweden and France stated that Germany's freedom must be ensured to conform to the contents of the treaty.
France promised to provide financial support for this war, and decided to send 20,000 troops to Germany in June of the same year to emphasize its commitment. /kloc-in September of 0/3, the French army invaded Pomerania.
However, the financial support promised by France and its allies will only come after a formal declaration of war. It was not until122 September 757 that the Swedish government officially declared war.
However, the cap faction seriously overestimated the strength of the Swedish army. The Swedish army is poorly trained, poorly equipped and unprepared for war in all aspects.
1757- 1758
The Swedish army sent to Germany can only occupy the land that has been conquered by their Russian allies, but even without the necessary funds, they are ready for the invasion.
1757165438+1October 5th, the Swedish commander Matthias Alexander von Ungren Robert Jeffrey Sternberg did not dare to obey the orders of the Swedish government and French agent Marc-René de Montalembert.
In order to boost morale, the French troops stationed in Switzerland were told that France won in Rosbach on1757+165438+10/0, which was later found to be false. Montalembert led his poorly equipped troops to the Berlin Parade and returned to Pomerania in June1757165438+1October. The Swedish army was besieged by the Prussian army led by Johann von Lehwald in Straahl Kong and Lugen Island.
On February 2 1, 1757, von unger Robert Jeffrey Sternberg gave up the command of Frederic von Rosen, but von Rosen was also besieged by the Prussian army and could not move. ?
On June 1758, a Russian army lifted the siege, but von Rosen was tired of this thankless work and handed over the command to Gustav david hamilton.
On July 27th, Augustine Errens Wald occupied Mount Penemende, and Hamilton sent 16000 soldiers to support the Russian troops who were besieging Kustirin. However, after Zondorf's failure, he decided to go to Saxony to meet the Austrian.
However, the troops he led did not approach the New Lu Ping Steps. On September 26th, an army he sent from there was defeated in the battle of Torno, but Major Carl Constantine de Kanal was able to lead 800 soldiers to Ferbeilin, thus resisting the attack of about 5,000 Pujun soldiers in the battle on September 28th.
After Austria failed to attack Saxony, Hamilton left New Lubang on June 10 and went to Oder River, hoping to join the Russian army, but failed.
In winter, Hamilton had to retreat to Pomerania, Switzerland, because of insufficient logistics. The government accused him of poor command and forced him to resign as commander. Hamilton1Adjust the Swedish Army on October 23rd 1758+065438. Hamilton was replaced by Jacob Albright von Lantinghausen on February 9, 65438.
1759
As early as 1759, an elite Prussian army forced him to retreat to Lacan. After a bitter battle, Sweden lost Deming, Angram and Penemende.
Russian troops liberated Pomerania in May, but the lack of supplies meant that Swedish commanders could only attack in August.
His goal is to lay siege to Stedding and prepare for it. The Lanting rally demanded that the Duke of Fei Sen lead 4000 soldiers to capture Wu Seer Dom and Walling.
This goal was achieved in September when the Swedish navy defeated the provisional Prussian navy in the battle of Frish lagoon to ensure the sea control.
Lantingshausen's army went deep into Pomerania and rested there for a long time. ?
However, due to the lack of cooperation from allies, he was unable to besiege Stedding and returned to Pomerania in late autumn.
1760- 1762
Prussian troops invaded Pomerania again on 17601October 20th, but this attack was repelled by Swiss troops. On October 28th, 65438+/KLOC-0, the Swedish army went deep into Ancram and captured the Prussian general Heinrich von Mantefel.
However, despite these victories, the attention of the Prussian army was mainly focused on other places. The supply of Lanting Gathering and his 65,438+05,000 soldiers was insufficient. They could only invade Prussia in August, mainly looking for supplies.
He led 6000 soldiers to Planz (now Planzlaw) in Brandenburg, so that Ellen Sward had a team in Parseval. There, he was attacked by the enemy and fought back bravely, but Errens Ward was injured and had to resign his orders.
Later, many officers left the battlefield to attend the parliament, and the resulting shortage of officers forced Lanting to return to Pomerania, Switzerland. Fortunately, he was not attacked by the Prussian army all winter.
Although his achievements exceeded the expectations of the Swedish government, Lanting Jishi was tired of this huge difficulty and resigned in June of 176 1.
In July alone, his successor Augustine Ellenwald recruited 7000 soldiers to invade Prussia. Although outnumbered by the Prussian troops who tried to stop him from advancing, their equipment was too poor, so they didn't go too far, and the action only achieved little success.
In September, he sent two regiments led by Frederick William von Hersenstein to support the Russian troops who besieged Kohlberg from 1759.
However, Hersenstein quickly retreated, and the whole Swedish army returned to Pomerania in June+10, 5438. When Sweden began to worry about their border, he sent Jacob Magnus Split Bolton and the polar dragoons to mecklenburg and defeated the Prussian army in the March on February 23rd, 65438.
However, there he was surrounded by an elite Prussian army, and Errens Ward broke through the encirclement of Pu Jun's army and rescued him. De Canard's avant-garde army defeated the Prussian army in New Karen (1762 1.2), and they tried to block the road. Errens Ward marched into Marcin.
However, he immediately withdrew to Pomerania, Switzerland, and proposed a truce on April 7. ? The Ribnitz truce lasted until Puri signed the Hamburg Treaty.
result
In Sweden, this expensive and useless war means that the control of the hat faction began to shake, and the Swedish people's aversion to war also made the status of the hat faction plummet.
The chaos caused by the war led to Sweden's fiscal deficit and led to their collapse in 1765.
1762+0 Elizabeth died in Russia in June, which greatly changed the political situation in Europe. Russia's new czar Peter III signed the Treaty of St. Petersburg with Prussia-Russia withdrew from the anti-Prussian alliance and formed an alliance with Prussia.
The Prussian-Russian alliance, which was formally established on May 5th, seriously threatened Sweden's security. ?
Therefore, the secret committee decided in March 13 that Sweden would seek unilateral peace.
Through the mediation of Queen Louisa, Sweden and Prussia signed the Hamburg Treaty in the free city of Hamburg on May 22, and Sweden finally accepted their failure-Puri returned to the pre-war state.