/kloc-the three major discoveries of natural science in the 0/9th century and their authors are:
1. Cell theory was put forward by German botanist Schleiden and zoologist Wang Shi in 1930s.
2. The law of conservation and transformation of energy can be said to be the result of many people's research. 1842, a young German doctor, J.R. Mayer (18 14- 1878), wrote his first paper on the law of energy conservation and transformation: on the force of inorganic nature; 1847, British brewer Joule and German physicist Helmholtz respectively published their own speeches or papers on the law of energy conservation and transformation; But Joule is considered to be the first person to establish the law of conservation and transformation of energy through scientific experiments, but Joule and Helmholtz also acknowledged the priority of Meyer's discovery of the law of conservation and transformation of energy. 1953, william thomson helped Joule finally complete the accurate expression of the law of energy conservation and transformation. So far, the law of energy conversion and conservation, one of the three great discoveries of natural science, has been recognized.
3. The theory of biological evolution 1859, the British biologist Darwin published the Origin of Species, which expounded the theory of biological evolution with natural selection as the main content, which dealt a heavy blow to creationism and species invariance. This is also one of the three major discoveries of natural science in the19th century.
Natural selection and sexual selection put forward by him are consistent and universal theories in current life sciences. Besides biology, his theory is also important to anthropology, psychology and philosophy. Henrik Johan Ibsen is a Norwegian playwright and poet. 1828 was born on March 20th, 2008 in a family of timber merchants in Sheehan Town, southern Norway. 1834, after his father went bankrupt, the whole family moved to Wen stapp village near the town. /kloc-at the age of 0/6, he became an apprentice to a pharmacy in Grimstadt town. In my spare time, I often read Shakespeare, Goethe and Byron, and then I write my own poems and learn Latin. Six years of hard apprenticeship honed his fighting spirit and cultivated his creative interest, which was an important stage in his life.
1850, Ibsen went to Kristiania (present-day Oslo) to take the entrance examination for medical universities, but he was not admitted because of his poor performance in Greek, mathematics and Latin. Encouraged by the torrent of bourgeois revolution sweeping across Europe, Ibsen made some friends with progressive ideological tendencies in the literary and art circles, actively wrote articles for the workers' association and other publications, participated in the workers' movement led by Norwegian socialist Malcus Tran, and published the satirical weekly Andrimana in cooperation with two friends. He also wrote a set of sonnets entitled "Wake up, Scandinavians in Slovakia", calling on Norway and Sweden to send troops to support Denmark and fight against the Prussian invaders. In his first historical drama, Katrina (1850), he turned over an old case and turned a "traitor" in Roman history into an outstanding figure fighting for civil liberties. The script not only embodies the revolution of 1848, but also shows his personal rebellious spirit. This play was published by a friend of his. 185 1 autumn, he wrote a prelude for Bergen theatre, which was praised by ole bull, the founder and famous violinist of the theatre. He was hired as a boarding playwright and director and agreed to write a new play every year. 1852, he was sent to Denmark and Germany to visit the theater. His plays in Bergen Theatre include A Midsummer Night (1853), Tomb of the Warriors (1854), Madame Inge of Esterro (1855) and Banquet of Solhaug (1856). During this period, Ibsen participated in no less than 145 scripts. His practical experience in drama creation can be compared with Shakespeare and Moliere.
From 65438 to 0857, Ibsen was transferred to the Capital Theatre as a director. Married susana torre Sen the following year. 1862, the theater closed down, and he had to borrow money to live, but he still worked tirelessly. In this theater, he successively wrote The Pirates of Hellgren (1858), Romantic Comedy (1862) and The Man Who Wants the Throne (1863). He felt sad that romantic comedies that advocated free love and opposed old-fashioned marriage were viciously attacked by social conservative forces. At the same time, the war between Denmark and Prussia in 1864 made him worry about the independent future of the whole peninsula. So he decided to travel abroad. This year, he left Norway for Italy; Living in a foreign land, suffering from malaria, and tired of his family, he was heavily in debt and his life was extremely embarrassing. With despair, he wrote a poetic drama brand (1866), which was his first creative achievement when he lived abroad. Later, he wrote Bill International (an old translation by Bill Gunter, 1867). Both of these plays show the theme of "personal spiritual rebellion". Through Brand, he condemned the ugly reality of capitalist society, denounced religious morality, and put forward his own moral ideal, angrily advocated spiritual extreme individualism, showing an uncompromising spirit: "Get everything or nothing."
1864 Ibsen lived in Rome, Dresden and Munich for 27 years. 1873, he wrote The Emperor and Galileans, in which he put forward the concept of "the third realm" to communicate emotion and spirit.
1874 and 1885, he went back to Norway twice for a short stay.
189 1 year, Ibsen returned to the motherland as a famous writer. His later works, The Architect (1892) and When We Wake Up After Death (1899), are autobiographical works. 1900 Chinese stroke. He died on1May 23, 906 after a long illness. The Norwegian parliament and people from all walks of life held a state funeral for him.
Scholars pointed out in Ibsen, the world drama master, "The western world is developing at a high speed, and time is like a rusty clock to China, rotting in stagnation! For example, "In the Yuan Dynasty, horns rang and executioners lined up to cross the street. A young woman who suffered unfair treatment was taken to the execution ground. Many kind people lamented the woman's tragic fate. Aunt Liu from the street pub told Guan Hanqing about the unfortunate experience and tragic life experience of Zhu Xiaolan, a female prisoner. Zhu Xiaolan's tragedy aroused Guan Hanqing's infinite sympathy for this weak woman and great indignation at the life of the official yamen (citing online information-citing Jiang Fang's blog). Guan Hanqing lived between 1240- 13 10, and Ibsen was an outstanding Norwegian playwright and poet, born in Fu Yi. He left Universal Library with 25 colorful plays and rich poems, letters and literary essays. ), but he lives between 1828 ~ 1906. His masterpiece A Doll's House can be as famous as Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan. In the intellectual structure of old China, not many people knew about life. Apart from the ancient Greek tragedy, they only know Dou Eyuan. Yi Shusheng wrote on the title page of his works that "writing is to sit down and judge yourself" is as profound as his script, and it is the epitome of an era. Living in the19th century, he is known as the "father of modern drama". This Nordic cultural giant, with socialized philosophical thoughts and rich outlook on life, reflected that specific era in Norway. "Nora" written by Yi ("Nora's Leaving") is the product of the influence of Marxism or socialist feminist movement, or at least reflects that women in that era demanded economic liberation, striving for education and legislative rights, and striving for equality with men. Undoubtedly, Yi Shusheng's works have the shadow of the feminist movement. If Yan Fu's liberalism based solely on British liberalism maintained the basic reliability of his theory, Hu Shi explained liberalism with the doctrine of easy servant. Because of the New Culture Movement, Hu Shi published a theoretical article about the literary revolution, and created a special issue of "easy to jump into life" in New Youth, advocating women's liberation and providing a sharp ideological weapon for that ideological liberation movement. I'm afraid the same was true of some socialists in China in the 1920s and 40s. Jia Yisheng once said: "Artists forge life with life and soul with soul. When he finished a work, he left a part of life in the original work and became a perceptual life. "Yes, the instinct in human bones determines the tendency to yield to the group. A writer's pen must go against the wishes of most people, not to echo others' opinions, but to highlight the individual's nature of fighting for freedom. Therefore, Yi deserves a "big question mark". Pagent is a classic of the famous Norwegian playwright I Fu Sheng. Norwegian composer Edward Hager Up Grieg (1843- 1907) used Norwegian folk music, and based on Yi Shusheng's poetic drama of the same name, he created the poetic drama "The First Suite of Per Gunter" and "The Second Suite of Per Gunter" with distinctive national colors. As Ibsen said to a German reader who couldn't understand his plays, "If you want to fully understand me, you must first understand Norway." His works in his later years are a portrayal of his life. Ibsen, how awesome! .
Edit this paragraph | Back to the top Ibsen, the father of modern drama, is a small town south of Oslo, Norway, and a city that has preserved medieval architecture in northern Europe. In the city, the cathedral with towering towers and magnificent momentum is even more amazing. One day, when a beautiful child with curly hair passed by the church, he suddenly clamored to accompany his maid to take him to the tower to see the scenery. The children clapped their hands and cheered excitedly when they saw their house, cars and horses in the square and pedestrians the size of toys from high altitude. At this moment, his feeling of seeing the world from high altitude seems to have affected the child's life.
Decades later, this boy named Ibsen became a famous playwright. He wrote several dramas with compact plots, which vividly reflected the social reality problems with the characters' experiences, analyzed the hypocrisy and evil in the world, and broke through the tradition of taking historical legends and stories as the theme for many years, which not only shocked Norway, but also influenced Europe and America. These plays profoundly exposed the false, the evil and the ugly, as he said in Poems on the Plateau: "I saw the crowd from a height and saw their true colors ..."
/kloc-in the summer of 0/874, in Copenhagen, Denmark, Ibsen, who had written many plays and became famous at one fell swoop, chatted with his friend Laura, who told him that she had to forge a signature to borrow money because she could not raise money to pay her husband's medical expenses at the moment. She never imagined that her husband refused to forgive her helpless behavior after learning about it. Her family broke up. This man is too narrow-minded, which Ibsen thought at that time, but he remembered the novel "Professional Daughters" written by the Norwegian woman writer Colette the other day, which showed her passion for women's freedom and liberation. ...
Four years later, Ibsen, who temporarily lived in Rome, began to write down his thoughts with a pen. It was an article entitled "Notes on Modern Tragedy": "There are two spiritual laws and two consciences in the world. One is for men and the other is for women ... This society is purely patriarchal, and all laws are made by men ... "
He put down his pen and felt that the present family, almost like the feudal era, women have no independent personality and are still men's dolls. Ibsen thinks. Another year later, he wrote the play A Doll's House. A doll's house (1879), and also translated Nora or puppet family.
The heroine Nora forged her father's signature to lend money to her husband Haier Mao for treatment. When the husband knew what had happened, he was afraid that his reputation would be affected and angrily denounced his wife as a thief. When the creditor voluntarily returned the IOUs under the influence of Nora's girlfriend, Haier Mao smiled at his wife. Nora saw through her husband's selfishness and the inequality between husband and wife, unwilling to be her husband's doll, and ran away angrily.
Engels once pointed out that Nora was the representative of "Norwegian petty-bourgeois women" with free will and independent spirit. The script puts forward some problems in capitalist society, such as ethics, law and religion, women's liberation, etc., but they are not and cannot be solved. After the performance of A Doll's House, it caused a fierce response. Nora's resolute attitude of liberating her personality and not being a "good wife and mother" was criticized and accused by the upper class. However, in the face of criticism, Ibsen did not flinch. He continued to create problem dramas to expose social problems.
Two weeks after its publication, A Doll's House premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark.
When the curtain was opened, the audience saw the home of Haier Mao, the manager of Oslo Bank. It's almost Christmas, how warm this home is, and the Christmas tree is back. Haier Mao enthusiastically called his wife Nora "little baby" and "little pigeon". He loves his wife and never goes out to have sex, drink or make trouble. Nora seems happy, too. She has been married for eight years and has become the mother of three children. A few years ago, because Haier Mao was ill and going to recuperate, Nora had no money to pay, so she had to carry Haier Mao's fake father's signature and borrow money from the bank to send her husband to see a doctor. Over the years, she has saved money to pay her debts.
At present, Helmut, who has been promoted to manager, is ready to fire employee krogh Stein. Krogh Stein is an insider of Nora's fake loan. He didn't want to lose his job, so he wrote to Helmut and threatened him. Helmut was furious with Nora after reading the letter. When Krogstad was persuaded and wrote that he would never mention it again, Helmut made out with Nora again. These twists and turns let Nora finally see the hypocritical nature of her husband Haier Mao and understand that she is just Haier Mao's doll and pastime at home. She left the house angrily.
The image of A Doll's House vividly criticizes bourgeois philistinism and hypocrisy, and exposes the oppression of women in a patriarchal society. Its performance caused an uproar.
"This drama encourages women to leave alone regardless of their families, husbands and daughters. This is immoral ... "
"The ending of the play should be changed to Nora giving up the idea of running away ..."
All these remarks denying the meaning of a doll's house with "morality" put Ibsen under great pressure. However, Ibsen insisted on his own position and continued to write plays such as Ghosts and Public Enemies, using his works to counter the vicious attacks of hypocrites in moral cloaks. In "Public Enemy", Dr. Stockman, who insisted on revealing the truth about toxic water pollution and was declared as "public enemy" by officials and gentlemen who tried their best to cover up the truth and create false prosperity, said loudly on the stage: "Do I want public opinion, these majorities and these monsters to defeat me? Sorry, I can't! " "People who cheat for a living should be eliminated like pests!"
These lines are Ibsen's voice.
At the end of the dollhouse, where did Nora go after she left? This is a question mark. At the end of "Public Enemy", Dr. Stockman who insists on the truth becomes a lonely minority. Not only did he lose his job, but also his daughter and his sympathetic friends lost their jobs. What will he do in the future? It is also a question mark. Ibsen's drama, which reveals reality, does not follow the old routine of traditional drama and solves problems in the climax of the plot, but asks questions and stimulates the audience to think. Therefore, he is called "the great question mark".
Ibsen also injected his thoughts on the meaning of life into some plays based on historical stories and folklore. In "Pearl Gold", he wrote about the experience of a young man who was full of fantasy and lazy all day. Pearl Ghent met a demon, later made a fortune by selling slaves, did many bad things, and finally went bankrupt and returned to his hometown. When Pearl Gold premiered, the audience saw that the play was drawing to a close, and Pearl Gold on the stage was peeling an onion. He peeled off one layer after another, peeled off all the skins, and found nothing. Ibsen highlights the philosophy of the whole play through this highly symbolic plot: those who seek life selfishly and arbitrarily have nothing in the end.
Ibsen died in Oslo at the age of 78. His plays "A Doll's House" and "Public Enemy" have become classic works on the stage of drama all over the world. His works had a profound influence on European and American dramas from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, so he was called "the father of modern drama".
Main work
Dollhouse and Public Enemy
Pearl gentleman