Tao Qian is polite; he is generous in his dealings; his territory is not small; he is willing to give it away. Tao Qian was a native of Danyang County, Danyang County. He had read a book and was promoted as Xiaolian. He stayed in the central government as "Lang". From Lang, he was promoted to the county magistrate of Shu County (Sucheng, Anhui Province). He was regarded as the "right path" at that time. "He was born in a good family and had a good official career. He became the chariot general Zhang Wen and Sima." He followed Zhang Wen in Liangzhou to fight against the rebellious Bian Zhang and Han Sui, and achieved considerable military exploits. In the first year of Emperor Ling's Zhongping reign, the Yellow Turban Rebellion occurred. At that time, he was appointed as the governor of Xuzhou by the imperial court.
After he took office, he quickly defeated the Yellow Turbans and drove the Yellow Turbans out of Xuzhou counties and countries, making the territory "random."
He is indeed a talented person with both civil and military skills. "Three Kingdoms·Book of Wei·Biography of Tao Qian" describes him as worthless, saying that he trusted villains, alienated famous people, and that both justice and administration were neglected. The only villain pointed out in the biography is Cao Hong. It is not explained how many "good people" Cao Hong has harmed. The well-known person mentioned in the biography is Zhao Yu, the "special agent" of Xuzhou Prefectural Government. Zhao Yu was recommended by Tao Qian and appointed as the prefect of Guangling County. How can this be said to be alienating Zhao Yu? In fact, Bie Jia was just a staff member, and his status was far lower than that of the prefect with an official rank of "two thousand stones". This is Tao Qian's important use of Zhao Yu, not his alienation from Zhao Yu.
At that time, Tao Qian had been promoted from Xuzhou Governor to Xuzhou Mu. The person who promoted him was the Chang'an court presided over by Li Jue and Guo Fan (the salary of Zhou Mu was "two thousand shi", which was higher than that of the prefect of 2,000 shi, and even higher than the governor of 600 shi. The salary of "two thousand shi" was higher than that of the governor of 600 shi. The word "中" refers to "in the palace" in the vocabulary of political figures in the Han Dynasty, and is extended to mean "higher than ordinary". Therefore, "中二千石" is higher than "二千石". The original meaning of "two thousand stones, two thousand stones, and six hundred stones" refers to the annual salary, which is equivalent to a certain number of stones of millet. It was later distributed at a discount, and a large part was converted into cloth, copper coins, etc., so in fact there was no So much millet).
Tao Qian did not join the alliance of Yuan Shao, Wang Kuang and others when Dong Zhuo deposed the Young Emperor and established Emperor Xian. However, when Zhu Jun was stationed in Zhongmu, he sent 3,000 soldiers and sufficient military rations. , and recommended Zhu Jun as a "riding chariot and cavalry general in the military", which was openly hostile to Dong Zhuo.
Soon, Dong Zhuo sent Li Jue and Guo Fan to attack Zhu Jun, defeated Zhu Jun's army, and plundered Yingchuan and other counties. Tao Qian continued to support Zhu Jun until Dong Zhuo was killed. He united with Zhou Qian, the governor of Yangzhou at that time, and the prime ministers of five countries, the prefect of two counties, the former prefect of one county, a doctor (university professor), and the president wrote to Zhu Jun, recommending him as the The "grand master" promised to support him with enough soldiers and half a year's rations, and asked him to go to Chang'an to defeat Li Jue and Guo Fan and preside over the state affairs.
Among the five governors called by Tao Qian, the most famous is Beihai Prime Minister Kong Rong; among the two current governors, there is also one whose name is known to later generations of scholars: Taishan The prefect Ying Shao. "Former Jiujiang Prefect Fu Qian" who participated in the signing was a "Confucian scholar" whom we have learned a lot from. That doctor was none other than Zheng Xuan, a master of Confucian classics.
Zhu Jun has his own opinions. Zhu Jun thought that since Dong Zhuo was dead, he might as well ignore Li Jue and Guo Fan and "be kind to others." Li and Guo adopted the advice of Taiwei Zhou Zhong and Shangshu Jia Xu and recruited Zhu Jun into the court in the name of Xiandi. Zhu Jun declined the good intentions of Tao Qian and others and went to Chang'an alone, using his own life as a means to turn the world around. Solitary bet. When he arrived in Chang'an, he successively served as a servant, a lieutenant, a military general, and other official positions. Finally, in order to mediate the fight between Li and Guo, he was detained by Guo Fan and died of anger.
As for Tao Qian, since Zhu Jun went to Chang'an, he no longer opposed Li Jue and Guo Fan, but resumed correspondence with the imperial court and accepted the imperial edict to promote him to Xuzhou Mu.
The most boring sentence in "The Biography of Tao Qian" is that Tao Qian "joined forces" with a grass bandit in Xuzhou who claimed to be the emperor. The grass bandits were from Xiapi, and their surname was Que.
Tao Qiangui is the shepherd of a state, how could he form an alliance with a mere Quexuan?
Sima Guang pointed out in "Zi Zhi Tong Jian Kao Yi" that such a statement is unbelievable: "According to Qian's possession of Xuzhou, entrusting King Yi and Qin, how can thousands of people be declared to be together with others?" "The Biography of Tao Qian" also said that soon after Tao Qian and Que Xuan joined forces, he killed Que Xuan and annexed his disciples. The fact is that Tao Qian launched a crusade against Que Xuan on the day he rebelled, and soon defeated and killed him. Que Xuan rebelled and was defeated and killed in less than a month: June of the fourth year of Chuping.
"Book of the Later Han·Biography of Tao Qian" was mostly copied from the "Book of Wei" in Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms". "Book of Wei" is the official record left by the historians of the Wei Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty. The historians of the Wei Dynasty had the difficulty of telling Tao Qian the bad news because Tao Qian was the enemy of Cao Cao, the founder of the Wei Dynasty.
Cao Cao's father, Cao Song, died on his way to Langya through Xuzhou. Cao Song died at the hands of Tao Qian's subordinate, a captain named Zhang Mingkai. Cao Cao believed that Zhang Kai was acting on Tao Qian's orders.
Cao Song has a right way to take death. He was the adopted son of Cao Teng, a regular servant of the Central Committee. He was very rich and spent more than 10 million to buy the rank of Taiwei. In the third year of Chuping, he took more than 100 carts of luggage and gold and silver treasures from Luoyang to Langya, preparing to He went to the seaside in the southeast of Zhucheng County, not far from today's Qingdao, to retire. He not only swaggered through the market, but also swaggered across half of China.
Cao Song and his servants arrived in Xuzhou in a mighty manner. Tao Qian sent two hundred guards to Zhang Kai to escort Cao Song. According to the records of "Wu Shu", Zhang Kai couldn't resist the temptation of more than a hundred carts of luggage and gold and silver treasures. When he walked between Mount Tai, Huaxian and Feixian, he commanded the guards to kill Cao Song and rob him. Cao Song's belongings fled to Huainan.
Kong Rong (153～208), a writer of Eastern Han Dynasty. Li Wenju. A native of the state of Lu (now Qufu, Shandong). During the reign of Emperor Ling, Situ Yangci Mansion was established. At the beginning of Zhongping (185), he held a high position and served as the censor. However, he did not get along with Zhongcheng and resigned due to illness. Later, Sikong Mansion was established as a staff member, and he was worshiped as the Zhongjun Marquis and moved to Hu Ben Zhonglang General. In the first year of Emperor Xian's reign (190), because of his dissatisfaction with Dong Zhuo, he became Yilang and went to Beihai County, Qingzhou, where the Yellow Turban Army was at its peak, as prime minister. In the second year of Xingping (195), Liu Bei recommended him to be the governor of Qingzhou. In the first year of Jian'an (196), Yuan Shao's son Yuan Tan attacked Qingzhou. Kong Rong ran away alone and his wife was captured. Cao Cao moved to Xuchang, the imperial capital, recruited Kong Rong as a general and became a great craftsman, and moved to Shaofu. In Xuchang, he was dissatisfied with Cao Cao's treachery and disobedience, and was dismissed from office. Later, he returned to the Taizhong doctor, retired to his idle position, entertained guests well, filled the seats, offered rewards and recommendations, and gained a high reputation. In the end, he was tabooed by Cao Cao. He was found guilty of false charges and was imprisoned and abandoned in the market.
Kong Rong was a famous Confucian in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He succeeded Cai Yong as the master of essays and was also good at poetry. Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi offered a reward for recruiting him for his article ("Book of the Later Han·Biography of Kong Rong"), and he was praised as the first of the seven sons of Jian'an, and was praised as "Yang (Xiong) and Ban (Gu) Couple" ("Dianlun·Wen"). The articles are mainly discussions, and the content is generally about advocating enlightenment, promoting benevolent governance, recommending talents, and commenting on figures. They often express their own opinions on current affairs, showing their sharp edge and distinctive personality. In terms of art, the sentences are well-organized, the diction is elegant and rich, the past is quoted to discuss the present, the metaphors are exquisite, and the momentum is full of momentum. "Recommended Ni Heng Shu" strongly recommended Mi Heng, a young talented man, and asked "Ling Heng to summon him in brown clothes". He praised Ni Heng for being "loyal and upright, with ambitions full of frost and snow. He is frightened when he sees good, and hates evil as much as hatred." He praised him highly. "Flying in arguments and eloquence, full of energy, clearing up doubts and knots, and facing the enemy with more than enough strength"; "A Discussing Shengxiao with Cao Cao" quoted classics and repeated arguments, and satirized Cao Cao from the aspects of human relations, friendship, and the prime minister's appreciation of virtuous people to save him from being besieged by Sun Quan. The Shengxiao Zhang was obligatory; as for satirizing Cao Pi for taking Yuan Xi's wife as his concubine, it was likened to "King Wu defeated Zhou and gave Daji to Duke Zhou" ("Book with Cao Gong"); to mock Cao Cao's expedition to Wuhuan, one can say that the former "Sushen clan did not pay tribute" □ Arrow, Ding Ling stole Su Wu's cattle and sheep" were investigated together; when he opposed Cao Cao's ban on alcohol, he made a strange argument and said: "Yao was not a thousand bells, so he could not build peace; Confucius was not a hundred goblets, so he could not be a saint" ("It's hard for Cao Cao to make wine") "Forbidden Books"), etc.; it can be seen that the article is like the person, winning with talent. Therefore, Cao Pi commented on his article: "Those who have a superb body and spirit and are superior to others cannot hold on to their arguments, and their reasons are too many to express, and they are even mixed with ridicule" ("Dian Lun·Essay").
There are currently 5 poems by Kong Rong. "Poetry on Deathbed" expresses the feelings of loyalty, loneliness and anger: "Slanderous evil harms justice, floating clouds obscure the day. Vague words have no loyalty, and prosperity is untrue." The style is similar to the ancient poems of Anonymous. The title of the first work "Folding Willows" ("Beitang Shuchao", Volume 158) also shows that ancient poetry and Yuefu Wuyan were often confused at that time. Three of his six-character poems narrate the historical events of Dong Zhuo's rebellion in the late Han Dynasty and Cao Cao's relocation to Xu. They are a type of historical chant, with popular language and concise historical narration. In addition, "Guwenyuan" contains two "Miscellaneous Poems" by Kong Rong, but Li Shan annotated and quoted Li Ling's poems many times in "Selected Works", so the authenticity is uncertain. His poems are also close to the ancient poems of Anonymous. Lu Qinli's "Poems of Pre-Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" was included in "Li Ling's Farewell Poems".
Kong Rong's writings, "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" contains 9 volumes of "Kong Rong Collection", which has been lost. The collections that exist today are all compiled by Ming and Qing Dynasties. The current version includes 1 volume of "Collection of One Hundred Three Masters of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties·Kong Shaofu Collection". Kong Rong's works can also be found in Yan Kejun's "Complete Ancient Three Dynasties, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties·Full Later Han Texts", and his poems can also be found in Ding Fubao's "Complete Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Poems·Full Han Poems" and Lu Qinli's "Pre-Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Poems·Han Poems" . (Ni Qixin)
A famous scholar in the late Han Dynasty——Kong Rong
“As a son, Fang was close to his teachers and friends when he was young, and learned etiquette. ... When Rong was four years old, he could make pears, and his younger brother "If you grow up, you should be prophetic."
This is a passage in the "Three Character Classic", a basic textbook for school children in the old days. Today's young people are probably unfamiliar with it. The four-year-old child mentioned here is Kong Rong, a famous scholar in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.