Wang Guowei's "Human Words" is a great achievement of Chinese classical aesthetics and literary theory. It explores classical literature and aesthetic issues from three different realms of literature. It proposes that the first realm "last night" The west wind withered the green trees, and I climbed up to the tall building alone, looking across the road to the end of the world. "The second realm: the clothes are getting wider and I don't regret it, and I am haggard." The third realm: "I have searched for him for thousands of times, and suddenly I look back, that person." But in the dim light. "The three realms are proposed ingeniously and summed up superbly. Therefore, Wang Guowei's "realm theory" can be said to be an incisive explanation of literature, aesthetics, life and creation, which is highly praised!

Keywords: realm theory, "The Words of the World", three realms, nature, ideal, sudden enlightenment, gradual enlightenment, entry and exit, separation and non-separation

"The Words of the World" is It is a collection of works that have gathered the culmination of classical aesthetics and literary theory. It serves as a link between the past and the future. Since its inception, it has been favored by everyone and attracted the attention of scholars. After studying it, one will be deeply aware of its ingenuity and exquisiteness, and will know that the profound literary heritage and profound knowledge of the master Wang Guowei are most related to the great achievements of ancient and modern times. The most important thing to ask about in our career is "realm theory".

Since ancient times, literature has paid attention to realm, which refers to the realm in which literary works are written. It also refers to the realm of creation, a certain stylistic realm, and even a certain artistic attainment. The word "realm" was first popular among Buddhist believers. Ding Fubao, a native of the Qing Dynasty, explained in the "Buddhist Dictionary" as "the territory within the reach of one's own power," or "the territory where I know the retribution." In Buddhism, people's eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind are called six roots, namely It refers to the six sense organs of human beings, which correspond to the six realms, namely color, sound, smell, taste, touch and law. The root of meaning refers to the inner consciousness of a person, and the state of mind refers to a state achieved by this consciousness. The reason why it is called a realm is because Ding Fubao said: "Whatever the mind wanders and climbs is called a realm." [1] Therefore, the realm can be either the state of a specific scene in the outside world or the state of the inner spiritual world that a person is aware of. . I had the same feeling when I read Wang Guowei's "Human Words". It also gives people a deeper understanding of the close integration between the specific external scenes and the inner spiritual world that express this state in Mr. Wang Guowei's review of classical literature and lyrics. Therefore, we can see the breadth and depth of Wang Guowei's theory of classical literature. Thus, there is a saying about three realms with different feelings: "Yesterday, the west wind withered the green trees. I went up to the west tower alone and looked at the end of the world." This is the first realm. "The belt becomes wider and wider, but I don't regret it at all. It makes people feel haggard because of the beauty." This is the second realm. "The crowd looked for him thousands of times, but suddenly looking back, he was in a dimly lit place." This is the third realm. [3] These three realms are often understood and cited in ancient and modern writings, but Wang Guowei thinks otherwise. Among the three realms that must be experienced in life, it has a unique feeling from other scholars.

The three realms of Wang Guowei's "Human Words" talk about the three perceptions of the taste of life. Wang Guowei published "Human Words" in 1908, which only appeared as a literary criticism work. He made use of the traditional poetic form, but the content he discussed reached the height of aesthetic theory. It is a "work that uses foreign concepts and inherent materials to mutually verify each other." He cited the "realm theory" in "Human Words" ”?#65310; often? leak? glutinous? bag palm cable Huan Yi Cang Dao mildew? 庑┐view Zheng? hang wei? dislike the 鸬 copy the 巳ぁ thin ⑶宄? Cantonese? The beach is still there? Bang Zhuo Wu Jun? Locust fan with four hammers drinking wine? Chen Jun? Zheng? Cunning Xun gangrene! Thin press room Yue Chen E? Ruthenium rare S core Chen Xiao mirage miscellaneous loose Zha scar? Miscellaneous Xin? HuanＮ宕? Biwo? Hands? Far admonishment? Ejian admonishment rare! 盵3] This is a general summary. I have a high evaluation of the Ci poems of the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, and their standards are state-of-the-art. "The realm is not just a scene. Happiness, anger, sorrow, and joy are all realms in people's hearts. Because those who can depict true scenery and true emotions are called realms, otherwise they are called realmless." The realm not only refers to scenery, but also to the heart. Emotions, scenery and emotion constitute the two basic elements of literature, and the two are interconnected. This is also the relationship between objective and subjective opposition. Therefore, the so-called realm refers to the realm of a certain literary style, not limited to literature. There are also various realms or situations in life. Under the guidance of this aesthetic theory, Wang Guowei proposed four relationships.

The first is the relationship between "nature" and "ideal". There is a created environment, and there is a written environment. There is a difference between this ideal and the realism school, but it is difficult to distinguish between the two, because the environment created by the great poet must be in line with nature and adjacent to the ideal. Poetry and Realism and Idealism. Realism is the true description of objective things. Idealism focuses on fiction and subjective imagination, and fiction and subjective imagination are based on the reality of life. Therefore, the environment created by a great poet must be in line with nature and adjacent to ideals. In line with nature, it is the poet's feeling of observing and reflecting the aesthetic object, and depicting the scene truly, just like the "Fu" in the poem directly describes the matter. As for being close to ideals, poets always use their own ideals to choose and tailor their lives, draw analogies and connect analogies, and express ambitions based on things, just like the words "bi" and "xing" in poetry, touching things to arouse emotion, and searching for things. To express the poet's thoughts and feelings. In Wang Guowei's view, only those who have true feelings can have a state of mind in their works. Many poets in the Qing Dynasty wrote lyrics, some of them showed off their gorgeous diction, some of them moaned without any illness, and some of them acted on occasion. What is missing is your own unique feelings and true feelings.

Wang Guowei criticized some people who wrote hypocritical and pretentious lyrics to impress people. What Wang Guowei means is that the great poet creates and writes about scenes, which are difficult to distinguish. The highest realm is to reflect the essence of objects, scenes and life (emotions). Moreover, the scene and objects merge with each other to achieve an integrated whole. This is the highest realm. realm. The reason why a poet is a poet is that he can transform the situation that ordinary people are accustomed to into into the realm of poetry in his heart, or write about a certain situation in poetry, thereby writing a meaningful situation. From the perspective of creation, he also put forward the theory of "creating the environment" and "writing the environment". And divided the differences and mutual influence between realism and romanticism techniques. He analyzed it from an aesthetic point of view and divided it into two categories: "the realm of self" and "the realm of no-self". "The flowers are silent with tears in my eyes, and the wild reds fly across the swing. It's so cold in the spring when the lonely house is closed, and the sun sets in the dusk amid the sound of cuckoos." It's my state. "Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, you can leisurely see the Nanshan Mountain. Cold waves are rising, and white birds are leisurely descending." This is the state of selflessness. With my mirror, I observe things, and everything reflects my color. In a state of selflessness, observe things through things. I don’t know which is me and which is things. Yan Yu in the Song Dynasty proposed the "interest" theory, and Wang Shizhen in the Qing Dynasty proposed the "charm" theory. However, Wang Guowei's realm theory was actually a creation. At the same time, Mr. Wang Guowei also summarized the difference between "creating the environment" and "writing the environment": "There is the creation of the environment and there is the writing of the environment. The reason why this ideal and realism are separate, but it is quite difficult to distinguish between the two. Because the great poet The created realm must be in line with nature, and the realm written must be adjacent to the ideal. "When talking about realm, we must discuss the relationship between emotion and scenery. He also believed: "The realm is not just scenery, but emotion is also a realm in people's hearts. Therefore, real scenery can be described. Those with true emotions are said to have realm. Otherwise, they are said to have no realm." He also said: "In the past, people said that poetry has scenery, The difference between love and emotion is that all scenery is love." He quoted Ma Zhiyuan's poem "The Clear Sand" of the Yuan Dynasty: "Withered vines, old trees and dark crows, small bridges and flowing water, people are in the west, and the sun is setting in the west. "Heartbroken Man is at the End of the World" was evaluated as "purely a sound of nature," and was also evaluated as "a few words, which are very beautiful in the quatrains of the Tang Dynasty." The first 3 lines and 18 characters of this Sanqu combine 9 kinds of things and outline the desolation of autumn. The evening scene highlights a traveler far away from home. Ma Zhiyuan's writing skills are extremely superb, and he has truly reached the realm of "his description of scenes must be eye-catching, his words blurt out without being pretentious," and "his emotions must be refreshing." In addition, Wang Guowei spoke highly of Su Shi's "Water Dragon Song" with Yanghua. The first sentence of this poem is "It looks like a flower, but it doesn't seem like a flower, and no one has ever taught me how to fall." The last few sentences are "Spring beauty is divided into three parts, two parts are dust, and one part is running water.. If you look closely, they are not poplar flowers, but the dots are separated from people. "Tears." Wang Guowei commented: "Dongpo's "Water Dragon Song" is the most famous. "The poet Su Shi described the poplar flowers as if they were flowers but not flowers. He concentrated on them and used the word "wind" in his writing. "Rain" flows in one breath, using the poplar flowers as a container to put subjective imagination in, revealing the concept of life, and the style is more elegant. Here "I" is integrated into the scenery, and I am involved with the scenery intentionally or unintentionally. Therefore, when reading and chanting this word, I have the feeling and effect of sighing and sighing, and endless food for thought. Wang Guowei requires that observing scenery can reflect the inner nature of a certain scene, that is, "divine principles" can reach the "true scenery" and the truth of "ideas"; when reflecting the feelings of life, it can reflect the truth of human inner nature and reach true feelings. Creating a unique artistic picture, the poet's ideals and emotions of "worrying about life" and "worrying about the world" naturally penetrate into the work. Nature and ideals, description of scenery and creation, realism and idealism, in short, should all reach this state, which is beauty.

The second is the relationship between "in" and "out". When it comes to the universe and life, the poet must be both inside and outside of it. Enter it, so you can write it. It is outside of it, so it can be observed. It enters it, so it is alive. It is beyond anything else, so it is noble. The poet must have the intention of despising external objects, so he can be a slave to the wind and moon. There must also be a sense of attaching importance to external things, so he can have joy and sorrow with flowers and birds. To observe, experience, understand, and understand the universe and life, a poet must "get into it" and go into life. The third is the relationship between "gradual enlightenment" and "sudden enlightenment". He has achieved great things and great scholars in ancient and modern times. It must pass through three realms: "Last night, the west wind withered the green trees. I climbed up to the tall building alone and looked at the end of the world." This is the first realm. "The belt becomes wider and wider, but I don't regret it at all. It makes people haggard because of Yi." This is the second state. "The crowd looked for him thousands of times, but suddenly looking back, he was in a dimly lit place." This is the third realm. These words are all words that no one can understand. However, he suddenly interpreted the words in this way, which was not allowed by the princes of Europe. This is a famous quote from "Human Words". Wang Guowei used fragments from three poems by Yan Shu, Liu Yong and Xin Qiji to describe the arduous process of writing lyrics. At the same time, he extended his influence to National Cheng Kung University and university studies. These three realms are issues of cultivation and training as a poet in the process of artistic creation. The aesthetic subject (the author) grasps people and objects to form materialized objects of consciousness, the second nature, the second life and the second self, and then expresses this in the form of art as objects of consciousness (works). There is a gradual realization during this process. The process of enlightenment. The first state is "Last night, the west wind withered the green trees. I went up to the tall building alone and looked at the end of the world." "The west wind withered the green trees" is an irritable mood. To observe things, the poet must first get rid of all the disturbances of reality and get rid of all the self-consciousness. Attachment includes pain, pleasure, reputation, profit and loss, gains and losses, and getting rid of all personal selfish thoughts. Only when there is nothing in your mind can you observe the subtleties of things. This is a state of pursuit. We need to be far-sighted, eager to see through, and set lofty pursuit goals. This is a painful moment when a person is searching for ideals and the destination of life in loneliness. “Go up to a tall building alone and look out to the end of the world.

"At this time, you will enter concentration and be able to appreciate the inherent beauty of things. The second state is "the clothes will become wider and wider, but you will never regret it, and you will feel haggard because of it. "This is the aesthetic grasp of the aesthetic object. The aesthetic subject (the author) has a selective, stubborn, and lifelong spirit of no regrets, and is exploring the beauty of things. This kind of beauty must combine the individual, external, and Accidental things transcend the past to arrive at a universal, intrinsic, and inevitable idea, and use aesthetic grasp to create beautiful images. The poet's mood in this realm is calm, pure, and natural, and he seeks a natural pleasure. . On the one hand, this kind of pursuit is arduous and makes people haggard and thin. At the same time, on the other hand, this kind of pursuit sublimates the author's feelings and achieves a perfect artistic conception. Although "the belt becomes wider" is worth it. This is the realm of creation, where one must think hard and strive hard, and never lose heart despite countless failures. The process of hard work at all costs. The third state: "I searched for him thousands of times in the crowd, but suddenly I looked back and found that person in the dim light. "This is the state of success. Success comes unexpectedly, you get it from others, and you become a happy person with creative results. This is also a person who discovers that what he wants is there through his own hard pursuit and hard work. At this time, it is no longer important whether the secular goal is achieved, what is important is the liberation of the soul and the belonging of the soul. What is the purpose of the study? Illness ⑽ stretch the cutting wood Chenshu? 妦妳寇娟Di! Dad eh? Bei 涶锪锣壣壥奉鉥J? 毩暩杩叩偬嬬 stream? 産袢? 磣磢? 磣袢? Left? Last unloading together? 钣锪?椋? 陈泶裴祢奢祇祉楉楉?楸泶锏that 呷 chanting sodium ⅲ?馐猌?苗耆竦梅苦曰怭祭Ｔ诘谌?Zhichenshu?Shun Youyue defends vinegar 鐐鐰Ne?Mechanical rose stirs the division?竦Naikao?Mace pride?The crotch system scratches the 擓詩４especially Pine? Leap fade, pry Di Huan, say Na? The tail of the turtle cone beats the wild turtle fiercely? Creates the pupa fly タ? Traces? Jiao bush cherry blossoms? Slowly pulls the Qianyu palm reef? Porphyry Wei Wei raises the fly ァ?

< p> Fourth, the issue of "separation" and "non-separation" Wang Guowei said: "Tao Xie's poems are not separated, but Yannian is slightly separated. The poems on the east slope are not separated, but the valley is slightly separated. " He believed that Tao Yuanming's and Xie Lingyun's poems were inseparable. He pointed out that the beauty of two lines such as Xie Lingyun's "Spring grass grows in the pond" and Sui Dynasty poet Xue Daoheng's "Empty beams fall into the mud" is that they are inseparable. This is also true. , that is, the theory of one person and one word. He also quoted the first half of Wing Chun Cao in Ouyang Xiu's "Youth Tour" and said: "Twelve railings rely on spring alone, and the clear sky will reach the clouds far away. Thousands of miles away, in February and March, my journey is miserable. "The words are all in front of you, so there is no separation. In Wang Guowei's view, what can truly describe the natural beauty and give people a fresh and natural feeling is "no separation". This kind of natural things or things are not mixed with The subjective color of the miscellaneous poet can show its own appearance in a real image, so that the object can have a concrete image in the mind after seeing it. There is no sense of likeness, which means "no separation". As for Ouyang Xiu's "On the Xiejia Pond, the River Covers the Pond", he thinks it is separated. He also said that Jiang Kui's "Yin of the Cuilou": "Here, there should be a poet, surrounded by plain clouds and yellow cranes, playing with you. Gazing at the jade ladder for a long time, I sighed at the fragrant grass and luxuriant grass thousands of miles away. "That is, there is no separation. When it comes to "wine clears away sorrow and flowers eliminate heroic spirit", there is separation. Generally speaking, Wang Guowei believes that "separation" means that the creative subject (the author) uses what he sees through himself. Sexual and spiritual feelings are expressed and conveyed in language and words, creating a certain space of association between the aesthetic object (reader) and the work of the creative subject, so that the work has a certain connotation, so there is a feeling of seeing things through a veil. . All this also reflects the implicit beauty and straightforward beauty that the Chinese value.

In the opinion of Wang Guowei, a critic with great style, words should be the same as life. A certain "artistic conception" has a high style, so the poet needs to work harder on the artistic conception to achieve an effect with "taste between words and sound beyond the strings". Otherwise, he cannot be called a first-class author. .

In my opinion, Wang Guowei, a writer who connects the past and the future, is really admirable, especially his incisive and appropriate analysis of ancient literary theory. Not only is it comprehensive, but it also provides concrete and systematic examples, which makes me deeply impressed by its seriousness and rigor in literature. At the same time, he also opened up a path for literary writing and opened the door to Chinese aesthetics, and is known as "China's Kant." ". It can be seen that Wang Guowei's "Artistic Concept Theory" indeed pointed out the way for the subsequent development of literature. At the same time, it also pointed out the ideal path of life for frustrated people.